Geometrical Optics

Curved Mirror
LECTURE 3
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Reflection from a Curved Surface

Curved Mirror

Widely used as rear-view mirrors in automobiles and vehicles

or as shaving and makeup mirrors
Reflection from a Curved Surface

Curved Mirrors
Obtained by polishing one side of spherical glass
or Spherical Mirrors
Reflection from a Curved Surface

Concave Mirror also called Convergent Mirror

Inner surface is polished

Concave Mirror

magnified image, the object will look much bigger

Shaving Mirror
Spherical Mirrors Obtained by polishing one side of spherical glass

Convex Mirror
also called Divergent Mirror

Outer surface is polished

Convex Mirror

gives a compressed view

wider field of view and objects in the mirror appear smaller
Terms
1. Pole P
Midpoint of mirror (reflecting surface)

Point from where all distances are measured

P
Terms

2. Centre of Curvature C

Centre of spherical glass out of which mirror was made

R
C P

3. Radius of Curvature R

Radius of spherical glass out of which mirror was made

Terms

4. Principal Axis
Straight line joining centre of curvature C to pole P.

C P

Diameter of the spherical glass from which mirror was made

Terms
5. Focus F

Point of intersection of all reflected rays for which

incident ray strike the mirror parallel to principal axis.
Terms
5. Focus F

Point of intersection of all reflected rays for which

incident ray strike the mirror parallel to principal axis.

C F P

Distance FP is called focal length f

Terms

6. Focal length f

Distance FP is called focal length f

7. Aperture P
C F

Diameter of the Mirror

Image Tracing

1. Consider any two light rays emanating (starting) from object.

2. Apply law of Reflection on each of them.
3. Find the meeting point / intersection of those reflected rays.
Rays for Image Tracing in Optics

1. Ray parallel to principal axis

passes through focus after reflection.

P F C
C F
Rays for Image Tracing in Optics

2. Ray passing through focus will

become parallel to principal axis post reflection.

C F

P F C
Rays for Image Tracing in Optics

3. Ray incident on Pole P reflected

makes equal angle with principal axis.

θ
θ
Rays for Image Tracing in Optics

4. A ray passing through C centre of curvature

retraces its path.

C F

P F C
Image Tracing for Concave Mirror

1. Object at infinity ∞

Image Formed
● At ?
● Real/Virtual?
P ● Inverted/Upright?
C F
● Size?
Image Tracing for Concave Mirror

1. Object at infinity ∞

Image Formed
● At F
● Real
P ● Inverted
C F
● Highly Diminished
(point size)
Image Tracing for Concave Mirror

2. Object b/w ∞ and C

Image Formed
● B/w C & F
● Real
P ● Inverted
C F
● Diminished
Image Tracing for Concave Mirror

3. Object at C

Image Formed
● At C
● Real
● Inverted
● Same Size
Image Tracing for Concave Mirror

4. Object b/w C & F

Image Formed
● Beyond C
● Real
● Inverted
● Enlarged
Image Tracing for Concave Mirror

5. Object at F

Image Formed
● At infinity
● Real
P ● Inverted
C F
● Highly Enlarged
Image Tracing for Concave Mirror

6. Object b/w P & F

Image Formed
● Behind mirror
● Virtual
● Erect
● Enlarged
Image positions for different Object positions

Concave Mirror

Object Image

At infinity At focus highly diminished (point sized) real and

inverted

Beyond C Between C & F diminished real and inverted

At C At C same size real and inverted

Between C & F Beyond C enlarged real and inverted

At F At infinity highly enlarged real and inverted

Between P & F Behind mirror enlarged virtual and erect

Sign Convention

➔ All distances measured from Pole P

➔ Distances measured in the direction of incident ray

are positive.

➔ Distances measured opposite to the direction of

incident ray are taken negative.

➔ Distances above principal axis are positive.

➔ Distances below principal axis are negative.

Example Determine sign of Object Position (u) in each case:

F P
C

P
C F
Example Determine sign of image Position (v) in each case:

F P
C

P
C F
Mirror Formula

P
O C I

v : position of image
u : position of object

f : focal length
Mirror Formula v : position of image f : focal length
u : position of object

P
O C
Mirror Formula v : position of image f : focal length
u : position of object
A
θ
θ
α β 𝛾
P
O C I
Mirror Formula
A
So, θ
∝+θ=β;β+θ=𝛾
θ
∝ + 2θ = 𝛾 or ∝ + 𝛾 = 2β α 𝛾
β
P
O C I

For small apertures, ∝, β, 𝛾 → 0

⇒
Mirror Formula

If u → ∞ i.e. object is taken far away for P, then v = f

Thus

R = 2f

and
Example Object is 20cm away from the Pole of a Convex mirror of
focal length 10cm. Determine position of image:
A. + 20 / 3 B. - 20 / 3 C. + 10 / 3 D. - 10 / 3
Example Concave Mirror of Focal Length 10 cm has Object placed 30 cm
from its Pole on the Principle axis Determine Position of Image:

A. + 15 cm B. - 15 cm C. - 7.5 cm D. None
Example Object O is placed at 20 cm in front of a Convex Mirror
of focal length 10cm. Position of image is:

A. 20/3 cm same side as O B. 20/3 cm opp. side as O

C. 20 cm same side as O D. 20 cm opp. side as O

Ans : B
Magnification

C F P
Magnification

C F P
Example Concave Mirror of Radius of Curvature 20 cm has
Object placed 15 cm from its Pole on the Principle axis
Determine Position of Image & magnification
A. - 30 cm, -2 B. - 30 cm, +2 C. + 15 cm, -2 D. None
Example
Calculate formula for magnification in terms of f & u

A. B. C. D.

Ans : C
Example Object is 20cm away from the Pole of a Convex mirror of focal
length 10cm. Determine magnification of image:

A. + 2 / 3 B. - 2 / 3 C. + 1 / 3 D. - 1 / 3

Ans : C
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