Ch 22 current 4 Resistance :

22 I .
-
A model of current

Discharged :
capacitor becomes neutral due to 2 metal plates
when a
( of different charges) become connected w/ metal wire
net charge

¥iases
on each plate
conductor : a material through which charge moves
easily
Current :
motion of charges through a material current
9

/
* In
image capacitor , is discharged by a current in the connecting wire

Indicators of a current :

i. Makes wire get warmer

2. Deflects a compass needle →

P
warmer wire

f- bro'scfhdtnfssmoetasarehfhhetbomlabgmtode filaments
"
#1bgloTdoEdtbb
of the
Fantasie is

of the current
are part deflected
connecting wire
•
Brighter bulb =
more current * current leaving a lightbulb current entering
e-

Chargedcarriers :
charges that move in a current ex . in a metal -

teleost are the charged carrier

Conductiontlectronse : e
-

free to move around

↳ form a current la flow of charge) in a metal

* an insulator does not have such free charges = cannot carry a current

* in other materials ( blood ,

seawater I can have different charge carriers like ions both + da -

conduction :
the metal atoms 110ns) occupy

{
O o.O O .-

'

ooo .
fixed positions
ooo
. .
"

metal as a whole
O O '

O
neutral the conducting bound to the
electrically e
-

is ←
are
• a "

whole da are free to move

.
.
" "
•
solid as a
O •
O O
-

creating
-
a current :
..

higher potential
e¥
-

wire is connected between 2 points

+ es of different potential current continues 4 charges
as flow ,
the plate
of
→
discharges da potential difference decreases
tether e is an electric field in wire
& lower potential
pointing from higher -0

at some point E =
0 ( equilibrium )
pushes e
-

through wire
-

-
lower potential
-

/ / / Fon e
-

by E field
* the force on the electron by the electric field is in .
E i i

l
148,1 Egt
direction to the field F -

opposite
-

' ' '

electric field p
lines
-
/
•
/ if g is Lt) then
on a
force will be t)
* current is the same at all points in a so E will be H
current if a it then F will be a-
carrying wire is
-

CH da E needs to also be t)
to make F ( t)
 this plate discharges as
22.2 :

Defining & Describing current ti charge enters

µ
✓ Has
this plate discharges
th charge leaves
-
Current is the flow of positive charges force

discharges -03ft
E ⑦ E
↳ P
C I4 ( ) charges moving
-
t
in opposite directions f la
give the same current Ct charge ,
leaves force
this plate discharges as
← Ctl charge enters
current CI ) is due to motion of charges a •

(
in the electric field Electron flow / current ( II
be
I =
DI g
=
ID t
T Bt g
current steady current
we imagine an area across the wire through
where charges move . in time At , charge Dg
moves through this area

Q :
A 100W lightbulb carries a current of 0.83A .
How much charge flows in 1 minute ?

I =
DI 0.83A =
-9 q
=
49.8 A o
-

g = 50C
At 60 see to
C

Junction point:
where a wire branches -
does not change that current is conserved EI in = Stout
Junction
F. e
-
Kirchoff 's Law : E of currents into a
to -

Etfs E of
Junction = currents leaving
y ftp.oueurrents

transfer
→

Q :
The discharge of an electric eel can a charge of
t
2. Omc in 2.0ms .
What current ,
in A ,
does this correspond to ?

I DI I 2×10-3C IA
If
= = = =

At Esg

22.3 Batteries da EMF

* a
capacitor quickly runs out of
excess charge but a battery can keep
charges in motion chargeES.ca/atorM0deI :

Positive Terminal ← Once charges

reach Ctl terminal
U 9 DV bat
=

.§¥b
theyre they fall downhill
" "

,
connecting the battery ⑥
through the wire

teominaadssnonatienuestogntfet ecttihew.f.es
•

if
"" " "

e a

complete Grout =D I charge now the charge

\
( continuous loop)
! "
escalator lifts
"

/#
a
U O -
-

charges from the

Electrolytes :
chemicals used for the chemical reactions Negative terminal C t terminal
-

to the
between electrolytes 4 electrodes H charge a gains
. , ,

energy DU=gDV
EMI : the potential difference established by a device ,
such as a battery ,
that can
( E) V
actively separate charge units :

other examples that can generate emf :

rooftop solar panels , generator of power plant ( by steam)

* a capacitor stores separated charges , but does not create separation ,

has potential difference
but -
no emf
 -

a battery w/ no current has a potential difference = to its emf

Wla current ,
the battery has a potential difference slightly less than emf
↳ we'll overlook difference & assume DV bat
=
E
-
t -

t * +
each battery lifts charges to a
DU =
g DU higher potential so DV =
4.5 →

22.4 Connecting Potential 4 Current

-
a battery is a source of potential difference
Resistance :

factors affecting
the current in
a wire - o

#eh¥h#Ancr .to#ahewjrreen+sFmarrentuTargeyfrrrentthanTE
long thin wire
By
=

add eases
thicker
,

a) Changing Potential b) Changing wire Dimensions c) Changing wire Material

I proportional to DV I larger current

Dvpyire
is = * small resistance =

Q The glowing element in an incandescent lightbulb is the filament, a long, thin piece of tungsten wire that is
:

heated by the electric current through it. When connected to the 120 V of an electric outlet, a 60 W bulb carries a
current of 0.50 A. What is the resistance of the filament in the lamp? R
240¥
I 0.50A 0.50A
1¥ R 240 r
-
=
= -
=

←
Resistivity of Materials ( p)

* materials that are good conductors have tow resistivity

* materials that are poor conductors ( good insulators ) have high resistivity
units : r M
p
.

R
PLA
=

Q :
An amateur astronomer uses a heater to warm her telescope eyepiece so moisture does not collect on it. The
heater is a 20-cm-long, 0.50-mm-diameter nichrome wire that wraps around the eyepiece. When the wire is
connected to a 1.5 V battery, what is the current in the wire? resistivity
L :
0.2M 0.0005M diameter V = I. SV I = ? % =
1.5×10-6

R =
ll.5xlO-°r-m)(O.2m1_ -
= 1.53 A
10 m) DV wire DV I 5V
'

TT ( 2.
"

§
x =
ro
=
bat .

A E of d

I I
Dvwire
tagger 0.98A
= = =

R
 you's:p :÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:/.si/3zf*B. n. esimst.annce..e.ow
"" Potential " " " "" "

. :*

if open it would be like at Gwen time

←
impeded
f- acniotseaeaieeiowwo'T n. .

- ketoses ,
/ a- no sgulgllles

))
-

means no resistance what is the current ?

§8r
IFI#
. resistance
I I
-

I
¥ 16L 2¥ 2A
-

voltage
= - = =

=l6V 8h d)
2 C
flowing pl Sec

① When graph is line = ohmic material

if graph is cured =
non -

ohmic material

L
DW

I =
DI
R

Power
.
:
a
charge 191 gains potential energy ( DH
DU ADV as it moves through a potential
-
-

difference DV

Pbat =
Wat

#
-
- - - - - -

Dt I!
p

Pemr .
=
¥E wer delivered by a slope
-
-
I =

of -
o 5=0.212

same
(
•
source of emf
p
p -
-
IDV

Q :
A thermistor is a device whose resistance varies with temperature in a well-defined way. A certain thermistor
has a resistance of 2.8 kΩ at 20°C and 0.39 kΩ at 70°C. This thermistor is used in a water bath in a lab to monitor
the temperature. The thermistor is connected in a circuit with a 1.5 V battery, and the current measured. What is
the change in current in the circuit as the temperature rises from 20°C to 70°C?

R -
-
2.8 Kr @ 20°C 0.39 Kr @ 70°C V = 1. SV I = ?

"

I 0.536k¥
-

R
D¥ @ 200 2.8 Kr
t.SI ,f¥Ir 5.36×10 I I
- : =
r
-
- = . = -

A
- "
=
5.36×10 A

@ 700 0.39 Kr I 3.85×10-3 A

t.SI
: = =

' "
DI A 5.36×10
-

3.85×10
-

= -
A

DI = 3.31×10-3
 Measuring Body Fat Problem

The resistivity of the body is a good measure of its overall composition. A measure of the resistance of the upper
arm is a good way to estimate the percent fat in a person’s body. Let’s model a person’s upper arm as a cylinder of
diameter 8.0 cm and length 20 cm. We can model the composition of the arm by assuming that the muscle, far, and
nonconductive portions (the bone) form simple regions. This simple model actually works quite well. For a typical
adult, the bone has a cross-sectional area of 1.0 cm2 ; to a good approximation, the balance of the arm is fatty tissue
or muscle.
'
1.0cm

A. Assume that the arm has 30% fat and 70% muscle. What is the resistance of each part of the arm?
B. Now, assume that the arm has only 10% muscle. What is the resistance now?
( 30%) l 0.20M
Rip Fat tissue : R ¥110.201
-

-
-
- P -
-
a-

A 0.314.93×10 'm't

f)
'

A- 1cm
D= 0.08M
-

R -
-
Sr .my = 3383 r
Tiny 170%1
p =

A IT r '-

Muscle Tissue :
R -
-
lbr-mllo.org ' '
MIO 041 A
'
A
-

0.714.93×10'm't -
-

.
-

5.03×10 m

12=753 r 5.03×10 'm 1.0×10-4

'

'
-

'
A- 4.93×10 '
-

= m
B .

Only 10% muscle

Fat tissue : R -
-
125r-mllo.org R -
-
1127 r
0.914.93×10 m )
-
' '

Muscle tissue R
cnn.tn/lO.2m1Ovll4.93xlo-smy R 5273 r
: -
- '

Q : The filament of a 100 W bulb carries a current of 0.83 A at the normal operating voltage of 120 V.

A.What is the resistance of the filament?

B.If the filament is made of tungsten wire of diameter 0.035 mm, how long is the filament?
P -
-
100W I = 0.83A DV=l20V R= ?

R 17=1201 R 1451
DII
- -

- -

0.83A

B . ) 5.6×10-8 R -
-
pl-145A-15.OXIO-ir.MIL '
L
-
-
0.28M
A ( 0.0175×10 m)
-
'
IT

Q : What is the emf of a battery that increases the electric potential energy of 0.040 C of charge by 0.40 J as it moves
it from the negative to the positive terminal?
V= 0.040C DU -

g DV E -

- DV

0.400 = 0.040C DV DV
-
-

10¥ = lov

Q : How much electric potential energy does 1.3 μC of charge gain as it moves from the negative terminal to the
positive terminal of a 1.5 V battery?
V 1. SV 9--1.3×10 -6C
-
-

DU GAV
-

DU -

-
11.3×10-6 ( 1. SV) = 1.95×10-6 C -
V = 1.95×10-4
¥
Q :
current in electric hair dryer is HA . How much charge flows through the hair
dryer in 2mm ?

I =
11A I =
I 11A =
I 9--1320 A 's =
13001
Dt 1205

-
how many e
-

flow through dryer in 2.0mm

"
1320C .
-15 '"
= 8.25×10 e
-

1.6×10 C
-

Q Three wires meet at a junction. Wire 1 has a current of 0.40 A into the junction. The current of wire 2 is 0.69 A
:

out of the junction. W 3 ? =

0.40A
& W, 0.69A 0.40A W, 0.29 A
HEA
= - =

0.69A

Q : A laptop battery has an emf of 11.4 V. The laptop uses 0.80 A while running. How much charge moves through
the battery each second?
I =
I 0.80A =
g- g
-
-

0.80¥ =
0.80C
t t

B) By how much does the electric potential energy of this charge increase as it moves through the battery?
DU =
g DV DV -
-
E

DU =
( 0.8041 11.4 V ) =
9.12 C -

VV =
9.12 U

Q A wire with resistance R is connected to the terminals of a 18 V battery. What is the potential difference ΔV
:

between the ends of the wire?

Potential Diff
'

→
DV -
-
18 V

What is the current I through the wire, if the wire has the resistance 1.0Ω? R -

-
DI
I
I. Or I 18 I 18A
18¥
' =
= -

What is the current if R -

-
2n ? What is the current if R -

-
3. Or ?

I 9 A I 6 A
18¥ 3. Or
life
2. Or = = = =

Q :
A 7.0 V potential difference is applied between the ends of a 0.60-mm-diameter, 60-cm-long nichrome wire. '
'
60×10
-

0.60×10
-

m m
What the current the wire ? p 1.5×10 him
-

is in -
-

-
DV =
7. OV R -

-
llSxlO-br.m)lO.6#
R
DII I
Dpd
'
IT ( 0.0003Mt -
-

→
=

R -

9.OXIO-ir.my R -
-

3.181
2. 83×10
-
' '
m

I 2.199¥ I 2.2A
7j%V
= = =

Q :
What is R of a 1500W 1120N hair dryer ?
P -
-
1500W DV = 120 V P -
-
IDV R -

DI
I
1500W = I 1120N
13=1201 R -

-
9.6 r
I =
12.5¥ I =
12.5A 12.5A
Q The 120 V electric heater in a coffee maker has a resistance of 12 Ω. How long will it take for this heater to raise
:

9 cups (1980 g) of water from 20∘C to the ideal brewing temperature of 90∘C?
DV HOV R 12h R I 1201 I 10A
DII
-
: -
=
-
-
- -

121

# t
H=ffyz0 ]
'

H =
t specific heat of water -
-

4186k¥ DT - 700
R
Q -

-
MCAT

Q = ( 1.980 # 14186 k¥41704) Q -

-

5801800 = H

5801800 =
1200¥ t -
-
483.5 s or t -
-
8.1mm

to
f- of Az .

UCI ,÷a=A¥
Q : The resistivity of blood is related to its hematocrit, the volume fraction of red blood cells in the blood. A
commonly used equation relating the hematocrit h to the blood resistivity ρ (in Ω⋅m) is ρ=1.32/(1−h)−0.79. In
one experiment, blood filled a graduated cylinder with an inner diameter of 0.90 cm. The resistance of the blood
between the 1.0 cm and 2.0 cm marks of the cylinder was measured to be 198 Ω. Find h

-0.79 13=198 r R at
tiff,
'

P
- -
-
-

A
0.001M 0.002M

198A
ftp.32 0.79
) 0.001M 198A ll.32-0.79-IO.mn/r-m1lO.00lm#
= - . =

6.36×10 Sm'
-

( 0.0045M)
'
IT

12.59 rom =
1.31 -
0.79 (l ht 112.591
- -

m) = 1.32 -
0.79
I h -

12.591 M -
-
12.591 Mh - =
0.53

Right way
:

h -
-
l -

1.32 h -
- I -1.322 .
h -
-
0.356
ITIO.0045.tl/98l- +0.79 2.0496
0.01

Q : One way to sterilize food products such as meats and poultry is to irradiate them with a beam of high-energy
electrons. In one food plant, the electrons in the beam have an energy of 10 MeV and the beam current is
0.34 mA. 7000 J of electron energy must be deposited in a 1 kg package of meat to properly sterilize it.
"
I MeV 1.602×10 J
-

How long should the beam be turned on to deposit this energy?

E -
-
10 MeV I -

-
0.34×10-3 A DU -
-
70000
's
n -

-
I n =
0.34×10-311-2 = 2.125×10 's
"
e 1.6×10 C
-

12.125×10
ftp.yeev-J/l.6feu0 )
's
E- beam = n E . 's 1110 MeV ) =
3400%

t I t EV t 2.059 s
-
-
- -
-
-

E beam 3400015

Q :
An immersion heater used to boil water for a single cup of tea plugs into a 120 V outlet and is rated at 500 W .
Suppose your super-size, super-insulated tea mug contains 400 g of water at a temperature of 18 ∘C. You can
ignore the energy needed to raise the temperature of the mug and the heater itself. what is R ?

500W
P DV HOV P I 500W
112¥12 13=28.8 r
=
-

=
-
- -

R
 How long will it take the heater to bring water to boil ?

t =
I Q=mcDt Q = (0.4kg ) ( 4186K¥ ) 182°C )
P
Q -
-
137300.80
t 1373-010
-
- t -
-

274.6g
500W

Q : For a science experiment you need to electroplate a 100-nm-thick zinc coating onto both sides of a very thin,
3.0 cm × 3.0 cm copper sheet. You know that the charge carriers in the ionic solution are divalent (charge 2e)
zinc ions. The density of zinc is 7140 kg/m3.
If the electroplating apparatus operates at 1.0 mA , how long will it take the zinc to reach the desired thickness?
'
A V Ata
-

density :
7140kt I -
-
1.0×10 -
-
-

thickness
Ms
t
Volume
V -
-
[ ( 0.03M ) ( 0.03M) ) x 100×10-9M
"
V
'

9.0×10
-

= m

" "

=p V ( 7140k£ ) ( 9.0×10 ) 6.426×10

-

now mass m
kg
:
m m m
-
- =
.

-
"
m 6.426×10
g
-

now moles : n me n
6.426×10-492
-

= -

Man 65.39 glmol n = 9.827×10-6 mot

1.965×10 snot
"
219.827×10 bmol)
-

Zn 2e Zn 2h
- ' -

t - o n = =

now charge :

Q mot) 196485 Clmol )

'
=
NF Q =
( 1.965×10

Q -

-
1.896C

now time :
t :
I t -

-
1.896L t =
18965 or 31.6mm
1.0 IO A
'
i
-