MELC

• Predict the qualitative

characteristics (orientation, type
and magnification) of images
formed by plane and curved mirrors
and lenses.
IMAGES FORMED BY
THE REFLECTION OF
LIGHT
Reflection
Law of Reflection
▪ The incident ray, the reflected ray and the
normal all lie in the same plane.

A light beam reflected off a plane mirror

Law of Reflection
▪ When light reflects off a surface, the angle of
incidence is always equal to the angle of
reflection

∠i = ∠r
Two types of reflection
a. Complete/Specular/Regular
Reflection-reflection of light on smooth surfaces
such as mirrors of a calm body of water
b. Diffuse/Irregular Reflection-reflection on light on
rough surfaces such as clothing, paper and the
asphalt roadway
MIRRORS

• any polished surface

that exhibits reflection
 Types of Mirrors

• Plane mirror: flat

• Curved mirror
a. Concave / converging
b. Convex / diverging
It is possible to see
images in mirrors.

image

object
 Properties of an image

Type Orientation

Upright Inverted
Real Virtual Size (vertical)
Laterally
Inverted

Enlarged Same

Reduced
Type

▪ Real - image appears

in front of the mirror
(could be projected
onto a screen)

▪ Virtual - image
appears behind the
mirror
Virtual
image
Size
▪ Enlarged - image is larger than the object
▪ Reduced - image is smaller than the object
▪ Same - image is the same size as the object
a)

b)

c)
Orientation

Inverted Laterally
Upright
(vertical) Inverted

image is image is image is flipped

right-side up upside-down horizontally
Lateral Inversion
Summary of Properties of an
Image Using S.O.L.T.
Size Orientation Location Type

Larger, same, or smaller Upright or inverted Image distance Virtual or Real

 IMAGE FORMED
IN A PLANE MIRROR
REFLECTIONS ON PLANE MIRRORS
POSITION AND SIZE OF THE IMAGE
FORMED BY A PLANE MIRROR
MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS
 IMAGE FORMED
IN A CURVE MIRROR
REFLECTIONS ON CURVED MIRRORS
Curved mirror is a reflecting surface in which its
surface is a section of spheres.
a. Concave mirror-it is a curved mirror in which the
reflective surface bulges away from the light source
and called converging mirror.
 Concave Mirrors
(caved in)

•
F
optical axis

•Light rays that come in parallel to the optical axis reflect through the focal point
•Light rays that come in along the optical axis strike the mirror at 90 so reflect
back along optical axis through the focal point.
Ray Diagram

is a diagram that traces the path that light

takes in order for a person to view a point
on the image of an object. On the
diagram, rays (lines with arrows) are
drawn for the incident ray and the reflected
ray.
 Concave Mirror- Part of a sphere reflective
surface on inside

r
• •
C F
f

C: the center point of the sphere

r: radius of curvature (just the radius of the sphere)

F: the focal point of the mirror (halfway between C and the mirror)
f: the focal distance, f = r/2
• Center of Curvature-the center of the sphere of
which the mirror is part. Its distance from the
mirror is known as the radius.
• Vertex V- the center of the mirror
• Focus/Focal Point- the point between the center
of the curvature and vertex. Its distance from the
mirror is known as the focal length.
Four Principal Rays in Concave
Mirror
❖ P-F Ray. A ray of light parallel to the principal axis is
reflected passing through the principal focus f.
❖ F-P Ray- A ray of light passing through the focus, F
is reflected parallel to the principal axis
Four Principal Rays in Concave
Mirror
❖ C-C Ray- A ray of light passing through the center of
curvature, C reflects back along its own path
❖ V-Ray- A ray of light directed to the vertex reflects at
equal angle from the principal axis.
 Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror object placed outside centre of curvature

Centre of Curvature Focus

v

Object
• •
f
c F
Principal axis
u

Image:- Real, Inverted & reduced

 Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror when object placed between centre of
curvature & focus

Centre of Curvature Focus

u

Object
• •
f
c F
Principal axis

v
Image:- Real, Inverted & Enlarged
 Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror when object placed at focus

Centre of Curvature Focus u

Object
• •
f
c F
Principal axis

Image: no imaged formed

 Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror when object placed inside focus

Centre of Curvature u
Focus
Object
• •
c F
Principal axis
f v

Image:- Virtual, Erect & Enlarged

Location of the object Location Orientation Size Type

A. Concave

Farther from the center of Between C and F Inverted Reduced Real

curvature
At the center of curvature At C Inverted Same Real

Between the center of Beyond C Inverted Enlarged Real

curvature and the focal
point
At the focal point No imaged formed

Between the focal point Behind the mirror Upright Enlarged virtual
and the center of the lens
(vertex)
Convex mirror
• It is curved mirror in which the reflective surface
bulges towards the light source.
• It is called diverging mirror because the parallel
incident rays diverge after reflection
 Convex Mirrors

•
F
optical axis

Light rays that come in parallel to the optical axis reflect from the focal point.
The focal point is considered virtual since sight lines, not light rays, go through it.
Four Principal Rays in Convex
Mirror
1. P-F Ray- A ray of light parallel to the principal
axis is reflected as if passing through the
principal Focus, F
2. F-P Ray- A ray of light directed towards the
focus, F is reflected parallel to the principal axis
Four Principal Rays in Convex
Mirror
3. C-C Ray- A ray of light directed towards the
center of curvature, C reflects back along its own
path.
4.V- Ray-A ray of light directed to the vertex reflects
at equal angle from the principal axis.
 Convex Mirrors

Focus
Centre of Curvature
v
Object
• •
u F C
f

principal axis

Image:- Virtual, Erect & reduced

Location of the object Location Orientation Size Type

A. Convex

All locations Between f and V Upright Reduced virtual

END
 LOCATING THE
IMAGE FORMED
MIRROR EQUATION

f=focal length or distance from the mirror and the focal point
F.
p=distance of the object from the mirror
q=distance of the image from the mirror
Magnification Equation

h’ is the height of the image

h is the height of the object
q - distance of the image from the mirror
p - Distance of the object from the mirror
Sign conventions for concave and convex mirrors:
Concave Mirror
• A 5 cm tall light bulb is placed at a

distance at 45.0 cm from a concave

mirror having a focal length of
10.5cm.Determine the image
distance and the image size.
 Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror object placed outside centre of curvature

Centre of Curvature Focus

v

Object
• •
f
c F
Principal axis
u

Image:- Real, Inverted & reduced

• A magnified, inverted image is
located a distance of 30.cm
from a concave mirror with a
focal length of 15cm. What is
the object distance?
 Concave Mirror
Image formed in a concave mirror when object placed at centre of curvature

Centre of Curvature uFocus

Object
• •
f
c F
Principal axis

Image:- Real, Inverted & same

Convex Mirror
• What is the focal length of a
convex mirror that produces an
image that appears 15.0 cm
behind, the object is 27.5 cm
from the mirror?
 Convex Mirrors

Focus
Centre of Curvature
v
Object
• •
u F C
f

principal axis

Image:- Virtual, Erect & reduced

• An object is placed 33.7 cm
from the convex mirror with a
focal length of 10.7 cm.
Determine the image
distance?
 B. Refraction

Refraction SLOWER

⬥ bending of waves when

passing from one medium to
another
⬥ caused by a change in speed
FASTER
•slower (more dense) ⇒ light
bends toward the normal
•faster (less dense) ⇒ light
bends away from the normal
 B. Refraction

Refraction depends
on…
⬥ speed of light in the
medium
⬥ wavelength of
the light - shorter
wavelengths (blue)
bend more
 Index of Refraction

Light travels in a straight line except when it is reflected or

when it moves from one medium to another.
Refraction—the bending of light when it moves from one
medium to a different one—takes place because light travels
with different speeds in different media.
The speed of light in a vacuum is c = 3x108 m/s. The index of
refraction of a material is defined by

where c is the speed of light in a vacuum and v is the speed of

light in the material.
Because light never travels faster than c, n ≥ 1. For example,
for water, n = 1.33 and for glass, n ≈1.5.

Example: Calculate the speed of light in diamond (n = 2.42).

26.2 Snell’s Law and the Refraction of Light

SNELL’S LAW

SNELL’S LAW OF REFRACTION

When light travels from a material with

one index of refraction to a material with
a different index of refraction, the angle
of incidence is related to the angle of
refraction by

n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2
26.2 Snell’s Law and the Refraction of Light

Example 1 Determining the Angle of Refraction

A light ray strikes an

air/water surface at
an angle of 46
degrees with
respect to the
normal. Find the
angle of refraction
when the direction
of the ray is (a) from
air to water and (b)
from water to air.
26.2 Snell’s Law and the Refraction of Light

(a) sinθ 2 n1 sin θ1 (1.00) sin 46

= =
= n2
0.54
1.33

θ2 = 33

(b) sinθ 2
n1 sin
=
(1.33) sin 46=0.96
θ1 n 2 1.00
=

θ2 = 74
 LENSES

Convex lenses- it is thicker in the center

than edges
It forms real images and virtual images
depending on position of the object
 LENSES
It is also called converging lenses
because the light that passes through it
tends to converge at a particular point
called the focal point
 3 most useful rays in
lenses( Convex Lens)
P-F ray. A ray of light parallel to the
principal axis is refracted passing through
the principal Focus, F behind the lens
 3 most useful rays in
lenses( Convex Lens)

F-P ray. A ray of light passing through the

focus, F in the front of the lens is refracted
parallel to the principal axis
 3 most useful rays in
lenses( Convex Lens)

V-Ray- A ray of light passing through the

exact center of the lens(vertex) continue
to travel in the same direction
26.7 The Formation of Images by
Lenses

IMAGE FORMATION BY A CONVERGING LENS

In this example, when the object is placed further than twice the focal
length from the lens, Image is
•the real image
•inverted and
•smaller than the object.
26.7 The Formation of Images by
Lenses

When the object is placed between F and 2F, the image is

• real
• inverted and
•larger than the object.
26.7 The Formation of Images by
Lenses

When the object is placed between F and the lens, the image is
•virtual
•upright and
•larger than the object.
 CONVEX LENS
Location of the Location Orientation Size Type Example
object
A. Convex lens

Beyond 2F’ Between F Inverted Reduced Real Camera

and 2F
At 2F’ At 2F Inverted Same Real Xerox
machine
Between 2F’ and F’ Beyond 2F Inverted Enlarged Real Projector

At the Focal point F’ No imaged formed Lighthouse

Between F’ and V Beyond 2F’ Upright Enlarged virtual Magnifying

Glass
 LENSES

Concave lenses- it is thicker at the edges

and thinner in the center
If forms upright and reduced images
 LENSES

It is also called diverging lens because

the light that passes though it tends to
diverge at a particular point called the focal
point
 3 most useful rays in
lenses( Concave Lens)

P-F ray. A ray of light parallel to the

principal axis is refracted passing through
the principal Focus, F in front of the lens
 3 most useful rays in
lenses( Concave Lens)

F-P ray. A ray of light passing through the

focus, F in the behind of the lens is
refracted parallel to the principal axis
 3 most useful rays in
lenses( Concave Lens)

V-Ray- A ray of light passing through the

exact center of the lens(vertex) continue
to travel in the same direction
26.7 The Formation of Images by
Lenses

IMAGE FORMATION BY A DIVERGING LENS

A diverging lens always forms an upright, virtual, diminished image.

 Sign Conventions for
lenses
f is + if the lens is a double convex lens
f is – if the lens is a double concave lens
q is + if the image is real and located
behind the lens
q is - if the image is virtual and located on
the objects side of the lens
h’ is + if the image is an upright image
h’ is – if the image is inverted
 CONCAVE LENS
Location of the object Location Orientation Size Type

A. Concave lens

Beyond 2F’ Between F and V Upright Reduced Virtual

 Sample Problems-Convex
Lens

1. What is the image distance and

image size if 5 cm tall light bulb is
placed a distance of 45.5cm from
a convex lens having a focal
length of 15.4cm?
26.7 The Formation of Images by
Lenses

IMAGE FORMATION BY A CONVERGING LENS

In this example, when the object is placed further than twice the focal
length from the lens, Image is
•the real image
•inverted and
•smaller than the object.
Determine the image distance
and image height for a 8 cm tall
object placed 46.5m from a
double convex lens having a
focal length of 16cm.
 Sample
Problems-Concave Lens

2. What is the image distance

and image size if a 3 cm tall
light bulb is placed a distance of
30.5cm from a concave lens
having a focal length of 10.2cm
26.7 The Formation of Images by
Lenses

IMAGE FORMATION BY A DIVERGING LENS

A diverging lens always forms an upright, virtual, diminished image.

A 3.10cm diameter coin is placed
a distance of 25cm from a double
concave lens that has a focal
length of 11cm.Determine the
image distance and the diameter
of the image