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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Historical Perspective

MATERIAL….

• Beginning of the Material Science - People began to make tools from stone –
Start of the Stone Age about two million years ago.
Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc.
• The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with introduction of Bronze in
Department of Chemical Engineering the Far East. Bronze is an alloy (a metal made up of more than one
Dharmsinh Desai University element), copper + < 25% of tin + other elements.
Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes, can be made
harder by alloying, corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film forms.

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Historical Perspective What is Materials Science and Engineering ?

Processing
• The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues today. Use of Materials
iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed drastically daily Optimization Loop
life of a common person.
• Age of Advanced materials: throughout the Iron Age many new types of
materials have been introduced (ceramic, semiconductors, polymers,
composites…).
• Understanding of the relationship among structure, properties, Structure Properties
processing, and performance of materials lead to Intelligent design of Observational
new materials. Material science is the investigation of the relationship among processing,
structure, properties, and performance of materials.

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Introduction…
 What is material science?
Combination of two popular words:
Material + science
 What do you mean by materials?
• Not everything found in the universe.
• Materials mean engineering materials that are
limited to solid materials.
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Introduction…
 Definition of material science:
Material science is referred as the branch of
applied science concerned with the
developing the relationship which exists
between the structure of material and their
properties, and it also concerns with the
inter disciplinary study of the materials for
practically purpose.
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Introduction…
 What do you mean by science?
Science refers to the physical sciences
relating to physics and chemistry.
 In material science , our discussion is
limited to solid material only so the subject
is related to solid state physics and solid
state chemistry.
Classes of engineering materials…
 Engineering materials are broadly classified
as,
1. Metals and alloys: Steels, Aluminum. Copper, Brass,
invar, conductors, superalloys, etc.
2. Ceramics: MgO, CdS, ZnO, SiC, silica, Soda lime
glass, concrete, cement, ferrites etc.
3. Organic polymers:
Plastics: PVC, PTFE, polyethylene
Fibres: terylene, nylon, cotton.
Natural and synthetic rubbers, Leather etc
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Metals

Classes of engineering materials…

 A metal is an elemental substance whilst alloy
is formed when two or more relatively pure
metals together to form a new metal.
 Metals and alloys are more predominate due
to their useful characteristics of hardness,
strength, rigidity, formability, machinability,
weldability,conductivity and dimensionability. Several uses of steel and pressed
aluminum.

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Ceramics

Classes of engineering materials…

 Ceramics are materials constituting of
phases.
 They are compounds of metallic and non
metallic elements.
 All metallic compounds, rocks, minerals,
glass, glass fibers, abrasives, fired clays are
ceramics.
Examples of ceramic materials ranging from household to high performance
combustion engines which utilize both metals and ceramics.

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Polymers
Classes of engineering materials…
 Organic materials are derived from carbon.
 Carbon are chemically combined with
hydrogen, oxygen or other non metallic
substances.
 Plastics and synthetic rubbers are common
organic polymers formed by polymerization
reaction either long chain molecules or three
dimensional structures.
Polymers include “Plastics” and rubber materials
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Composites Semiconductors

Micro-Electrical-Mechanical
Systems (MEMS)

Si wafer for computer chip

devices.
Polymer composite materials: reinforcing glass
fibers in a polymer matrix.

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Material Selection Composition, Bonding, Crystal Structure

Different materials exhibit different crystal structures and resultant Properties and Microstructure DEFINE Materials Properties
Composition

Bonding Crystal Structure

Thermomechanical
Processing

Microstructure
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Properties
Common Properties…
1. Mechanical: Strength, stiffness, ductility, elasticity, plasticity, Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and
hardness, brittleness.
external forces.
2. Electrical: Conductivity, resistivity, dielectric strength
3. Magnetic: Permeability, coercive force, hystresis.
Mechanical properties – response to mechanical forces, strength, etc.
4. Thermal: specific heat, thermal expansion
5. Chemical: Corrosion resistance, acidity, alkalinity, Electrical and magnetic properties - response electrical and magnetic
composition fields, conductivity, etc.
6. Physical: Dimensions, density, porosity, structure Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat capacity.
7. Acoustical: Sound transmission, sound reflection
8. Optical : Colour, light transmission, light reflection Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and scattering of
light.
Chemical stability in contact with the environment - corrosion
resistance.
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Thank You……..

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