Cyber Rose Requirme

October 21, 2022

BETMT – NS – ACBET1
ASSIGNMENT

1. Historical perspective of materials in ancient times and their evaluation.

- The variety and scope of materials are enormous. In terms of history, it started with the
appearance of man, and materials gave the centuries of civilization their names. Today, the
field naturally includes the lone prospector and the sophisticated instrumented search for oil;
it ranges from the ferocious flame of the oxygen steelmaking furnace to the peaceful cool
electrodeposition of copper; from the gigantic rolling mill creating steel rails to the craftsman
hammering out a chalice or a piece of jewelry; etc. Materials by themselves cannot
accomplish anything, but without them, man is powerless. Nature is a self-ordered structure
that has evolved over time by making use of the same atomic hierarchy principles that man
uses to guide his rudimentary structures.

The ancients valued tangible possessions but had little regard for people who created them.
For it does not necessarily follow that, if the work delights you with its grace, the one who
wrought it is worthy of esteem, as Plutarch stated in his life of Marcellus. The current anxiety
regarding risks to the environment from the production of materials may result in materials
scientists and engineers being regarded with similar suspicion today.

2. Why need to study materials science and Engineering.

- What objects are made of and why they act the way they do are lessons we learn from
materials science. Materials engineering teaches us how to use knowledge to improve things
and the way they are made. Research and industrial innovation in fields as diverse as
aerospace and health are driven by materials science and engineering. All other fields of
science and engineering depend on it.

For example, the environment and climate change, advanced manufacturing, renewable and
sustainable energy, materials efficiency, healthcare, biotechnology, aerospace and transport,
communications, and information technology are just a few of the issues that materials
scientists and engineers address on a global scale that affect technology, society, and the
environment.

3. What are the classifications of materials and their uses.

- It is convenient to divide solid materials into three main categories: metals, ceramics, and
polymers. Most materials fit into one of two groups according to this classification, which is
mostly based on chemical composition and atomic structure, however there are some
intermediates.
o Metals
▪ Materials in this category typically contain minor amounts of nonmetallic
elements (such carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) along with one or more metallic
elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel). In
contrast to ceramics and polymers, metals and their alloys have very ordered
atomic arrangements and are rather dense materials.

o Ceramics
▪ are mixtures of metallic and nonmetallic elements; the oxides, nitrides, and
carbides are the most common ones. Aluminum oxide (also known as
alumina, Al2O3), silicon dioxide (also known as silica, SiO2), silicon carbide
(SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), and what some refer to as the traditional
 ceramics—those made of clay minerals (such as porcelain), cement, and
glass—are a few examples of common ceramic materials. With regard to
mechanical behavior, ceramic materials are reasonably stiff and strong—
stiffnesses and strengths are comparable to those of the metals.

o Polymers
▪ include the common rubber and plastic materials. Numerous them are organic
substances with a chemistry centered on carbon, hydrogen, and other
nonmetallic elements (viz.O,N, and Si). Additionally, they have extremely
massive molecular structures, which are frequently chain-like in character and
feature a carbon atom backbone. Polyethylene (PE), nylon, poly(vinyl
chloride), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber are a few
of the popular and well-known polymers. These materials typically have low
densities (Figure 1.1), however they do not possess the same mechanical
properties as ceramic and metallic materials, being neither as stiff nor as
strong.
o Composite
▪ is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which come from the
categories discussed above—viz., metals, ceramics, and polymers. The design
goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties that is not
displayed by any single material, and also to incorporate the best
characteristics of each of the component materials. A large number of
composite types exist that are represented by different combinations of metals,
ceramics, and polymers. Furthermore, some naturally-occurring materials are
also considered to be composites—for example, wood and bone. However,
most of those we consider in our discussions are synthetic (or man-made)
composites. One of the most common and familiar composites is fiberglass, in
which small glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material (normally
an epoxy or polyester).
4. How does this quality of materials affect the quality or performance of the product?
- Product quality is crucial since it influences a company's success and contributes to building
its reputation in target markets. The ability of businesses to produce high-quality goods that
continue to satisfy client needs can result in lower production costs, greater investment
returns, and higher revenue. Customers that depend on a company's attention to detail and
fulfillment of customer demands value product quality as well. Companies develop items to
address market needs, and customers anticipate that products will do so as advertised by the
manufacturer. They seek out things that enable them to connect with a brand so they can trust
the services it provides. Customers that purchase quality goods get secure, practical solutions
to their difficulties.