Ray Optics:

T.I.R. & Rectangular Refraction

Glass Slab Lecture - 2
Jayant Nagda
Physics Educator
unacademy.com/@JayantNagda

B.Tech, IIT Bombay

IIT-JEE AIR - 161

9+ Years of Teaching Experience at

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Snell’s Law Special Cases

Case Ⅲ Optically Denser to Rarer ( μ1 > μ2 )

μ1 Sin i = μ2 Sin r
r
μ2 Rarer
Since μ2 < μ1 i.e. sin i < sin r ⇒ i < r
μ1 Denser
i
Light ray bends away from Normal
Snell’s Law Special Cases

Case Ⅲ Optically Denser to Rarer ( μ1 > μ2 )

Eg: Glass to Air

Rarer

Denser
 Eg: Water to Air

Air

Water
 Eg: Water to Air

Air

Water
 Optically denser to rarer
r = π/2 i = ?
r μ2

μ1
i
 By Snell’s law

r = π/2 μRare

μDense
i

In most cases air is the rarer medium and μDenser = μ

Critical angle
Critical Angle θC

Minimum Angle of incidence for which light ray gets

reflected back into the same medium.
Total Internal Reflection
If i > θC ray

doesn’t follow
snell’s law

gets reflected
i back into the
r=i same medium

For a light ray travelling from optically denser to rarer medium, if

angle of incidence is greater than critical angle ,
no refraction occurs, light is reflected back in the same medium. This
phenomenon is known as total internal reflection.
Total Internal Reflection

Conditions for TIR:

➔ Light going from denser to rarer medium
➔ i > θC

Optically Rarer

Optically Denser
i r=i
gets reflected

Light ray travelling from denser to rare medium will get reflected
back in the medium if angle of incidence is greater than θC
Total Internal Reflection

Eg: For Glass

Air

Glass
Total Internal Reflection

Eg: For Water

Air

Water
Total Internal Reflection

Eg: For Diamond θc = 24.4o

Air
Diamond
Applications of TIR 1. Diamonds

Cutting Diamond at a right angle:

here air-diamond critical angle is 24.4o.

When light enters a well-cut diamond

it suffers multiple TIRs inside it.
Applications of TIR 1. Diamonds

Cutting Diamond at a right angle:

here air-diamond critical angle is 24.4o.

a well-cut diamond suffers

multiple TIRs inside it.
Applications of TIR 2. Optical Fibres

Cladding

TIR at the Inner core

boundaries
Applications of TIR 2. Trapping Laser inside Water
Example Light coming out of a point source kept at depth ‘h’ under
water(μ) has only a part of it that escapes into air (1). What is
the radius of the circle through which light ray escapes.

A. B. C. D. None

S
Deep Sea Diver or a fish can see sky only through a hole
Deep Sea Diver or a fish can see sky only through a hole
Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab
Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab
C D

O A B

t
Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab
C D

I’ O I A B
d

t
Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab
C D
At AC

At BD

I’ O I A B
d
μ(OA) + t = μ(IA) + μt
t

Normal Shift
Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab

O I
d Normal Shift

t
Under Near Normal Viewing
Object appears closer to the
slab by d

t: thickness of slab
Example Integer Answer Type Question

Determine distance of O from P as seen by Observer

3 cm

μ = 1.5
P
O

4 cm
Lateral Shift

B
A
Lateral Shift 🛆

i
r
B
A r i-r
i
Example Find Δ 🛆🛆🛆
A. 3√2 B. 2√3 C. √2 D. 4√3
1 √3

600

6 cm
Lateral Shift
Case 1
If i ⟶ 0

Case 2
If i = π/2
Case 1 If i ⟶ 0
sin i ⟶ i sin r ⟶ r cos r ⟶ 1

tan r = r
 π/2
Case 2
r

If i = π/2
r

π/2
∆=t

∆=t
Daily Practice Problems
Example If the critical angle for total internal reflection from a medium
to vacuum is 30°, the velocity of light in the medium is

A. 3 × 108 m/s B. 1.5 × 108 m/s

C. 6 × 108 m/s D. √3 × 108 m/s

Ans : B
Example The velocity of light in a medium is half its velocity in air. If ray
of light emerges from such a medium into air, the angle of
incidence, at which it will be totally internally reflected, is
[IIT-JEE 1999]
A. 15° B. 30° C. 45° D. 60°

Ans : B
Example A fish looking up through the water sees the outside world contained in
circular horizon. If the R.I. of water 4/3 and the fish is 12 cm below the
surface, the radius of this circle in cm is

A. B. C. D.

Ans : B
Example Where does the Observer see the image of O, mention
distance from O itself

20 cm

1.5

40 cm

Ans. 200/3
Example Find x for which final image is formed on Object itself

μ = 1.5
O P

X cm

f = 15 cm
6 cm

Ans. 32 cm
Example Find distance of final image from P1

μ = 1.5
O P1

5 cm

f = 10 cm
6 cm

32 cm

Ans. 6cm
Example The distance of the image of O In plane mirror from O

A. 62 cm

1.5 B. 64 cm

O C. 66 cm

D. 60 cm
28 cm

6 cm

Ans. B
Example A ray of light passes through four transparent media with refractive
indices μ1, μ2, μ3 and μ4 as shown in the figure. The surfaces of all
media are parallel. If the emergent ray CD is parallel to the incident ray
AB, We must have [IIT-JEE 2001]

D A. μ1 = μ2 B. μ2 = μ3
μ1 μ2 μ3 μ4
C C. μ3 = μ4 D. μ4 = μ1
B

Ans. D
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