Geometrical Optics Snell’s Law &

Total Internal Reflection

LECTURE 5
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Jayant Nagda
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Refraction
Refraction
 Refraction

When a light ray is incident on a surface separately two transparent media,

the ray bends at the time of changing the medium.
Refraction
Refraction
Refraction
Refraction
Refraction from Plane Surfaces

Bending of light ray while changing medium.

Refraction from Plane Surfaces

Bending of light ray while changing medium.

Refraction from Plane Surfaces

Bending of light ray while changing medium.

Incident Ray

Medium 1
μ1
μ2
Medium 1

Refracted Ray
Refraction from Plane Surfaces
Refractive Index μ Factor by which speed of light gets
reduced in a medium.

μvaccum = 1 μair ≃ 1

μglass = 1.5 μwater = 1.33

What is the speed of light in:

1. Glass : _____ x 108 m/s

2. Water : __.___ x 108 m/s

Snell’s Law

i
μ1
v1 : speed of light in medium 1
μ2
r v2 : speed of light in medium 2
Snell’s Law

i
μ1
μ2
μ1 Sin i = μ2 Sin r
r

Incident Ray, Refracted Ray and

Normal at Point of Incidence
all lie in the same place
Special Cases

Case Ⅰ Normal Incidence ( i = 0 )

If i = 0, r = ?

μ1

μ2
Special Cases

Case Ⅰ Normal Incidence ( i = 0 )

If i = 0, r = 0
μ1

μ2
Special Cases

Case Ⅱ Optically Rarer to Denser ( μ2 > μ1 )

i
μ1 Rarer
μ2 Denser
Special Cases

Case Ⅱ Optically Rarer to Denser ( μ2 > μ1 )

i Since μ2 > μ1 ⇒ sin i > sin r i.e. i > r

μ1 Rarer
μ2 Denser
r Light Ray bends towards Normal

Eg: Air to water

Special Cases

Case Ⅲ Optically Denser to Rarer ( μ1 > μ2 )

i
μ1 Denser
μ2 Rarer
Special Cases

Case Ⅲ Optically Denser to Rarer ( μ1 > μ2 )

i Since μ2 < μ1 i.e. sin i < sin r ⇒ i < r

μ1 Denser
μ2 Rarer
Light ray bends away from Normal
r

Eg: Glass to Air

Example Find angle of refraction r

A. 200 B. 300
600
C. 600 D. 450 μ=1
μ = √3
r
Example Find angle of refraction θ

A. 200 B. 300

C. 600 D. 450
300

μ = √2
μ=1

θ
Example Determine angle of deviation δ due to refraction

A. 530 B. 300

370
C. 160 D. 150
Water 1.33

Air 1
Example

Draw the path of the ray as it enters a glass ball as shown and
Determine total deviation δ of final emergent ray:

A. 30o, CW B. 30o, ACW C. 60o, CW D. None

600

√3

Ans:
C
Refraction at Multiple Plane Surfaces

Snell’s law through Multiple Parallel Boundaries

&
θ1
μ1
θ2
θ2
μ2
θ3
μ3
Refraction at Multiple Plane Surfaces

Snell’s law through Multiple Parallel Boundaries

&
θ1
μ1
θ2 μ1 sinθ1 = μ2 sinθ2 = μ3 sinθ3
θ2
μ2
θ3
μ3 μ sinθ = constant
Example Find value of θ1 and θ2

A. 300 & 600 B. 450 & 600

600 C. 300 & 450 D. 300 & 900

1
θ1 √3

θ2 √3/√2
Snell’s Law Special Cases

Case Ⅲ Optically Denser to Rarer ( μ1 > μ2 )

μ1 Sin i = μ2 Sin r
r
μ2 Rarer Since μ2 < μ1
μ1 Denser
i
Snell’s Law Special Cases

Case Ⅲ Optically Denser to Rarer ( μ1 > μ2 )

Eg: Glass to Air

Rarer

Denser
Snell’s Law Special Cases

Case Ⅲ Optically Denser to Rarer ( μ1 > μ2 )

μ1 Sin i = μ2 Sin r
r
μ2 Rarer
Since μ2 < μ1 i.e. sin i < sin r ⇒ i < r
μ1 Denser
i
Light ray bends away from Normal
 Eg: Water to Air

Air

Water
 Eg: Water to Air

Air

Water
 Optically denser to rarer

μ2 r = π/2 i = ?
r

μ1
i
i
 By Snell’s law

r = π/2 μRare

μDense
i

In most cases air is the rarer medium and μDenser = μ

Critical angle
Critical Angle θC

Minimum Angle of incidence for which light ray gets

reflected back into the same medium.
Critical Angle θC
Total Internal Reflection
If i > θC ray

doesn’t follow
snell’s law

i gets reflected
r=i
back into the
same medium

For a light ray travelling from optically denser to rarer medium, if

angle of incidence is greater than critical angle ,
no refraction occurs, light is reflected back in the same medium.
This phenomenon is known as total internal reflection.
Total Internal Reflection

Conditions for TIR:

➔ Light going from denser to rarer medium
➔ i > θC

Optically Rarer

Optically Denser
i r=i
gets reflected

Light ray travelling from denser to rare medium will get reflected
back in the medium if angle of incidence is greater than θC
Total Internal Reflection

Eg: For Glass

Air

Glass
Total Internal Reflection

Eg: For Water

Air

Water
Total Internal Reflection

Eg: For Diamond θc = 24.4o

Air

Diamond
Applications of TIR 1. Diamonds

Cutting Diamond at a correct angle:

here air-diamond critical angle is 24.4o.

When light enters a well-cut diamond

it suffers multiple TIRs inside it.
Applications of TIR 1. Diamonds

Cutting Diamond at a right angle:

here air-diamond critical angle is 24.4o.

a well-cut diamond suffers

multiple TIRs inside it.
Applications of TIR 2. Optical Fibres

Cladding

TIR at the Inner core

boundaries
Applications of TIR 2. Trapping Laser inside Water
Deep Sea Diver or a fish can see sky only through a hole
Deep Sea Diver or a fish can see sky only through a hole
Example Light coming out of a point source kept at depth ‘h’ under
water(μ) has only a part of it that escapes into air (1).
What is the radius of the circle through which light ray
escapes.

A. B. C. D. None

S
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