ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION FARADAY‛S LAW References from CHANGING

Induced emf

ΦB V/S t graph CASE 2

1) Whenever the amount of Φ -t GRAPH INTO
MAGNETIC FLUX ∝ no of lines of force

⇒
 
magnetic flux linked with a Φ OTHER GRAPH
I Decreasing
dI -ve
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
dA B   circuit changes, an emf is dt
=
d ΦB=B.dA =BdAcos θ induced in the circuit ---------------B B =0 Change in current in one coil causes change
-

------------
Ind
--

-----------
  2) The induced EMF is given A ---θ-
ΔΦ
self inductance of a long solenoid in flux in another coil and vice versa.
θ ΦB=∫B.dA=∫BdAcos θ by rate of change of magnetic --------------
Φ

-------
flux linked with the circuit Let there be two coils A and B, having
)

Δt Ind
Ind
=+ve ΦΒ1
=-ve
dΦB currents I1 and I2.
Ind=-
dt t t E Φ Β1

for uniform field,


B
 
ΦB = B.A
Negative sign indicates that
induced emf opposes the cause
Slope of chord AB in
ΔΦ
φ B
∝ I1 φ A
∝ I2
Φ -t Graph = = Δt
ΦB = BAcos θ of flux change
⇒ φB =MI1 ⇒ φA =MI2
Ind

Scalar quantity Unit Weber(Wb) NdΦB

Slope of the tangent in the L=Coefficient of self inductance L= O
N2 A/l
=- Φ -t Graph dΦ
Ind
dt = Ind = dt
[ ΦB] = ML2T-2A-1 t L= O
n2Al M is called as mutual inductance of the coils.
Unit of inductance:Henry [H]
=[ML2T-2A-2 ] EMF induced,
In uniform B
ε ε =-M dI
ELECTROMAGNETIC
∧ ENERGY STORED IN INDUCTOR =- ⇒ 1
n =Normal to the surface
1
B
dt B
dt
UB = LI2
2

INDUCTION
dφA
MAGNETIC ENERGY STORED PER UNIT VOLUME ENERGY DENSITY
& ε A
=-
dt
⇒ ε =-M dI
A
dt
2

INDUCTANCE UB UB n 2I 2 B2
u= = = O
=
- Scalar quantity V Al 2 2 0

θ =0 0 - Unit of inductance (H) SERIES & PARALLEL COMBINATION OF INDUCTORS

ΦB=0
- Dimension : ML2T-2A-2 L1
Series parallel MUTUAL INDUCTANCE OF
LENZ‛S LAW &
ΦB=BA (maximum) L1 L2 TWO CO-AXIAL SOLENOIDS
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY INDUCTANCE L2
The direction of any induced magnetic
Self Mutual Leq= L1+L2 L1L2
effect is such as to oppose the change Leq= r1
that produces it Inductance Inductance L1+L2
FLUX IN NON-UNIFORM EMF
FIELD Self Inductance
l

Average value Instantaneous L

value L L L Leq=
1) Steps of solving =- ΔΦ 3
Ind
Δt
X X X [ ΔΦ =Φ2-Φ1 [ =- dΦ DIRECTION OF INDUCED
Ind dt
B dx
Induced current
CURRENT
I
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE OF
I1

l 1.If flux is decreasing, the magnetic SOME STANDARD CASES r1 S1

=- 1 d Φ
X X X
=- 1 ΔΦ Ind
Iind = Ind
Iind = field due to induced current will N1 turns
R R Δt R R dt
be along the existing magnetic field I2
S2
R>>>r
Charge flown due to induced current Current I in the coil changes due to µ I
X X X 2.If flux is increasing, the magnetic external source Φ =BA B= 0 N2 turns
qflown= ΔΦ field due to induced current will
B 2R
R
b Causes change in magnetic field inside r µ 0 I+ π r2
be opposite to existing magnetic field Φ= = MI
1. Take a small strip ‘dx‛ Charge flown due to induced current the coil R 2R
2. flux d Φ =BdA depends only on change in flux Results in change in magnetic flux
M=µ 0+ πr
2
[dA=ldx] inside the coil I
b
3. Total flux Φ = ∫d Φ= ∫BdA 2R
b 0 EMF is induced which opposes the l>>>b I2 = Current through outer coil
= ∫Bldx
N S
changing magnetic flux Φ =BA
0
µ 2√ 2 I
Creates an induced current which is B= 0
opposing in nature πl
B = µ0 n2 I2
b µ 2√2 I + b2
E=-LdI
Φ= 0
dt

PHYSICS
b πl
Field causing Induced Field I
flux change where, L= Self Inductance µ 0 2√2
I= Current in the coil l M=
πl
+ b2
Φ12 = µ0 n2 I2 + π r12 n1 l
NATURE OF INDUCED CURRENT

WALLAH
left
l>>>b
M = M12 = µ n1 n2
N S
DUE TO SELF INDUCTION
Φ =BA 0 + π r12 l
CASE 1 Induced emf l l 9 µ0 I
b b B= µ0 N1 N2
π r12
2 πl
=
⇒

b
I Increasing 9 µ0 I + √3 b2
dI +ve
=
Φ =BA=
2 πl 4 l
dt l
Field causing Induced Field 9 µ0 + √3 b 2
M=
flux change 2 πl 4
Relation between mutual DYNAMIC MOTIONAL EMF DUE TO TRANSLATORY MOTION when is terminal velocity achieved INSTANTANEOUS VALUE OF
AC GENERATOR
TRANSLATORY MOTION OF INDUCED EMF
inductance & self inductance X +++
+++ X
METALLIC FRAME IN UNIFORM / a=0
X X - Charges accumulate at the ends of the conductor due to its movement
NON UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD V=VT=constant φ = NBA cosθ = sin t
M=K L1L2 0 K 1 E
= NBA cosωt Ind 0
in external magnetic field x B 2
X X
- This separation of charges at the ends of the conductor causes a Metal frame of different shapes B2 VT
K coefficient of coupling F= = NBA sin t
X ---
--- X voltage difference moving in uniform magnetic field Famp VT R Ind
If K=1,Perfect flux linkage xB P v
R Fext
At t= 0
= NBA
l when t =0
M= L1L2 At steady state Q sin VT = FR
Ind =
sin t
X +++
+++ X Direction to find the positive terminal eff
VP-VQ=2B sin v B2 2 0
Q VPQ By using right hand rule, Motion of conductor in a vertical plane
Otherwise imperfect linkage X X FB=Fe =vB X
E
X
l DC MOTOR
l Thumb - velocity EQUATION FOR
K<l FB V
evB=eE Q x B At V=VT
X X BACK EMF
If K=0 X Fingers - Magnetic field Famp= mg
E=vB VPQ or MOVING METAL FRAME IN NON UNIFORM R
no linkage = Blv X ---
--- X Palm - Positive terminal of the rod E-NBA sin t
MAGNETIC FIELD Famp
⇒M=0 X X P I=
P 2 R
B2 VT
mg =
Modification R Q R
MECHANICAL POWER
ii) Conductor of arbitrary shape I mgR & EFFICIENCY OF
change of area in magnetic field region v VT =
electrical machine which converts DC MOTOR
i) Velocity is not v Perpendicular to S mg B2
v Parallel to P 2
electrical energy into mechanical
perpendicular = Pout = e
back emf
effective length effective length =
x a energy
x x x x x

x A1 x
x x
Φ = BA supply voltage Pin E
x x x x x MOTIONAL EMF DUE TO
Increase ΔΦ = BΔA X X X X X X I
,
I
av ROTATIONAL MOTION
x x A x x x x x v
Bat RS= O
= O

x x x x x x x Ind =
ΔΦ = BΔA vcos θ v
X X X X 2 x RS
2 x L-R CIRCUIT
A2 i) Steady state inductor zero resistance
x x x x
Decrease
x x x Δt Δt X vsin θ
leff
leff= effective
v leff
B
X X X
For current growth in a circuit
X X length X X I I
Bat QP
= O
, = O
av - at t=0 Inductor offers infinite resistance
X X
2 (x+a) QP
2 (x+a)
X X X
ω - at t= Inductor offers zero resistance
A A1 Area increases, current will be X X X X θ
anticlockwise = Blvsin θ I a2v Q P GROWTH & DECAY IN L-R CIRCUIT
= Bleff v =0 = - = O
I
A A2 Area decreases, current will be ind ind net 1 2 2 x(x+a)
clockwise R R
a a I
X X X Semi circular loop in a magnetic field 1 2

Shrinking Loop
V = B b
x x x leff =2R INDUCED CURRENT AND 2 b
from right hand rule, L L
Loop shrinking at rate
dr x x X X AMPERIAN FORCE End Q is positive terminal
r
R
=Bleffv P is at higher potential
dt P Q
x x x
= Bx2 rx dr Q is at lower potential
-t
I I=I0(e )
-t
x x x X X X =Bx2Rv xB ii) I I=I0(1-e )
Ind B IO -----------
dt x x X X is time constant

x x x Iind
ω IO -----------
R Famp
v
t
MOTIONAL EMF : FARADAY‛S LAW MOTION OF A SQUARE, RECTANGLE, CIRCLE & ELLIPSE X X t
IN UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD
i) At t=0 iii) Loop has fully Amperian force 1 2 INITIAL & FINAL STATE OF L-R CIRCUIT
= Bl
loop about to entre entered 2 final state
v
R Q For square, 2 2 v Upper end is +ve terminal Initial state
l X X X B I=0
R Q
=0
V
PQ = Blv = Constant Famp = Opposes motion x B L R
X X X X X Ind S P R L R
I = I0

X X X

-----------
Iind =0 RQ & SP leff Parallel to velocity Work done by amperian force
S P
X X X X X
R Q ω

[ [
eff
l l X X V X 1 Initial vel.=v0 at t=∞
Xv X
P
X S
RS =0 (Outside B) W=ΔKE=0- mv20 Final vel.=0 at t=0
2 Initial state - inductor open final state -replace inductor
For Rectangle Q - Higher potential Power developed in circuit 1 with a wire
X X X = B(4R2)ω =VL I 0= R
ii) At time t=t, ‘x‛ length inside PQ = Blv = Constant P - Lower potential 2
2 2
Current - Anticlockwise B V2 Lower end is +ve
loop X X X RQ & SP leff Parallel to velocity P=I2R P=
direction R
v X X X PERIODIC EMI
iv) Loop exiting. Field RS =0 (Outside B) Terminal velocity
X X X For Circle & Ellipse
is decreasing

PHYSICS
Q - Higher potential

WALLAH
x X X Bind X xB
X V
X X
P - Lower potential
Iind clockwise X X X Fext t=0
A=lx Current - Anticlockwise V
R
slider at rest ω ω ω ω ω
Bind =Blv X X X
Ind direction Fext starts acting
Iind anticlockwise Iind = Blv on rod
R Φ =NBAcos0 Φ =NBAcos90 Φ =NBAcos180 Φ =NBAcos270 Φ =NBAcos360
Φ =BA=Blx Effective length is constantly varying xB
1
=NBA
2
=0
3
=-NBA
4
=0
5
=NBA
x=vt t=t
Φ= Blvt X X X v Induced EMF is varying. When loop is entering, EMF first
B2
2
V
Average induced emf
increases reaches a maximum and then decreases
R Famp F Famp = - when coil is rotated from θ =00 to 900 = 2NBA
=Blv X X induced current in anticlockwise direction V R ind
Ind X
Blv X X X Instantaneous Induced EMF = B(leff)inst v - when coil is rotated from θ =900 to 1800 =-2NBA
Iind = Ind
= ind

R R