CHAPTER 1 PART 1 Concave mirror- reflecting surface is curved inwards

REFLECTION OF LIGHT Convex mirror- reflecting surface is curved outwards

1) Light-Reflection 3) Spherical mirror

Light falling on the surface of an object comes back to Terminologies

the same medium.

Laws of reflection

(i) The incident ray, reflected ray and normal (at the Principal focus
point of incidence), all lie in the same plane.
a)Concave mirror
(ii) the angle of reflection (r) is always equal to the
angle of incidence (i)

∠r = ∠i

2) Mirror classification

 Plane mirror
 Reflecting surface is flat Rays parallel to the principal axis falling on a concave
mirror after reflection converge at the point on the
principal axis. The point is called principal focus of
concave mirror

 Spherical mirror
 Reflecting surface is curved
b)Convex mirror
 Rule 4
Rays parallel to the principal axis falling on a concave
mirror after reflection appear to diverge from a point
on the principal axis. The point is called principal
focus of concave mirror

Real Image Virtual Image

Image formation using ray diagram

Light ray rules

Rule 1
Light ray actually meet to Light ray doesn’t actually
form real image meet to form real image
Image can be obtained on Image can’t be obtained
screen on screen
The image is generally Image is generally erect
inverted
The image is formed The image is formed
Rule 2 infront of the mirror behind the mirror

Rule 3
  Concave mirror Real,inverted image with same size as that of object
formed at ‘C’ itself
Case 1-Object at infinity
Case 4-Object between C and F

Real,inverted and highly diminished or point sized

image formed at ‘F’

Real,inverted and diminished image formed beyond

‘C’

Case 2-Object beyond C Case 5-Object at F

Real,inverted and diminished image formed between

‘C’ and ‘F’ Real, inverted and highly enlarged image formed at
infinity.(rays are parallel)

Case 3-Object at C Case 6-Object between F and P

Virtual,erect and enlarged image formed behind the

mirror
Object Image Nature Size Object Image Nature Size
At Infinity At F Real and Highly At Infinity At F Virtual and Highly
Inverted diminished (behind the Erect diminished
Beyond C Between Real and diminished mirror)
C and F Inverted Between Between Virtual and diminished
At C At C Real and Same size Infinity and F and Erect
Inverted Pole P(Behind
Between Beyond C Real and Enlarged the mirror)
C and F Inverted
At F At Infinity Real and Highly Mirror formula and Cartesian sign convention
Inverted enlarged
Between F Behind the Virtual and Enlarged 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ =
and P mirror Erect 𝒗 𝒖 𝒇

 Convex mirror
object distance (u)
Case 1-Object at infinity

Image distance (v)

Virtual,erect and highly diminished image formed

behind the mirror (at F)

Case 2-Object between infinity and mirror

(i) All distances are measured from the pole of the

spherical mirror.
(ii) The distances measured in the direction of
incidence of light are taken as positive and vice–versa.
(iii) The heights above the principal axis of the mirror
are taken as positive and vice–versa.

Virtual,erect and diminished image formed behind the

mirror (between F and P)
Tools to solve numerical Application
 Object distance and height is always taken as Concave mirror
positive 1. To focus sunlight for heating purpose
2. To have close look during shaving.
 Focal length for concave mirror is taken as
3. To produce parallel beam in car headlights.
negative and convex mirror is taken as positive
4.Dentist and ENT doctors use it.
 Real image distance and height is taken as 5.It is used in torches.
negative in case of spherical mirror.
 Virtual image distance and height is taken as Convex mirror
positive in case of spherical mirror. 1. used as a rear view mirror or wing mirrors in
Magnification vehicles also called drivers mirror
2. used as reflectors in street lamps to diverge light
Magnification is defined as the ratio of height of the
over a larger area
image to the height of the object. 3. used as surveillance mirror which is often used at
It shows how many times image is larger than the the bent of a road or ghats (curved roads at hills)
object. 4. used as security mirror in shops
m=
−v
=
hi 5. used for making sun glasses and telescopes
u ho
Plane mirror
 m +ve virtual image
 m –ve real image Looking Glasses, Periscopes and kaleidoscopes
 m>1 enlarged image
 m<1 diminished image
 m=1 image of same size as that of object

4) Plane Mirror

Image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual,

laterally inverted, erect image and are located behind
the mirror at same distance as that of object.
It is always having a magnification of unity hence the
image is of same size that of object
 5) What would be the angle of incidence for a light ray
LEVEL 1-QUESTIONS
having zero reflection angle?
PART A (1 mark- 2 min)
a. 180 degrees
1) The law of reflection hold true for : b. 90 degrees
(a) Plane mirrors only c. 0 degree
(b) Concave mirrors only d. 45 degrees
(c) Convex mirrors only Sol-
(d) All reflecting surfaces (c) 0 degree
Sol- 6) An object is placed at a distance of 15 cm in front of
(d) All reflecting surfaces a concave mirror. The mirror produces ·an erect image
2) A child is standing in front of a magic mirror. She of the object. The radius of curvature of the mirror is:
finds the image of her head bigger, the middle portion (a) less than 15 cm
of her body of the same size and that of the legs (b) between 15 cm and 30 cm
smaller. The following is the order of combination for (c) exactly 30 cm
the magic mirror from the top (d) more than 30 cm
A) plane, convex and concave Sol-
(d) more than 30 cm
B) convex, concave and plane
7) An concave mirror produces a magnification of +2.
C) concave, plane and convex
The position of the object is:
D) convex, plane and concave
(a) at the focus
Sol-
(b) between the focus and centre of curvature
C) concave, plane and convex
(c) between the focus and pole
3) There are two mirrors M1, and M2 fitted on a wall.
(d) beyond the centre of curvature
A girl, standing at some distance from the wall, sees
Sol-
her erect image in both the mirrors. When she starts
(b) between the focus and centre of curvature
moving towards the wall, she finds that in mirror M1
8)The source of light in torches, search lights and
the size of her image goes on increasing, while there is
headlights of vehicles should be placed
no change in the size of the image in mirror M2. It can
(a) between the pole and the focus of the reflector
be concluded that
(b)to very near tom the focus of reflector
(a) mirror M1 is concave and mirror M is plane
(c) the focus of the between the focus and centre of
(b)mirror M1 is concave and mirror M is convex
curvature of the reflector
mirror
(d) at the centre of curvature of the reflector
(c) M1 is convex and mirror M2 is concave
Sol-
(d) mirror M1 is plane and mirror M2 is concave.
(b)to very near to the focus of reflector
Sol-
(a) mirror M1 is concave and mirror M is plane 9)
4) A student wants to obtain an erect image of an
object using a concave mirror of 10 cm focal length.
What will be the distance of the object from mirror?
(a) Less than 10 cm
(b) between 10 cm and 20 cm
(c) 10 cm
(d) more than 20 cm
Sol-(a) Less than 10 cm
Parallel rays from a distant tree, incident on a concave (d)object at 40cm
mirror form an image on the screen. Which diagram i.e, beyond C ----- image is formed between C and F
shows the formation of image? and it will be real and inverted(diminished image)
Sol-C 12) Sunita takes a mirror which is depressed at the
center and mounts it on a mirror stand. An enlarged
PART B (2 mark- 3 min) image of her face is formed. She places the mirror on a
stand along a meter scale at 15cm mark. In front of this
10) List in proper sequence the steps of the experiment
mirror, she mounts a white screen and moves it back
for determining the approximate focal length of a given and forth along the meter scale till a sharp, well
concave mirror by obtaining the image of a distant defined inverted image, often a distant tree, is formed
object. on the screen at 35cm mark.
1. Name the mirror and find its focal length.
Sol-
2. Why does Sunita get a sharp image up the distant
 Place the concave mirror on a V-shaped stand.
building at 35cm mark?
 Focus the mirror on a distant object. Light rays
Sol-
coming from a distant object can be considered
parallel rays. (i) The mirror used by Sunita is Concave mirror as she
gets her image of face as erect and enlarged. Only
 Adjust the screen so that a clear image of the
object is formed on it. concave mirrors can produce virtual and erect image
when object is placed in between Pole and Focus.
 Measure the distance between the screen and
the mirror. Concave mirror ; f = 35 - 15 = 20 cm
(ii) Because the incident rays parallel to each other
11. An object is placed at the following distances from
after reflection from concave mirror meets at focus and
a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm.
produce sharp image at focus.
(a) 10 cm
(b) 20 cm 13) Name the type of mirrors that should be used to
(c) 30 cm obtain
(d) 40 cm
(i) a magnified and virtual image
Which position of the object will produce:
(i) Virtual image (ii) a diminished and virtual image of an object .
(ii) A diminished real image Draw labelled ray diagrams to show the formation of
(iii) An enlarged real image the required image in each above two cases .
(iv) An image of same size Which of these mirrors could also form a magnified
Sol-
and real image of the object ?
(a) object at 10cm
State the position of object for which this could happen
ie, between F and P --- image is formed behind the
Sol-
mirror and it will be virtual and erect
(i) Concave mirror
(b)object at 20cm
i.e, between C and F --- image is formed beyond C and
it will be real and inverted (magnified image)
(c) object at 30 cm
i.e, at C --- image is formed at C and it will be real and
inverted(image of same size) Concave mirror also form real images
Magnified real image when object is kept between F
and C
(ii) Convex mirror
14) Search mirrors are mirrors that are used to look for
hidden objects underneath the cars as shown. The
hidden objects can be easily spotted as the mirror
provides a wider field of view
(a) What type of mirrors are generally used to make
search mirrors?
(b) With the help of a ray diagram describe the nature
of image formed by the type of mirror identified in (a).
Sol
Convex mirror
15) The linear magnification produced by a spherical
mirror is -1/5. Analysing this value state the
(i) type of spherical mirror and
(ii) the position of the object with respect to the pole of
the mirror.
Draw ray diagram to justify your answer.
Sol:
(i) Concave mirror
(ii) Object is placed beyond C.
16) An object 10 cm in size is placed at 100 cm infront
of a concave mirror . if its images is formed at the
same point where the object is located .
Find focal length of the mirror and magnification of
the image form with the sign as per cartesian sign
convention
Sol-
f= 50 cm(Object at C)
m=-1
PART C (3 mark- 5 min)
17) A student holding a mirror in his hand, directed the
reflecting surface of the mirror towards the Sun. He
then directed the reflected light on to a sheet of paper
held close to the mirror.
(a) What should he do to burn the paper ?
(b) Which type of mirror does he have ?
(c)Will he be able to determine the approximate value
of focal length of this mirror from this activity ?
Give reason and draw ray diagram to justify your
answer in this case.
Sol-
(a) To burn the paper student should move the mirror in
such a way that paper is positioned at the focus of the
mirror
(b) Concave mirror
(c) Yes, he can measure the approximate value of focal
length from this activity as paper will burn when it will
be kept at focus of the mirror, as shown is figure.
18) An object of height h is kept at point P in front of a
mirror as shown below. The height of the image
produced is h. In the diagram, F is the focus and C is
the centre of curvature.
(a) If the object is now moved to point C, will the
height of the image now produced be less than, equal
to, or greater than h ? Give a reason for your answer.
(b) If the focal length of the mirror is 20 cm and the
distance between points P and C is 10 cm, determine
the distance between the images produced when the
object is kept at P and C
Sol-
a) The height of the image produced when the object is
at C will be less than h. The magnification is more
when the object is at point P than at C.
(b) To find the distance between the two images we
need to find the image distance when the object is at P
and when it is at C.
To find the image distance when the object is at P:
u = -30 cm f = -20 cm
Using mirror formula
v1 = -60 cm
To find the image distance when the object is at C:
Since C is the centre of curvature,
image distance = object distance
(i.e.) v2 = - 40 cm
Distance between the images = |v2| - |v1| = 60 - 40 =
20
19) A security mirror used in a big showroom has
radius of curvature 5 m. If a customer is standing at a
distance of 20 m from the cash counter, find the
position, nature and size of the image formed in the
security mirror
Sol-
v= +2.2 m
m=0.1 (virtual, erect and diminished image)
20) Student took three concave mirrors of different
focal lengths and formed the experiment to see the
image by placing an object at different distances with
these mirrors as shown in the following table:
Case No. Object-distance focal length
1 45cm 20cm
2 20cm 30 cm
3 30 cm 15 cm
Now answer the following questions:
(a) List two 3 properties of the image formed in Case I.
(b) In which one of the cases given in the table the
mirror will form real image of same size and why?
(c) Name the type of mirror used by dentists. Give
reason why do they use such type of mirrors.
(d) Look at the table and identify the situation (object
distance and focal length) which resembles the
situation in which concave mirrors are used as shaving
mirrors? Draw a ray diagram to show the image
formation in this case
Sol-
(a)Real, Inverted and diminished
(b)Case 3 (Object at C)
(c) Concave (forms virtual enlarged image when kept
within focal length)
(d) Case 2
LEVEL 2-QUESTIONS
21) An object 4.0 cm in size, is placed 25.0 cm in front
of a concave mirror of focal length 15.0 cm.
(i) At what distance from the mirror should a screen be
placed in order to obtain a sharp image ?
(ii) Find the size of the image.
(iii) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of
image in this case.
22) A concave mirror of focal length 10 cm can
produce a magnified real as well as virtual image of an
object placed in front of it. Draw ray diagrams to
justify this statement
23) A real image 2/3rd of the size of an object is
formed by a convex lens when the object is at a
distance of 12 cm from it. Find the focal length of the
lens.
Sol-
u=-18 cm
f=7.2 cm
24) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the path of
the reflected ray corresponding to an incident ray of
light parallel to the principal axis of a convex mirror.
Mark the angle of incidence and angle of reflection on
it.
Sol-
25) Name the type of mirrors used in the design of
solar furnaces. Explain how high temperature is
achieved by this device.
Sol-
Concave mirrors are used in the designing of solar
furnaces.When a solar furnace is placed at the focus of
a large concave mirror, it focuses a parallel beam of
light on the furnace. Therefore, a high temperature is
attained at the point after some time.
26) The linear magnification produced by a spherical
mirror is +3. Analyse this value and state the (i) type of
mirror and (ii) position of the object with respect to the
pole of the mirror. Draw a ray diagram to show the
formation of image in this case.
Sol-
Positive value of the magnification indicates that
image is virtual and erect.
(i) Since the image is magnified, the mirror is concave.
(ii) The object is between pole and focus of the mirror
as shown
The image produced in second case will be real and
inverted.
27) A concave mirror has a focal length of 20 cm. At
what distance from the mirror should a 4 cm tall object
be placed so that it forms an image at a distance of 30
cm from the mirror? Also calculate the size of the
image formed.
Sol-
1/u = 1/f-1/v
u = -60 cm
m = h′/h = −v/u
h′ = 2 cm
28) A spherical mirror produces an image of
magnification -1 on a screen placed at a distance of 50
cm from the mirror.
(a) Write the type of mirror.
(b) Find the distance of the image from the object.
(c) What is the focal length of the mirror?
Sol-
(a) Concave mirror
(b) Magnification, m = –v/u or v = -mu
∴ Distance of the image from the object is, v – u = 0
(c) As the image is formed at centre of curvature i.e.,
v = R.
∴ focal length of the mirror, f = −50/2 = -25 cm
29) Define the following terms in case of spherical
mirror:
(a) Pole
(b) Radius of curvature
(c) Principal axis
(d) Principal focus
Sol-
(i) Pole : The centre of the reflecting surface of a
spherical mirror is a point called the pole. It lies in the
surface of the mirror and its represented by the letter P.
(ii) Centre of curvature: The reflecting surface of a
spherical mirror is a part of a sphere which has a
centre. This point is called the centre of curvature of
spherical mirror and is represented by the letter C.
(iii) Principal axis : An imaginary line passing through
the pole and the centre of curvature of a spherical
mirror and normal to the mirror at its pole is called
principal axis.
(iv) Principal focus : Incident rays parallel to principal
axis, after reflection either converge to as appear to
diverge from a fixed point on the principal axis known
as principal focus of the spherical mirror.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS
30) Read the following and answer any four questions
from 30(i) to 30(v).
The curved surface of a spoon can be considered as a
spherical mirror. A highly smooth polished surface is
called mirror. The mirror whose reflecting surface is
curved inwards or outwards is called a spherical
mirror. Inner part works as a concave mirror and the
outer bulging part acts as a convex mirror. The center
of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is called
pole and the radius of the sphere of which the mirror is
formed is called radius of curvature.
(i) When a concave mirror is held towards the sun and
its sharp image is formed on a piece of carbon paper
for some time, a hole is burnt in the carbon paper.
What is the name given to the distance between the
mirror and carbon paper?
(a) Radius of curvature
(b) Focal length
(c) Principal focus
(d) Principal axis
(ii) The distance between pole and focal point of a
spherical mirror is equal to the distance between
(a) pole and center of curvature
(b) focus point and center of curvature
(c) pole and object
(d) object and image.
(iii) The focal length of a mirror is 15 cm. The radius
of curvature is
(a) 15 cm
(c) 45 cm
(b) 30 cm
(d) 60 cm
(iv) The normal at any point on the mirror passes
through
(a) focus
(b) pole
(c) center of curvature
(d) any point
(v) In a convex spherical mirror, reflection of light
takes place at
(a) a flat surface
(c) a bulging-out surface
(b) a bent-in surface
(d) an uneven surface
Sol-
(i) (b) Focal length
(ii) (b) focus point and center of curvature
(iii) (b) 30 cm
(iv) (c) a bulging-out surface
31) Read the following and answer any four questions
from 31(i) to 31(iv).
The spherical mirror forms different types of images
when the object is placed at different locations.
When the image is formed on screen, the image is real
and when the image does not form on screen, the
image is virtual. When the two reflected rays meet
actually, the image is real and when they appear to
meet, the image is virtual.
A concave mirror always forms a real and inverted
image for different positions of the object. But if the
object is placed between the focus and pole, the image
formed is virtual and erect.
A convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect and
diminished image. A concave mirror is used as doctor's
head mirror to focus light on body parts like eyes, ears,
nose etc., to be examined because it can form erect and
magnified image of the object. The convex mirror is
used as a rear view mirrors in automobiles because it
can form an small and erect image of an object.
(i) When an object is placed at the centre of curvature
of a concave mirror, the image formed is
(a) larger than the object
(c) same size as that of the object
(b) smaller than the object
(d) highly enlarged.
(ii) No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your
image appears erect. The mirror is likely to be
(a) plane
(c) convex
(b) concave
(d) either plane or convex.
(iii) To get an image larger than the object, one can use 35) Assertion (A) : Large sized concave mirrors are
(a) convex mirror but not a concave mirror used to concentrate thermal radiation in solar furnaces.
(b) a concave mirror but not a convex mirror Reason (R) : A convex mirror is fitted in automobiles
(c) either a convex mirror or a concave mirror so as to increase the field of view of the vehicle driver.
(d) a plane mirror. Sol- b
(iv) A convex mirror has wider field of view because
(a) the image formed is much smaller than the object
and large number of images can be seen.
(b) the image formed is much closer to the mirror
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these.
Sol-
(i) (c) same size as that of the object
(ii) (d) either plane or convex(d) either plane or convex
(iii) (b) a concave mirror but not a convex mirror
(iv) both (a) and (b)
ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTION
Following questions consist of two statements –
Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions
selecting the appropriate option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
32) Assertion (A) : A ray passing through the centre
of curvature of a concave mirror after reflection, is
reflected back along the same path.
Reason (R) : The incident rays fall on the mirror along
the normal to the reflecting surface.
Sol- a
33) Assertion(A) : Mirror formula can be applied to a
plane mirror.
Reason (R) : A plane mirror is a spherical mirror of
infinite focal length.
Sol- a
34) Assertion(A) : It is not possible to see a virtual
image by eye.
Reason (R): The rays that seem to emanate from a
virtual image do not in fact emanates from the image.
Sol- d
CHAPTER 1 PART 2 Rarer to denser medium
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
1) Optical density and speed of light
Speed of light is different in different medium.
Medium Speed of light

Air 3 x 108 m/s

Water 2.25 x 108 m/s
Glass 2 x 108 m/s
Diamond 1.25 x 108 m/s
Refracted ray towards normal
Optical density shows how a medium influence speed
Ray incident normal to the surface
of light (ability of a material to slow down light).
Optically rarer medium
Less optical density Speed of light is more
Optically denser medium
More optical density Speed of light is less
Eg-Glass is optically denser when compared to water
but it is optically rarer when compared to diamond
2) Refraction in different media
It goes straight. There is no bending
When a ray of light entering obliquely from one
transparent medium to another, its path undergo
3) Refraction of light through glass slab
deviation at the surface of separation due to the
difference in speed of light or optical densities.

Denser to rarer medium

Refracted ray bend away from normal

  Terminologies

3) Refraction of light through prism

4) Refraction of light through spherical lens

 Spherical lens
A transparent material bound by two spherical
surfaces Principal focus
A double convex lens is bounded by two spherical Convex lens
surfaces, bulging outwards. It is thicker at the middle
as compared to the edges. It is simply called a convex
lens.

A double concave lens is bounded by two spherical

surfaces, curved inwards. It is thicker at the edges than
at the middle. A double concave lens is simply called a
concave lens

Rays of light parallel to the principal axis after

refraction from the lens, are converging to a point on
the principal axis. This point on the principal axis is
called the principal focus of the convex lens
 Rule 1
Concave lens

Rule 2

Rays of light parallel to the principal axis are falling on

a concave lens after refraction from the lens, are
appearing to diverge from a point on the principal axis.
This point on the principal axis is called the principal
focus of the concave lens.
5 Image formation by lens
Rule 3

Focussing image of distant object using convex lens

Using a convex lens, image of candle is obtained on a

screen which is kept on opposite side
  Convex lens Case 4-Object between 2F1 and F1
Case 1-Object at infinit

Real,Inverted and highly diminished(point sized)

image formed at focus (F2) Real,Inverted and enlarged image formed beyond 2F2

Case 5-Object at F1
Case 2-Object beyond 2F1

Real,Inverted and highly enlarged image formed at

infinity
Real,Inverted and diminished image formed between
F2 and 2F2
Case 6-Object between F1 and O
Case 3-Object at 2F1

Virtual,Erect, Enlarged image is formed on the same

Real and Inverted image of same size as that of object
side of lens as that of the object
formed at 2F2
 Object Image Nature Size
At Infinity At F1 Virtual and Highly
Object Image Nature Size (Same side Erect diminished
At Infinity At F2 Real and Highly as that of
Inverted diminished object)
Beyond C1 Between Real and diminished Between Between Virtual and diminished
C2 and F2 Inverted Infinity and F1 and Erect
At C1(2F1) At C2(2F2) Real and Same size Pole O(Same
Inverted side as that
Between Beyond C2 Real and Enlarged of object)
C1 and F1 Inverted
At F1 At Infinity Real and Highly Lens formula and Cartesian sign convention
Inverted enlarged
Between Same side Virtual and Enlarged 𝟏
−
𝟏
=
𝟏
F1and O as that of Erect 𝒗 𝒖 𝒇
object
 Concave lens

Case 1-Object at infinity

Virtual,erect and highly diminished(point sized) image

is formed at F1

Case 2-Object between infinity and optical centre of

the lens

(i) All distances are measured from the optical centre

of the spherical lens.
(ii) The distances measured in the direction of
incidence of light are taken as positive and vice–versa.
(iii) The heights above the principal axis of the mirror
are taken as positive and vice–versa.

Virtual,erect and diminished image is formed between

F1 and O (on same side of lens as that of object)
Tools to solve numerical A concave lens of very short focal length causes higher
 Object distance and height is always taken as divergence(more power) than the one with longer focal
positive length
 Focal length for concave lens is taken as
negative and convex lens is taken as positive 7 Refractive Index
 Virtual image distance and Real image height  Relative refractive index
is taken as negative in case of spherical lens. It is defined as the ratio of speed of light in one
 Real image distance and Virtual image height medium to the speed of light in another medium.
is taken as positive in case of spherical lens. (speed of light in medium 2)
n12= = v2/v1
Magnification (speed of light in medium 1)
Magnification is defined as the ratio of height of the
image to the height of the object. It shows how slow light travels in medium 1 wrt 2.
It shows how many times image is larger than the
Examples
object.
−v hi
m= = (a) relative refractive index of glass with respect to air
u ho
(nga) = 1.5(It means light 1.5 times slower in glass
when compared to air or 1.5 times faster in air when
 m +ve virtual image
compared to air )
 m –ve real image
 m>1 enlarged image (b) Relative refractive index of glass with respect to
 m<1 diminished image water(ngw)=1.12
m=1 image of same size as that of object
6 Power of lens (c) Relative refractive index of air with respect to
It shows the ability of a lens to converge or diverge glass(nag)= 0.67
light rays.
The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its (d) Relative refractive index of water with respect to
focal length. It is represented by the letter P. The glass(nwg)=0.89
power P of a lens of focal length f is given by
P = 1 / f in m (Unit- Dioptre (D))
 Absolute refractive index(Refractive index)
Ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light
in given medium.

n= c/v

A convex lens of short focal length bends the light rays v= c/n
through large angles, by focusing them closer to the
c- Speed of light in vacuum(3 x 108)
optical centre (more power)
v- speed of light in given medium.

n12- Relative refractive index of medium 1 with

respect to 2. It shows how slow light travels in medium
1 wrt 2.
Medium Speed of light Refractive
index(c/v)
Air 3 x 108 m/s 1

Water 2.25 x 108 m/s 1.3

Glass 2 x 108 m/s 1.5

Diamond 1.25 x 108 m/s 2.4

Relation between Relative refractive index and

Absolute refractive index
𝐧𝟏
n12=
𝐧𝟐
n12- relative refractive index
n1, n2- absolute refractive indices

8 Laws of refraction
 The incident ray, the refracted ray and the
normal to the surface of seperation at the point
of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
 The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the
sine of angle of refraction is a constant. This
law is also known as Snell’s law of refraction.
If i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle
of refraction,
then, sini / sin r = constant(n21)
(n21-refractive index of medium 2 wrt 1)
LEVEL 1 QUESTIONS
PART A (1 marks- 2 min)
1) The absolute refractive index of turpentine oil is 1.47
and that of alcohol is 1.36. Find the refractive index of
turpentine oil with respect to alcohol. In which of these
media, will light travel faster?
2) The refractive indices of three media are given below:
6) A light ray enters from medium A to medium B as
shown in figure. The refractive index of medium B
relative to A will be:

A ray of light is travelling from A to B and another ray is

travelling from B to C
(a) In which of the two cases the refracted ray bends
towards the normal?
(b) In which case does the speed of light increase in the
second medium?
3) A ray of light is incident as shown. If A, B and C are (a) greater than unity
three different transparent media, then which among (b) less than unity
the following options is true for the given diagram? (c) equal to unity
(d) zero
7) Parallel rays from a distant tree incident on a convex
lens form an image on the screen.

(a) ∠1>4 (b) ∠1<∠2 (c) ∠3=∠2 (d) ∠3>∠4

4) If light travels from one medium to another, in
which case will the change in speed be The diagram correctly showing the image of the tree
(i) minimum and (ii) maximum on the screen is:
Medium A B C D (a) A (b)B (c) C (d) D
Refractive index 1.33 1.50 1.52 2.40 6) For the same angle of incidence in media A, B and C the
angles of refraction are 200, 300 and 400 respectively which
5) In the diagram shown n1, n2 and n3 are refractive medium will the velocity of light be maximum? Give reason
indices of the media 1,2 and 3 respectively. Which one in support of your answer?
7) Four students showed the following traces of the path of a
of the following is true in this case? ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab.
(a) n1 = n2 (b) n1 > n2 (c) n2 > n3 (d) n3 > n1 The trace most likely to be correct is that of student
 A. Above the apparent image of the fish
B. Below the apparent image of the fish
C. In the line of sight of fish
D. Parallel to the surface of the water
10)Shown below is a photograph of a convex lens.
A small, bright spot is seen on the paper when the
lens is kept out facing the sun.
(a)I (b)II (c)III (d) IV

8) An ant was in front of a convex lens as shown

below

Which of the following shows the image of the ant

observed through the convex lens? Which diagram below explains the formation of the
bright spot?

A B

C D

9) A hunter sees a fish which is swimming in clear

water as shown in the figure. 12) Rajan takes the following two photographs of the
text in a book, first while keeping a circular piece of
glass on the book, and then while holding it at some
distance above the book.

If the hunter desires to shoot a fish whose image Which of the following statements is true about the
could be seen through the clear water. His aim should piece of glass?
be A) It is a convex lens as the text is not inverted.
B)It is a concave lens as the text is diminished in size.
C) It is a plain glass disc as there is no difference in the
text.
D)It cannot be predicted based on the given
information.
13) Three students measured the focal length of a convex
lens using parallel rays from a distant object. All of them
measured the distance between the lens and the inverted
image on the screen.
(i) Student A saw a sharp image on the screen and labelled
the distance as f1
(ii) Student B saw a slightly larger blurred image on the
screen and labelled the distance as f2
(iii) Student C saw slightly smaller blurred image on the
screen and labelled the distance as f3
The relation between the three measurements would most
likely be
(1) f1 = f2 = f3
(2) f1 < f2 < f3
(3) f3 < f1 < f2
(4) f1 < f2 and f1 = f3
14) A student performs an experiment on tracing the path
of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab
for different angles of incidence. He measures the angle of
incidence i, angle of refraction r and angle of emergence e
for all his observations. He would find that in all cases:
(a) i is more than r but (nearly) equal to e.
(b) i is less than r but (nearly)equal to e
(c) r is more than e but (nearlyequal to i.
(d) i is less than e but (nearly) equal to r
15) A beam of light consisting of three rays - P, Q, R is
incident on a transparent plastic block from air as
shown in the figure below.
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Refractive index for P is greater than that for Q.
B. Refractive index for P is greater than that for R.
C. Refractive index for R is greater than that for Q.
D. Refractive index for P, Q and R is the same
16) A ray of light starting from air passes through medium
A of refractive index 1.50, enters medium B of refractive
index 1.33 and finally enters medium C of refractive index
2.42. If this ray emerges out in air from C, then for which
of the following pairs of media the bending of light is
least?
(a) air-A
(b) A-B
(c) B-C
(d)C-air
17) The following diagram shows use of an optical device
to perform an experiment of light. As per the arrangement
shown, the optical device is likely to be a;
PART B (2 marks- 3 min)
18) List four precautions which a student should
observe while determining the focal length of given
convex lens by obtaining image of a distant object on a
screen.
19) A student has to trace the path of a ray of light
through a glass prism. List four precautions he should
observe for better results.
20) On the basis of this information complete the
following ray diagram to show the path of light
through each medium ?
22) A student has to trace the path of a ray of light
passing through a rectangular glass slab for four
different values of angle of incidence.
(a) Write two important precautions for this
experiment.
(b) List two conclusions the student will draw based on
his experiment.
(c) State two factors on. which the lateral displacement
of the emergent ray depends.
DAY 2
PART C (3 marks- 5 min)
23) Rishi went to a palmist to show his palm. The
palmist used a special lens for this purpose.
(i) State the nature of the lens and reason for its use.
(ii) Where should the palmist place/hold the lens so as
to have a real and magnified image of an object ?
(iii) If the focal length of this lens is 10 cm and the lens
is held at a distance of 5 cm from the palm, use lens
formula to find the position and size of the image.
(iv)Draw a ray diagram and show image formation
24) The refractive index of a medium ‘x’ with respect
to a medium ‘y’ is 2/3 and the refractive index of
medium ‘y’ with respect to medium ‘z’ is 4/3. Find the
refractive index of medium ‘z’ with respect to medium
‘x’. If the speed of light in medium ‘x’ is 3 × 108 ms 1̶,
calculate the speed of light in medium ‘y’.
25) A student focused the image of a candle flame placed
at 2 m from a convex lens of focal length 10cm, on a
screen. After that he moves gradually the flame towards
the lens and each time focuses its image on the screen
(A) In what direction does he move the lens to focus the
flame on the screen?
(B) What happens to the size of the image of the flame
formed on the screen?
(C) What difference is seen in the intensity (brightness) of
the image of the flame on the screen?
(D) What is seen on the screen when the flame is very
close (at about 5cm) to the lens?
26) Absolute refractive indices of two media P and Q
are 1.33 (nP) and 2.52 (nQ) respectively. The speed of
light in medium P is 2 x 108 m/s.
(a) What would be the speed of light in medium Q
(VQ)?
(b) If the angle of incidence for a ray of light travelling
from medium P to Q is 0°, then what will be the path
of light in the medium Q?
27) A girl was playing with a beam of light from a laser
torch by directing it from different directions on a convex
lens held vertically. In a particular direction, the beam of
light continued to move along the same direction after
passing through the lens.
1. State the reason for this observation.
2. If the white light source is used with
a. parallel
b. non parallel sides, record your observations
28) A ray of light enters into benzene from air. If the
refractive index of benzene is 1.50. By what percent does
the speed of light reduce on entering the benzene?
29) Calculate the distance at which an object should be
placed in front of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm
to obtain a virtual image of double its size.
30) A compound lens is made up of two thin lenses
having power + 12.5 Dand – 2.5 D. Find the focal
length and power of the combination
CASE BASED QUESTIONS
31) Many optical instruments consist of a number of
lenses. They are combined to increase the
magnification and sharpness of the image. The
net power (P) of the lenses placed in contact is given
by the algebraic sum of the powers of the individual
lenses P1, P2, P3
P = P1 + P2 + P3 ...
This is also termed as the simple additive property of
the power of lens, widely used to design lens systems
of cameras, microscopes and telescopes. These lens
systems can have a combination of convex lenses and
also concave lenses.
(a) What is the nature (convergent / divergent) of the
combination of a convex lens of power + 4 D and a
concave lens of power - 2 D?
(b) Calculate the focal length of a lens of power - 2.5D.
(c) Draw a ray diagram to show the nature and position
of an image formed by a convex lens of power + 0.1 D,
when an object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from its
Optical Centre.
32) The images are that of a specialized slide projector.
Slides are small transparencies mounted in sturdy frames
ideally suited to magnification and projection, since they
have a very high resolution and a high image quality.
There is a tray where the slides are to be put into a
particular orientation so that the viewers can see the
enlarged erect images of the transparent slides. This
means that the slides will have to be inserted upside down
in the projector tray.

To show her students the images of insects that she
investigated in the lab, Mrs. Iyer brought a slide projector.
Her slide projector produced a 500 times enlarged and
inverted image of a slide on a screen 10 m away.
(a) Based on the text and data given in the above
paragraph, what kind of lens must the slide projector
have?
(b) If v is the symbol used for image distance and u for
object distance then with one reason state what will be the
sign for in the given case?
(c) A slide projector has a convex lens with a focal length
of 20 cm. The slide is placed upside down 21 cm from the
lens. How far away should the screen be placed from the
slide projector's lens so that the slide is in focus?
OR
(c) When a slide is placed 15 cm behind the lens in the
projector, an image is formed 3 m in front of the lens. If
the focal length of the lens is 14 cm, draw a ray diagram to
show image formation. (not to scale)
33) A compound microscope is an instrument which
consists of two lenses L1 and L2. The lens L1 called
objective, forms a real, inverted and magnified image
of the given object. This serves as the object for the
second lens L2; the eye piece The eye piece function
like a simple microscope or magnifier. It produces the
final image, which is inverted with respect to the
original object, enlarged and virtual.
(i) What types of lenses must be L1 and L2?
(a) Both concave
(b) Both convex
(c) L1 — concave and L2 — convex
(d) L1 — convex and L2 — concave
(ii) What is the value and sign of magnification
(according to the new Cartesian sign convention) of the
image formed by L1?
(a) Value = Less than 1 and Sign = Positive
(b) value = More than 1 and Sign = Positive
(c) value = Less than 1 and Sign = Negative
(d) value = More than 1 and Sign = Negative
(iii) What is the value and sign of (according to new
Cartesian sign convention) magnification of the image
formed by L2?
(a) value = Less than 1 and Sign = Positive
(b) value = More than 1
(c) Value = Less than 1 and Sign = Negative
(d) Value = More than 1 and Sign = Negative
(iv) If power of the eyepiece (L2) is 5 diopters and it
forms an image at a distance of 80 cm from its optical
centre, at what distance should the object be?
(a) 12 cm (b) 16 cm (c) 18 cm (d) 20 cm
ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
34) Assertion: When light passes from a rarer medium
to a denser medium, it bends towards the normal.
Reasoning: The change in speed of light causes it to
bend towards the normal when it enters a denser
medium.
35) Assertion: The emergent ray is parallel to the
direction of the incident ray.
Reason: The extent of bending of the ray of
light at the opposite parallel faces (air glass
interface and glass-air interface) of the
rectangular glass slab is equal and opposite.
36) Assertion : When light travels from one
medium to another. The direction of
propagation of light in second medium
changes.
Reason : Light travels with different speeds in
different mediums.
37) Assertion: If the rays are diverging after
emerging from a lens; the lens must be
concave.
Reason: The convex lens can give diverging
rays.
38) Assertion (A) – The speed of light in oil is lesser than
in water.
Reason (R) – Oil floats on water due to less mass density
LEVEL 2 (i) angle of refraction
(ii) angle of emergence and
39) (iii) lateral displacement.
44) A student traces the path of a ray of light through a
glass prism as shown in the diagram, but leaves it
incomplete and unlabelled. Redraw and complete the
diagram. Also label on it ∠i, ∠e, ∠r and ∠D

The above image shows a thin lens of focal length 5m.

(i) What is the kind of lens shown in the above figure?
(ii) If a real inverted image is to be formed by this lens at a
distance of 7m from the optical centre, then show with
calculation where should the object be placed?
39) The magnification produced by a rear view mirror
fitted in vehicles
(a) is less than one (b) is more than one (c) is equal to
one
40 )A convex lens can form a
(i) real, inverted and magnified image as well as
(ii) virtual, erect and magnified image of an object.
If the focal length of the lens is 10 cm, what should be
the range of the object distance in both cases? Draw
ray diagrams to justify your answer
41) What is meant by power of a lens? You have three
lenses L1, L2 and L3 of powers +10D, +5D and -10D
respectively. Find the nature and focal length of each lens.
Explain which of the three lenses will form a virtual and
magnified image of an object placed at 15 cm from the lens.
Draw the ray diagram in support of your answer.
42) The nature, size and position of image of an object
produced by a lens or mirror are as shown below. Identify
the lens/mirror used in each case and drawn the
corresponding complete ray diagram. (size of the object
about half of the image)

43) The absolute refractive index of Ruby is 1·7. Find

the speed of light in Ruby. The speed of light in
vacuum is 3 × 108 m/s.
44) Draw the path of a ray of light when it enters one
of the faces of a glass slab at an angle of nearly 45o .
Label on it
CHAPTER 2
HUMAN EYE AND COLOURFUL WORLD
1- Human Eye
 Parts of human eye
 Sclera-Opaque white protective layer of
eye.
 Cornea -Light enters the eye through a thin
membrane called the cornea. It forms the
transparent bulge on the front surface of
the eyeball. Most of the refraction for the
light rays entering the eye occurs at the
outer surface of the cornea
 Pupil - The pupil regulates and controls the
amount of light entering the eye.
 Iris - Iris is a dark muscular diaphragm that
controls the size of the pupil.
 Eye lens- The eye lens is composed of a
fibrous, jelly-like material. Its curvature
can be modified to some extent by the
ciliary muscles. The change in the
curvature of the eye lens can thus change
its focal length
It is through pupil , which is in the middle of iris that
light from an object reaches the lens of eye.
The eye lens forms an inverted real image of the object
on the retina.
The retina generate electrical signals and sent to the
brain via the optic nerves. The brain interprets these
signals, and finally, processes the information so that
we perceive objects as they are.
 Power of accommodation
The ability of the eye lens to form image on retina by
adjusting its focal length,by varying the curvature of
lens is called Power of accommodation.
When you are looking near objects, the ciliary muscles
contract. This increases the curvature and decreases
focal length of the eye lens decreases
When you are looking far objects, the ciliary muscles
are relaxed Thus, its focal length increases and
curvature increases. This enables us to see distant
objects clearly.
 Near point and far point
The minimum distance, at which objects can be seen
most distinctly without strain, is called near point. For
a young adult with normal vision, the near point is
about 25 cm
The farthest point upto which the eye can see objects
clearly is called the far point of the eye. It is infinity
for a normal eye.
 Defects of eye and their correction
(a)Myopia (near-sightedness)
 can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see
distant objects distinctly.
 far point nearer than infinity.
 the image of a distant object is formed in front
of the retina
(O1- far point of myopic person , O- far point of
normal eye.)
 This defect may arise due to excessive
curvature of the eye lens or elongation of the
eyeball
 This defect can be corrected by using a
concave lens of suitable power
b) Hypermetropia (far-sightedness)
 can see distant objects clearly but cannot see
nearby objects distinctly.
 The near point is farther away from the normal
near point (25 cm).
  light rays from a close by object are focused at
a point behind the retina  Dispersion through prism

(N’- Near point of normal eye)

 This defect arises either because the focal
length of the eye lens is too long or the eyeball
has become too small.
 This defect can be corrected by using a convex
lens of appropriate power.

(c) Presbyopia  When light passes through a prism the light

It arises due to the gradual weakening of the ciliary
muscles and diminishing flexibility of the eye lens due
to ageing. Near point is greater than 25 cm.
(d) The persons which are suffering from both
myopia and hypermetropia uses bi-focal lenses.
To find power of lens from near point or far point
 Use lens formula to find focal length and then find
power of lens required
 In lens formula,
Take u = normal near point or far point(-ve)
v= near point or far point of defect eye (-ve),
also (1/∞ = 0
bends.
 Each colour has different wavelength and each
wavelength bends at a different angle
 Violet colour having least wavelength undergo
max deviation
 Red colour having higher wavelength undergo
least deviation
 Spectrum of different colours will be formed
 Dispersion through water droplets
(rainbow)

2- Dispersion
 Splitting up of a composite light(light
composed of more than one colour) into its
constituent colours
 It is due to difference in wavelength,different
colours deviate differently.(As wavelength
increases deviation decreases)
 Visible spectrum- Band of colours formed by
dispersion.

 A rainbow is a natural spectrum appearing

in the sky after a rain shower
  It is caused by dispersion of sunlight by
tiny water droplets, present in the
atmosphere.
 A rainbow is always formed in a direction
opposite to that of the Sun.
 The water droplets act like small prisms
and they refract and disperse the incident
sunlight, then reflect it internally, and
finally refract it again when it comes out
of the raindrop.
 Due to the this different colours reach the
observer’s eye
Recombination of colours
Dispersed light that was produced will recombine to
white light when another prism is held inverted.
Another example to show these colours can be
recombine to form white light
3- Atmospheric refraction
Refraction caused by earth atmosphere due to variation
in optical density.
(a) Wavering of object when look through hot air
 If we look at objects through hot air over fire,
objects appears to be moving slightly
(wavering or flickering)
 The air just above the fire become hotter than
the air further up.
 Refractive index of the hot air is slightly less
than that of the cold air.
 Since, the optical density does not remain the
same ,its refractive index also changes
frequently.
 So the Apparent position of the object as seen
through hot air fluctuates.
(b) Twinkling of star
 It is due to atmospheric refraction.
 Light coming from star undergoes successive
refraction at different layers of atmosphere (due to
varying optical densities of air at different
altitudes.)
 The atmosphere is continuously changing results
in the variation of optical densities.
 So Apparent position of star is not fixed,it keeps
on changing slightly.
 Also there is variation in amount of light
reaching our eyes which results in twinkling effect
 Since Star is at a greater distance they appear like
a point source (planet doesn’t twinkle because it is
closer so doesn’t appear like a point source of light
but a collection of point source which nullify
twinkling effect)
` (c) Advanced Sunrise and delayed sunset
 By actual sunrise, we mean the actual crossing of the
horizon by the Sun.
 The Sun is visible to us about 2 minutes before the
actual sunrise, and about 2 minutes after the actual
sunset because of atmospheric refraction.
4- Scattering
 Scattering is the irregular and partial reflection
of light when it hits particles of the medium
 As the size of particle increases, rate of
scattering also increases
 If the size of particle is greater than wave
length of visible light, then scattering will be
same for all colours and scattered light appears
as white
 Very fine particles scatter different colour
differently- mainly colours of shorter
wavelength(eg-violet)
Experiment
White light is passed through solution of water and
sodium thio sulphate light is projected to a
screen.Sulphur particle of colloidal size can be
precipitated by using this reaction.
Observation-
 Solution turns blue after sometimes
 Path of light become visible (Tyndall effect)
 Colour change noticed on screen in order of
Yellow-Orange-Red
Applications
 Blue colour of sky
 When sunlight passes through atmosphere,
rays of light are reflected by tiny
paticles.(scattering)
 As a result lower wave length colours such
as violet, indigo, blue will have higher rate
of scattering and they will spread in sky.
 So sky appears as blue
.
 Reddish appearance of sun during sunrise
and sunset
 During sunrise and sunset,sunlight has to
travel greater distance through earth
atmosphere.
 During this long journey,colours having
shorter wavelength undergoes maximum
scattering
 Red light having larger wavelength undergoes
less amount of scattering and reaches our eyes.
  Sun appears white at noon
At noon sun is over head,it has to travel shorter
distance in atmosphere.So amount of scattering will be
less and Sun appears white at noon.
 Tyndall effect
When rays of light pass through a colloidal fluid or
suspension, the tiny particles get illuminated due to
scattering. Because of this, the path of light is made
visible. This phenomenon is Tyndall Effect.
Examples for Tyndall effect
 Sunlight’s path becomes visible when the light
passes through the canopy of a dense forest

 Cloud appears as white

Water droplets in clouds scatter all wavelength almost
eually hence appears as white.
 Sunlight enters a dark room with lots of dust
 Sky appears as dark for astronaut particles suspended in the room.
No scattering of light due to the absence of atmosphere
in space.

 Red light is used as signal lamps

The red light having longer wavelength are less
scattered by small particles in the atmosphere. So it
reaches our eyes without considerable loss of intensity

 Yellow light is used as as fog lamps

Yellow has high wavelength, so yellow light is  Path of beam of light is visible on a glass of
scattered the least by air molecules. milk water
Questions
1)(a) A student is unable to see clearly the words
written on the black board placed at a distance of
approximately 3 m from him. Name the defect of
vision the boy is suffering from. State the possible
causes of this defect and explain the method of
correcting it.
(b) Why do stars twinkle ? Explain.
2) Define the term power of accommodation. Write the
modification in the curvature of the eye lens which
enables us to see the nearby objects clearly ?
3) Why is the colour of the clear sky blue ?
4) What is the cause of dispersion of white light
through a glass prism ? Draw a ray diagram to show
the path of light when two identical glass prisms are
arranged together in inverted position with respect to
each other and a narrow beam of white light is allowed
to fall obliquely on one of the faces of the prisms.
5) A person is unable to see objects distinctly p
laced within 50 cm from his eyes.
(a) Name the defect of vision the person is suffering
from and list its two possible causes.
(b) Draw a ray diagram to show the defect in the above
case.
(c) Mention the type of lens used by him for the
correction of the defect and calculate its power.
Assume that the near point for the normal eye is 25 cm.
(d) Draw a labelled diagram for the correction of the
defect in the above case.
6) Why is Tyndall effect shown by colloidal particles ?
State four instances of observing the Tyndall effect
7) Differentiate between a glass slab and a glass prism.
What happens when a narrow beam of
(i) a monochromatic light, and
(ii) white light passes through (a) glass slab and (b)
glass prism ?
8) Person suffering from cataract has
(a) elongated eyeball
(b) excessive curvature of eye lens
(c) weakened ciliary muscles
(d) opaque eye lens
9) (a) State the relation between colour of scattered
light and size of the scattering particle.
(b) The apparent position of an object, when seen
through the hot air, fluctuates or wavers. State the
basic cause of this observation.
10) (a) State the relation between colour of scattered
light and size of the scattering particle.
(b) The apparent position of an object, when seen
through the hot air, fluctuates or wavers. State the
basic cause of this observation.
11) ) A person is suffering from both myopia and
hypermetropia.
(i) What kind of lenses can correct this defect ?
(ii) How are these lenses prepared ?
12) A student uses spectacles of focal length – 2·5 m.
(a) Name the defect of vision he is suffering from.
(b) Which lens is used for the correction of this?
(c) List two main causes of developing this defect.
(d) Compute the power of this lens.
13) Give reasons :
(a) Red colour is selected for danger signals.
(b) The sky appears dark in space.
(c) The time difference between actual sunset and
apparent sunset is about 2 minutes.
14) When and where does a rainbow appear in the
sky ? Draw a labelled ray diagram to show its
formation.
15) A narrow beam XY of white light is passing
through
a glass prism ABC as shown in the diagram:
Trace it on your answer sheet and show the path of the
emergent beam as observed on the screen PQ.
Name the phenomenon observed and state its cause.
16) It is observed that the power of an eye to see
nearby objects as well as far off objects diminishes
with age.
(i) Give reason for the above statement.
(ii) Name the defect that is likely to arise in the eyes in
such a
condition.
(iii) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the type of
corrective lens used for restoring the vision of such an
eye.
17) Select the correct answer to these questions from
the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below
Assertion (A): A person suffering from myopia cannot
see the distant
objects clearly.
Reason (R):A converging lens is used for the
correction of myopic eye as it can form real as well as
virtual images of the objects placed in front of it.
18)18)
State the phenomena observed in the above diagram.
Explain with reference to the diagram, which of the
two lights mentioned above will have the higher
wavelength?
How will you use two identical prisms so that a narrow
beam of white lightincident on one prism emerges out
of the second prism as white light? Draw the diagram.
19) The sky appears dark to passengers flying at very
high altitudes mainly because:
(a) scattering of light is not enough at such heights
(b) there is no atmosphere at great heights
(c) the size of molecules is smaller than the wavelength
of visible light
(d) the light gets scattered towards the earth.
20)When we enter a dark room coming from outside,
immediately the things inside the room do not appear
clear to our eyes. This is because
(a) pupils do not open at all in the dark
(b) pupils take time to adjust
(c) light travels slower in a dark room
(d) pupils open very quickly in the dark.
21) The bluish colour of water in deep sea is due to
(a) the presence of algae and other plants found in
water
(b) reflection of sky in water
(c) scattering of light
(d) absorption of light by the sea.
22) Assertion (A): When light passes through prism it
splits into its constituent colours.
Reason (R): The speed of each colour in a glass prism
is same.
23) Assertion (A): The stars twinkle while the planets
do not.
Reason (R): Light gets refracted as it passes through
the earth's atmosphere.
answer.
24) When white light is incident on one refracting
surface of the prism, the light splits up into constituent
colours violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and
red. The process of splitting of white light into its
seven constituent colours is called dispersion. When
the dispersed white light is made to fall on a screen, we
get the band of seven colours is called the spectrum of
white light. Red colour bends the least on passing
through the prism and violet colour bends through
maximum angle on passing through the prism.
(i) The splitting of white light can be done by
(a) lens (b)prism (c)mirror (d)none of these
(ii) Which property of light is used by prism to form a
spectrum?
(a) Reflection (b) Refraction (c) Dispersion (d)
Scattering
(iii) Which of the following dispersion is correct?
(iv) When a red light passes through a prism, it
(a) will not split
(b) will split into seven colours
(c) will split into white colour
(d) will split into many different colours

(v) Which of the following is the correct order of

wavelength?

(a) Red> Green> Yellow (b) Red> Violet> Green

(c) Yellow> Green> Violet (d) Red> Yellow> Orange

(vi) Which of the following is the correct order of

angle of deviation?

(a) Red> Green> Blue (b) Blue> Yellow> Orange

(c) Orange> Red> Green (d) Blue> Green> Violet

25) A prism ABC (with BC as base) is placed in different

orientations. A narrow beam of white light is incident on
the prism as shown in figure. In which of the following
cases, after dispersion, the third colour from the top
corresponds to the colour of the sky?

Sol