RAY OPTICS - II

Refraction of Light through Prism:

A
A

N1 N2
P D δ
i e
Q
r1 O r2
μ
B C Prism

Refracting Surfaces
In quadrilateral APOQ,
From (1) and (2),
A + O = 180° …….(1) A = r 1 + r2
(since N1 and N2 are normal) From (3),
In triangle OPQ, δ = (i + e) – (A)

r1 + r2 + O = 180° …….(2) or i+e=A+δ

In triangle DPQ,
δ = (i - r1) + (e - r2) Sum of angle of incidence and angle
of emergence is equal to the sum of
δ = (i + e) – (r1 + r2) …….(3) angle of prism and angle of deviation.
Variation of angle of deviation with angle of incidence:

When angle of incidence increases,

δ
the angle of deviation decreases.
At a particular value of angle of incidence
the angle of deviation becomes minimum
and is called ‘angle of minimum deviation’.
δm
At δm, i=e and r1 = r2 = r (say) 0 i=e i
After minimum deviation, angle of deviation
increases with angle of incidence.
Refractive Index of Material of Prism:
A = r1 + r2 According to Snell’s law,
A = 2r sin i sin i
μ= =
r=A/2 sin r1 sin r

i+e=A+δ (A + δm)
sin
2 i = A + δm 2
μ=
A
i = (A + δm) / 2 sin
2
Refraction by a Small-angled Prism for Small angle of Incidence:
sin i sin e
μ= and μ=
sin r1 sin r2

If i is assumed to be small, then r1, r2 and e will also be very small.

So, replacing sines of the angles by angles themselves, we get

i e
μ= and μ =
r1 r2

i + e = μ (r1 + r2) = μ A
But i + e = A + δ
So, A + δ = μ A

or δ = A (μ – 1)
Dispersion of White Light through Prism:
The phenomenon of splitting a ray of white light into its constituent colours
(wavelengths) is called dispersion and the band of colours from violet to red
is called spectrum (VIBGYOR).
A

D δr
N δv R
O
Y
G
White B
light I
V

B C Screen

Cause of Dispersion:
sin i sin i Since μv > μr , rr > rv
μv = and μr =
sin rv sin rr So, the colours are refracted at different
angles and hence get separated.
 Violet is most deviated and Red is least deviated.

Angular Dispersion: Angular dispersion produced by a prism, for

white light is the difference is the angle of deviation of two extreme
colours i.e violet and red colours
Angular dispersion = δv - δr = (μv – μr) A
Dispersive Power:
The dispersive power of the material of a prism for any two colours is defined
as the ratio of the angular dispersion for those two colours to the mean
deviation produced by the prism.
It may also be defined as dispersion per unit deviation.
Φ δv + δr
ω= where δ is the mean deviation and δ =
δ 2
δv - δr (μv – μr) A (μv – μr)
Also ω = or ω = (μy – 1) A or ω = (μ – 1)
δ y
The linear magnification m, for the image formed at the near point D, by a simple
microscope is,

Now according to our sign convention, v is negative, and is equal in

magnitude to D.• Thus, the magnification is
 Compound Microscope: Image formed at LDDV
uo vo

B A’’’ fe
Fo 2Fo 2Fe α A’
• • Po
• • • •
2Fo A Fo A’’ Fe β Pe
Eye
fo fo

Objective
B’

L Eyepiece

B’’ D

Objective: The converging lens nearer to the object.

Eyepiece: The converging lens through which the final image is seen.
Both are of short focal length. Focal length of eyepiece is slightly greater
than that of the objective.
Angular Magnification or Magnifying Power (M):
Angular magnification or magnifying power of a compound microscope is
defined as the ratio of the angle β subtended by the final image at the eye to
the angle α subtended by the object seen directly, when both are placed at
the least distance of distinct vision.
β M = M e x Mo
M=
α
ve D (ve = - D
Since angles are small, Me = 1 - or Me = 1 +
fe fe = - 25 cm)
α = tan α and β = tan β
tan β vo vo D
M= and Mo = M= (1+ )
tan α - uo - uo fe
A’’B’’ D
M= x Since the object is placed very close to the
D A’’A’’’ principal focus of the objective and the
A’’B’’ D image is formed very close to the eyepiece,
M= x uo ≈ fo and vo ≈ L
D AB -L D
A’’B’’ M= (1+ )
M= fo fe
AB
A’’B’’ A’B’ -L D (Normal adjustment
M= x or M≈ x
A’B’ AB fo fe i.e. image at infinity)
Astronomical Telescope: (Image formed at infinity –
Normal Adjustment)
fo + f e = L

fo fe Eye

Fo
Fe
α
Po α •
β Pe

Eyepiece

Image at
Objective
infinity

Focal length of the objective is much greater than that of the eyepiece.
Aperture of the objective is also large to allow more light to pass through it.
Angular magnification or Magnifying power of a telescope in normal
adjustment is the ratio of the angle subtended by the image at the eye as
seen through the telescope to the angle subtended by the object as seen
directly, when both the object and the image are at infinity.

β
M=
α

Since angles are small, α = tan α and β = tan β

tan β
M=
tan α
Fe I Fe I
M= /
PeFe Po F e

-I -I
M= /
- fe fo

- fo (fo + fe = L is called the length of the

M=
fe telescope in normal adjustment).
Astronomical Telescope: (Image formed at LDDV)

fo
Eye
fe

α A F F
α •e •o
Po β Pe

I
Eyepiece
ue

Objective B D
Angular magnification or magnifying power of a telescope in this case is
defined as the ratio of the angle β subtended at the eye by the final image
formed at the least distance of distinct vision to the angle α subtended at
the eye by the object lying at infinity when seen directly.

β 1 1 1
M= - =
α -D - ue fe

Since angles are small, 1 1 1

or = +
α = tan α and β = tan β ue fe D
tan β Multiplying by fo on both sides and
M=
tan α rearranging, we get
Fo I Fo I
M= / - fo fe
PeFo Po F o M= (1+ )
fe D
PoF o + fo
M= or M = Clearly focal length of objective must be
PeFo - ue
greater than that of the eyepiece for larger
magnifying power.
Lens Equation
Also, it is to be noted that in this case M is
1 1 1 larger than that in normal adjustment
- = becomes
v u f position.
Advantages reflecting type telescope
1.No chromatic aberration as the objective is thinner
2.Spherical aberration is reduced
3.Image is brighter
4.Mirror requires grinding and polishing of only one side
5.High resolution is achieved
6.Mirror weighs much less.