ME 1201: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING & ENGINEERING MATERIALS

PRACTICE-1

Rafid Enayet
Department of Industrial Engineering
Faculty of Engineering Studies (FES)
BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology (BUFT)
LECTURE 1- SIMPLE STRESS AND
STRAIN

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OBJECTIVES
To understand the concept of stress and strain
To classify stress into different categories
To know the statement and application of Hooke’s law
To understand the modules of elasticity

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STRENGTH OF MATERIAL
 When an external force acts on a body, the body tends to undergo some deformation.
Due to cohesion between the molecules, the body resists deformation. This resistance
by which material of the body opposes the deformation is known as strength of
material.
 Mechanics of Materials is a branch of mechanics that studies the relationship
between external loads applied to a deformable body and the intensity of internal
forces (stresses) acting within the body.
 It involves computing the deformation of the body, and it provides a study of the
stability of the body when the body is subjected to external forces.

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2.3 STRESS OR SIMPLE STRESS

 Stress is the internal resistance of a material to the distorting effects of the

external forces.
 Whenever some external system of forces acts on a body, it undergoes some
deformation. As the body undergoes deformation, its molecules set up some
resistance to deformation.
 This resistance per unit area to deformation, is known as stress.

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2.3 STRESS OR SIMPLE STRESS
 Mathematically, stress may be defined as the force per unit area i.e.,

Stress, (σ)

 The larger the area stress will be reduce, the larger the load the higher is the
stress
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 2.3 UNIT OF STRESS
 In S.I system the unit of the stress is pascal (Pa) which is equal to N/m 2

 In actual practice, we use bigger units of stress i.e. megapascal (MPa) and
gigapascal (GPa), which is equal to N/mm2 or kN/ mm2

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2.4 STRAIN
 Whenever a single force (or as a system of forces) acts on a body, it undergoes
some deformation. This deformation per unit length is known as strain.
 Mathematically, strain may be defined as the deformation per unit length, i.e.,

Strain, (, Epsilon)

𝑜𝑟 , δ 𝑙= 𝜀 . 𝑙

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 2.5 TYPES OF STRESSES

 Though there are many types of stresses, yet the following three types of
stresses are important from the subject point of view

 Tensile stress
 Compressive stress
 Shear stress

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2.6 TENSILE STRESS
 When a section is subjected to two equal and opposite pulls and the body tends
to increase its length, as shown in the Figure , the stress inducted is called
tensile stress.
 The corresponding strain called tensile strain.
 As a result of the tensile stress, the cross-sectional area of the body get reduced.
 Since the volume of the body remains constant, therefore an increase in the
length will automatically reduce the cross-sectional area of the body.

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2.6 TENSILE STRESS

P P

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ( 𝑅) 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ( 𝑃)

𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠=σ = =
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴

𝑃
σ=
𝐴
And tensile strain is given by,
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h 𝛿 𝑙
𝜀= =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h 𝑙 11
2.7 COMPRESSIVE STRESS
 When a section is subjected to two equal and opposite pushes and the body
tends to shorten its length, as shown in the Figure , the stress inducted is called
compressive stress.
 The corresponding strain called compressive strain.
 As a result of the compressive stress, the cross-sectional area of the body get
increased.
 A decrease in the length will automatically increase the cross-sectional area of
the body.
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 2.7 COMPRESSIVE STRESS

P P

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ( 𝑅) 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ( 𝑃)

𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠=σ= =
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
𝑃
σ=
𝐴
And compressive strain is given by,
𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h 𝛿 𝑙
𝜀= =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h 𝑙 13
EXAMPLE- EARTHQUAKE

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TODAY’S TOPIC
 Elasticity
 Elastic limit
 Hooke’s law
 Modulus of Elasticity
 Deformation of a Body due to Force acting on it
 Problems
 Principle of Superposition
 Problems
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ELASTICITY

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2.2 ELASTICITY
 When an external force is applied on a body and it undergoes some
deformation.
 If the body returns back to its original shape and size on complete
removal of the load, the body is called elastic body.
 The property of a material by which it returns back to its original position
(i.e. shape and size) on the removal of external force or load,
is called elasticity.

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2.8 ELASTIC LIMIT
 A body will return back to its original shape and size when the deformation
caused by the external force, is within certain limit. The value of stress
corresponding to this limiting force is known as elastic limit of the material.

or

 Elastic Limit is defined as the value of stress upto and

within which the material return back to their original position (i.e. shape
and size) on the removal of external force.

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2.8 ELASTIC LIMIT
 Beyond the elastic limit, the material gets into plastic stage and in this stage the
deformation does not entirely disappear, on the removal of the force.

 But as a result of this, there is a residual deformation even after the removal of
the force.

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2.9 HOOKE’S LAW
 It states, “when a material is loaded, within its elastic limit, the stress is
proportional to the strain”.
 Mathematically,

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 σ
= = 𝐸 =𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀
 Named after Robert Hooke, who first established it by a experiments in 1678.
 Hooke’s Law equally holds good for the tension as well as compression.

𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝐸= 𝑜𝑟
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 20
2.10 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OR YOUNG’S MODULUS (E)

The ratio of tensile or compressive stress to the

corresponding strain within elastic limit is
called young’s modulus. Young’s modulus is
also known as modulus of elasticity. It is
denoted by E. The formula of Young’s modulus
is given by
σ
𝐸=
𝜀
The S.I Unit of E is gigapascal (GPa), which is equal to GN/m2 or kN/ mm2
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MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OR YOUNG’S MODULUS (E)
Modulus of Elasticity, a measure of how much a
structure will elastically deform when loaded.
A low modulus means that a structure will be
flexible, a high modulus a structure that will be
stiff and inflexible.

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2.11 DEFORMATION OF A BODY DUE TO FORCE ACTING ON IT

Consider a body subjected to a tensile force as shown in Figure

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 PROBLEM –EXAMPLE 2.1
 A steel rod 1 m long and 20 mmx20 mm in cross – section is subjected to a
tensile force of 40 kN. Determine the elongation of the rod, if modulus of
elasticity for the rod material is 200 GPa.

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 PROBLEM –EXAMPLE 2.2
 A hollow cylinder 2 m long has an outside diameter of 50 mm and inside
diameter of 30 mm. If the cylinder is carrying a load of 25 kN, find the
stress in the cylinder. Also find the deformation of the cylinder, if the
value of modules of elasticity for the cylinder for the cylinder material is
100 Gpa.

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 PROBLEM –EXAMPLE 2.3
 A load of 5kN is to be raised with the help of a steel wire. Find the
minimum diameter of the steel wire, if the stress is not to exceed 100
MPa.

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 PROBLEM –EXAMPLE 2.4
 In an experiment, a steel specimen of 13 mm diameter was found to
elongate 0.2 mm in a 200 mm gauge length when it was subjected to a
tensile force of 26.8 kN. If the specimen was tested within the elastic
range, what is the value of Young’s modules for the steel specimen?
The term ‘actual length' of a steel bar
denotes the entire length of the bar. The
term ‘gauge length’ denotes the length of
a specimen used for testing purposes.
The latter is usually taken as the length
between the grips for the test. Else, it
can be marked on the bar at a
predetermined value.

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 PROBLEM –EXAMPLE 2.5
 A hollow steel tube 3.5m long has external diameter of 120 mm. In order
to determine the internal diameter, the tube was subjected to a tensile load
of 400 kN and extension was measured to be 2 mm. If the modulus of
elasticity for the tube material is 200 GPa, determine the internal diameter
of the tube.

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2.12 DEFORMATION OF A BODY DUE TO SELF WEIGHT
A

dx
l

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 PROBLEM EXAMPLE 2.7
 A copper alloy wire of 1.5 mm diameter and 30m long is hanging freely
from a tower. What will be its elongation due to self weight? Take
specific weight of the copper and its modulus of elasticity as 89.2 kN/m3
and 90 GPa respectively.

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PROBLEM EXAMPLE 2.8
 An alloy wire of 2 mm2 cross-sectional area and 12N weight hangs
freely under its own weight. Find the maximum length of the wire, if its
extension is not to exceed 0.6 mm. Take E for the wore material as 150
GPa.

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PROBLEM EXAMPLE 2.9
 A steel wire ABC 200 cm long having cross-sectional area of 2mm2
weights 5 N as shown in Figure 2.5. If the modulus of elasticity for the
wire material is 200 GPa, find the deflections at C and B.

100 cm

100 cm

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