Materials Science and Engineering

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 1
Module

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INTRODUCTION

A familiar item that is fabricated from three different material types is the
beverage container. Beverages are marketed in aluminum (metal) cans (top), glass
(ceramic) bottles (center), and plastic (polymer) bottles (bottom). (Permission to use
these photographs was granted by the Coca-Cola Company. Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Classic,
the Contour Bottle design and the Dynamic Ribbon are registered trademarks of The
Coca-Cola Company and used with its express permission. Soda being poured from a
glass: © blickwinkel/Alamy.)

LEARING OBJECTIVES

By the end of this module, students will be able to:

 Describe the subject of materials science and engineering as a scientific
discipline.
 Determine the Types of Engineering Materials
 Discuss Engineering Materials Composition
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DISCUSSION

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1.1 What is Materials?

Materials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize.
Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production—
virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by
materials.

We have known that basic materials such as concrete, steel, glass, rubber,
aluminum, copper, paper, plastic.

1.2 What is Materials Engineering?

Materials engineering is mainly concerned with the use of fundamental and

applied knowledge of materials so that the materials can be converted into products
needed or desired by society.

1.3 What is Materials Science?

Materials Science is primarily concerned with the search for basic knowledge
about the internal structure, properties and processing of materials.

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1.4 Combines

The Term materials science and engineering combines both materials science and
materials engineering. Materials science is the basic knowledge end of the materials
knowledge spectrum and materials engineering is the applied knowledge end and there
is no demarcation line between the two (Figure 1.1)

Materials science Materials science and engineering Materials engineering

Basic Resultant knowledge of the Applied

knowledge of structure, properties, knowledge of
materials processing, and performance materials
of engineering materials

Figure 1.1 Materials knowledge spectrum. Using the combined knowledge of materials
from materials science and materials engineering enables engineers to convert into the
products needed by society.

Figure 1.2 Materials Evolution

1.5 The effectiveness and behavior of each materials will be depend on three
Factors.

Figure 1.3 Three factors

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 A. Structure

The strucuture can be divided into 4 levels:

1. Structure of atomic including of Nucleus

Figure 1.4 Structure of atomic including of Nucleus (Proton+ Neutrons) Surrounded by

electronic orbits.

2. Structure of Cystal

Figure 1.5 Structure of Crystal is array characterization of atoms or molecules.

3. Microscropic

Figure 1.6 Microscopic is a type of inside the material which can be viewed through a
microscope.

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 4. Macroscopic

Figure 1.7 Macroscopic can be seen with the eyes.

B. Properties

The material’s properties respond to the environment. The 7 main

engineering properties are:

1. Chemical Properties such as the structural features and composition of

the compounds that make up the materials.
2. Physical Properties such as materials adhesion, density, melting
3. Mechanical Properties such as shrinkage, stiffness, hardness
4. Thermal Properties such as heat conduction effiency
5. Electrical Properties such as electrical conductors
6. Magnetic Properties such as the magnetic field of the materials
7. The optical Properties such as the scaattering of the light, the
transparency of hte materials.

C. Processing

 The production process is the process of processing materials by either heat or

mechanical force.
 The result can be microstructural changes that can directly affect the material
properties of a material

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1.6 Structure relationship properties process performance of engineering
materials

Figure 1.8 Structure relationship properties process performance of engineering

materials

At view of engineer – what is the required performance capacity that must be

supported? And the said properties are the properties of the structure of which to do in
order to obtain that structure, what process must be produced or processed?

Selection of materials from the available

options is limited to which materials is most
appropriate from its specific characteristics.

Understand the relationship between the

structural components of the materials and the
properties of the materials, allowing the development
of special characteristics of the material in order to
meet the needs of modern society.

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1.7 Classification of Materials

Figure 1.9 Materials can be divided into 3 main groups based on chemical
properties and atomic arrangement.

A. Metals
Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements
(e.g., iron,aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel), and often also
nonmetallic elements(e.g., carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small
amounts.3 Atoms in metals andtheir alloys are arranged in a very orderly
manner and in comparison to the ceramics and polymers, are relatively dense.

B. Polymer
Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of
them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen,
and other nonmetallic elements (i.e., O, N, and Si). Furthermore, they have very
large molecular structures, often chainlike in nature, that often have a
backbone of carbon atoms. Some of the common and familiar polymers are
polyethylene (PE), nylon, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polycarbonate (PC),
polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber.

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 C. Ceramic
Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements;
they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. For example, common
ceramic materials include aluminum oxide (or alumina, Al2O3), silicon dioxide
(or silica, SiO2), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), and, in addition,
what some refer to as the traditional ceramics—those composed of clay
minerals (i.e., porcelain), as well as cement and glass.

D. Composites

Figure 1. 10 Venn diagram

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  Is a composite materials from 2 main groups or more whic hthe composite
material must not dissolve each other.
 Properties: it is a combination of good properties od materials that are together
 Example: Fiberglass (obtaining the hardness of glass fibers mized with the
flexibility of polymers), steel fiber reinforced concrete ( with both strenght and
longevity)

Figure 1. 11 Example Fiber glass and Steel Fiber Reinforced

E. Semiconductor

F. Biomaterials

Figure 1. 12 Biomaterials

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 It is a material that has a medical role. Biomaterials include all types of
materials that can be used in biological can be implanted into the human body to
change or replace the damaged organ. It does not cause toxic substances and can
be compatible with the tissues in the human body such as prosthetics, artificial
bones, and prosthesis. Hip joint, implant, etc.

Properties Comparison
 Hardness : Polymer < Metals < Ceramic
 Toughness : Ceramic < Metals < polymer
 Melting point : Polymer < Metals < Ceramic
 Heat conduction : Ceramic < Polymer < Metals
 Electrical conductivity : Ceramic < Polymer < Metals

1.8 Smart Materials

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1.9 Nanotechnology

1.10 Example apply materials to work

A. Car industry
 Steel
 Aluminum
 Cast iron
 Rubber
 Plastic
 Titanum

B. Computer Electronics Industry

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  Plastic
 Glass
 Copper
 Crystal
 Silicon
 Magnesium
 Semiconductor
 LCD, LED, OLED

C. Construction Industry
 Concrete
 Cement
 Steel
 Glass
 The wood
 Brick
 Polymers
 Aluminum alloys

D. Water Industry
 Fabric
 Aluminum
 Steel
 Rope
 The wood
 Plastic
 Fiberglass

E. Aircraft Industry
 Titanium
 Ceramics
 Aluminum alloy
 Nickel alloy
 Fiber glass Fiber
 Silicon
 Molybdenum alloys
 Composites

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EVALUATION

Select ten of the following modern items or devices and conduct an Internet search
in order to determine what specific material(s) is (are) used and what specific properties
this (these) material(s) possess(es) in order for the device/item to function properly.
Finally, write a short essay in which you report your findings.

1. Cell phone/digital camera batteries

2. Cell phone displays
3. Solar cells
4. Wind turbine blades
5. Fuel cells
6. Automobile engine blocks (other than cast iron)
7. Automobile bodies (other than steel alloys)
8. Space telescope mirrors
9. Military body armor
10. Sports equipment
11. Soccer balls
12. Basketballs
13. Ski poles
14. Ski boots
15. Snowboards
16. Surfboards
17. Golf clubs
18. Golf balls
19. Kayaks
20. Lightweight bicycle frames

REFERENCES

Materials Science and Engineering: an introduction, 8th edition By William D. Callister, Jr.
(2015)

Ashby, M. F., and D. R. H. Jones, Engineering Materials 1, An Introduction to Their

Properties and Applications, 3rd edition, Butterworth Heinemann, Woburn, UK,
2005.

Ashby, M. F., and D. R. H. Jones, Engineering Materials 2, An Introduction to

Microstructures, Processing and Design, 3rd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann,
Woburn, UK, 2005.

Ashby, M., H. Shercliff, and D. Cebon, Materials Engineering, Science, Processing

and Design, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2007.

Askeland, D. R., and P. P. Phulé, The Science and Engineering of Materials, 5th
edition, Nelson, Toronto, 2006.

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 Baillie, C., and L. Vanasupa, Navigating the Materials World,Academic Press,San
Diego,CA,2003.

Fischer, T., Materials Science for Engineering Students, Academic Press, San Diego,
CA, 2009.

Jacobs, J. A., and T. F. Kilduff, Engineering Materials Technology, 5th edition,

Prentice Hall PTR, Paramus, NJ, 2005.

McMahon, C. J., Jr., Structural Materials, Merion

Books, Philadelphia, 2004.

Murray, G. T., C. V. White, and W. Weise, Introduction to Engineering Materials,

2nd edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007.

Schaffer, J. P., A. Saxena, S. D. Antolovich, T. H. Sanders, Jr., and S. B. Warner, The

Science and Design of Engineering Materials, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1999.

Shackelford, J. F., Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, 7th edition,

Prentice Hall PTR, Paramus, NJ, 2009.

Smith, W. F., and J. Hashemi, Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering,

5th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2010.

Van Vlack, L. H., Elements of Materials Science and Engineering, 6th edition,
Addison-Wesley Longman, Boston, 1989.

White, M. A., Properties of Materials, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999.

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