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Objectives: After completing this
module, you should be able to:
• Define and illustrate the following terms: real
and virtual images, converging and diverging
mirrors, focal length, and magnification.
• Understand and apply the sign conventions
that apply to focal lengths, image distances,
image heights, and magnification.
• Predict mathematically the nature, size, and
location of images formed by spherical mirrors.
• Determine mathematically the magnification
and/or the focal length of spherical mirrors.
Analytical Optics
In
In this
this unit,
unit, we
we will
will discuss
discuss analytical
analytical relationships
relationships
to
to describe
describe mirror
mirror images
images more
more accurately.
accurately. But
But
first
first we
we will
will review
review some
some graphical
graphical principles
principles
covered
covered in in Module
Module 34a34a onon light
light reflection.
reflection.
The Plane Mirror
Object Image
Object Image
distance = distance
p=q
p q Image is virtual
The
The focal length ff isis equal
focal length equal to
to half
half the
the radius
radius RR
Converging and Diverging Mirrors
Concave mirrors and Convex mirrors and
converging parallel rays diverging parallel rays
will be called converging will be called diverging
mirrors. mirrors.
Converging Mirror
Diverging
Mirror
F
C
C F
Concave Convex
Definitions
Focal length: The straight-line distance f from
the surface of a mirror to focus of the mirror.
Magnification: The ratio of the size of the
image to the size of the object.
Real image: An image formed by real light
rays that can be projected on a screen.
Virtual image: An image that appears to be at
a location where no light rays reach.
Converging and diverging mirrors: Refer to the
reflection of parallel rays from surface of mirror.
Image Construction Summary:
Ray 1: A ray parallel to mirror axis passes
through the focal point of a concave mirror
or appears to come from the focal point of a
convex mirror.
Ray 2: A ray passing through the focus of a
concave mirror or proceeding toward the
focus of a convex mirror is reflected parallel
to the mirror axis.
Ray 3: A ray that proceeds along a radius is
always reflected back along its original path.
Examples of Image Construction
The three principal rays for both converging
(concave) and diverging (convex) mirrors.
Object dist. p p
Image dist. q R
y
Focal length f
Radius R Y’
f
Object size y R
f q
Image size y’ 2
Mirror Equation
The
The following
following equations
equations are
are given
given without
without
derivation.
derivation. They
They apply
apply equally
equally well
well for
for both
both
converging
converging and
and diverging
diverging mirrors.
mirrors.
p
1 1 1
R p q f
y
Y’ f R
f
q 2
Sign Convention
1. Object distance p is positive for
real objects and negative for
virtual objects.
2. Image distance q is positive 1 1 1
for real images and negative
for virtual images. p q f
3. The focal length f and the radius of curvature
R is positive for converging mirrors and
negative for diverging mirrors.
Example 1. A 6 cm pencil is placed 50 cm from
the vertex of a 40-cm diameter mirror. What
are the location and nature of the image?
p Sketch the rough image.
f p = 50 cm; R = 40 cm
C F R 40 cm
q f ; f 20 cm
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
p q f 50 cm q 20 cm
Example 1 (Cont.). What are the location and
nature of the image? (p = 50 cm; f = 20 cm)
1 1 1
p
50 cm q 20 cm
f 1 1 1
C q 20 cm 50 cm
F
q qq == +33.3
+33.3 cm
cm
The
The image
image isis real
real (+q),
(+q), inverted,
inverted, diminished,
diminished, and
and
located
located 33.3
33.3 cm cm from
from mirror
mirror (between
(between FF and
and C).
C).
Working With Reciprocals:
The mirror equation can easily 1 1 1
be solved by using the reciprocal
button (1/x) on most calculators: p q f
1 1 1
p q f
qf pf qp
p q f
q f p f q p
Be
Be careful
careful with
with substitution
substitution of
of signed
signed numbers!
numbers!
Example 2: An arrow is placed 30 cm from the
surface of a polished sphere of radius 80 cm.
What is the location and nature of image?
Draw image sketch:
p = 30 cm; R = -80 cm
R -80 cm
f ; f 40 cm
2 2
q = -17.1 cm
The
The image
image isis virtual
virtual ((-q),
-q), erect
erect,, and
and
diminished
diminished.. ItIt appears
appears to to be
be located
located at
at aa
distance
distance of
of 17.1
17.1 cmcm behind
behind the
the mirror.
mirror.
Magnification of Images
The magnification M of an image is the ratio
of the image size y’ to the object size y.
y ' q y y’ y y’
M
y p M = +2 M = -1/2
q
pf
(10 cm)(-20 cm) Virtual
p f 10 cm - (-20 cm) image
Y
qq == -- 6.67 Y’
6.67 cm
cm Virtual !
p q F C
q (6.67 cm) Converging
M Wrench mirror
p 10 cm
p
1 1 1
R p q f
y
Y’ f R
f
q 2
Summary: Sign Convention
1. Object distance p is positive for real
objects and negative for virtual objects.
2. Image distance q is positive for real
images and negative for virtual
images. 1 1 1
3. The focal length f and the radius of
curvature R is positive for converging p q f
mirrors and negative for diverging
mirrors.
4. The image size y’ and the magnification M of
images is positive for erect images and negative
for inverted images.
Summary: Magnification
The magnification M of an image is the ratio
of the image size y’ to the object size y.
y ' q y y’ y y’
M
y p M = +2 M = -1/2