Chemical Bonding Notes

CHEMICAL
BONDING
CHEMICAL CHEMICAL BONDING
BONDING A force that acts between two or more atoms to hold them together as a stable molecule.
Cause of Chemical Combination:-

(A) Tendency to acquire state of minimum potential energy:
(a) When two atoms approaches to each other, nucleus of one
atom attracts electrons of another atom.
(b) Nucleus and electrons of both atoms repels each other.
(c) If net force is attraction ,then total energy of
system(molecule)decreases and a chemical bond is formed.
(d) Energy released in bond formation is known as Bond Energy, that
means bond formation is exothermic.
Strength of chemical bond ∝ Bond Energy

CHEMICAL *
CHEMICAL BONDING
e-⇐
BONDING
Ep ,n< Pin
F = K 9192 I
d2
IA ,
I IB
PE
Khola F
=
'
setI
D
Rulsivefore ÷ • Between nucleus
of A and nucleus
of ☐
Between
•
electrons of A and electrons 13
Fr =
C- ve)
?⃝
?⃝
C- m ) cares
•
Attractive forces
CHEMICAL Nucleus with electrons of B
•
of A
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING

•
Nucleus of electrons
B with
A
of
C- ve )
Fa
off attractive forces overcome

repulsive forces then
only
take
bond formation place .
to forces increases
when two atoms come
gather attraction
Potential decreases and when a minimum PE

and
energy
↳ tarts )
achieved . now
repulsion forces so atoms
always try to
at distance when PE is
stay a minimum .
BONDING Energy V/s Internuclear distance Curve:-
Bond is an exothermic process
formation process
.
Repulsive@¥
00 00 00
I 1
•
¥_m
I •
amount of
decreases
energy
£⇐→- attractive
c- this is called bond
distance is energy
bond forces
called
Length
For three different
given graph for
CHEMICAL molecules A , B ,
C
compare BL and Bond
BONDING energy CHEMICAL BONDING
for Ai Bande
andBond
strength
.
PE, CBA
BL A > 137C
C > B > A
BE →
B. s → c > B > A
Ii ) To Attain Electronic
configuration of
CHEMICAL noble
gas .
÷ KOSSEL AND LEWIS CONCEPT ÷
Lewis
positivity charge
•
pictured the atom in term of

kernel and valence electron .
that can be Max .
e- =8
• Lewis found that octet

of electrons
represent a
particle stable electronic

configuration •
to achieve this
Electronic configuration atom looses share

gains or
.
. . ,
electrons with other atoms .

②
②
CHEMICAL
e
kernel
CHEMICAL BONDING
ee + v. e
BONDING ④
e -
@
ee
[ A -13 ] + 3 e-
kernel removed all electrons from valence

gf
→
we
is called kernel
remaining
shell atom
.
the
Lewis
symbol-i.li→ E. ii.
7=450
Nitrogen →
÷;
CHEMICAL
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING G o
oxygen
→
:O :
"
nitride ion
I :{I :]
-3 →
m
"
I :& :]
"
oxide ion o →
Fix write Lewis for

symbol
.
the
(1) Ca .
(
II
) s 153 civ , Al
-13 HI Nat Xi ) a-
Vii ) c
(Viii ) ✗e H) I ☒ ) Si
BONDING Classification of Bonds (on the basis of bond energy)
How to attain noble

BE > looks / moi Chemical
configuration
i
gas Bonds
① Weak Bond
By loosing or
gaining Strong Bond
(Inter atomic) > (Inter
e- s .
Molecular)
electrons
C)
By sharing of (A) Ionic
(B) (C)
(D) Metallic
Covalent Co-ordinate
bond bond (E) (F)
bond bond
Hydrogen Vander
8
p bond waal's bond
"
"
=
BE
✓
8 -10197mi
BE { 8197m
together
Molecule comes to
molecules come
decrease PE and also attain noble together to decrease
gas configuration .
PE
CHEMICAL
BONDING CHEMICAL
Chemical BONDING Bond .
|
>
between
Between
metals and
( EPI Metals
Nonmetals ( EMI
Between two
Metallic
Sonic bond Nonmetal '
Bonds
.
Co valent co-ordinate
-
or
covalent bond .
BONDING (B) Tendency to complete octet (Lewis Octet Rule) :-
(a) Every atom has a tendency to complete its octet and acquire nearest inert gas
configuration (ns2np6).
(b) Atoms loose ,gain or share electrons to complete octet.
(c) H & Li completes its duplet (ns2).
• Atoms Complete their octet:-
(i) By loosing or gaining of electrons (complete transfer of electrons):- Ionic bond is formed
+ – +
Na Na Cl Cl Na Cl¯
2,8,1 2,8 2,8,7 2,8,8 2,8 ionic bond 2,8,8
following
Ex .
1in which of the ionic compound
Amin electronic
CHEMICAL cation and has
gained
BONDING CHEMICAL
configuration of same BONDING
inert
gas
.
KU Nall
-
, .
MgO
-
,
My -
Fz , Nafi
-
( K+) l (Na'T Ili )

-
ku → CU Nau →
(2,818 ] [21818] ( 218) (2/8,8)

Ar
Ar Ne
[ Ar]
"
Cmg ) (E)
Algo
→
1mg
"
) 10-7 Mgfz (F)
218 2,8 1218)
(218) 1218 )
Me Me Me
Me Me
Naf →
Kiat ) (F)
418 ) ( 2187
He Me
The
capacity of element to loose or
gain e-
is called electro that element

CHEMICAL valency of .

Ex
Electrotlalency of
sodium -11
.
=
Electro
valency of oxygen
=
-2
i. Co -
valent Bond ÷
A co valent bond is formed

by
mutual
sharing of electrons
-
electronic
to attain Noble gas configuration
H H H H [ bond ]
Single
• •
→ -
T p
{ Moog
=
2
v. e
No
of V. @ = 2
* •
a •
CHEMICAL •
É • • É :
: F- -
: Cooper
CHEMICAL BONDING
• * •
BONDING structure
• o oo
Lewis dot d
structure unshared electron
pairs are called

E× No lone pairs
of bond pair lone
.
and
pair in Fz molecule .
Ans .
I bond
pair 6 lone pair
EI .
No
of bond pair and lone pair in U2 molecule ?
00
Gao o g • •
Bond pair __ I
:(I • •
Ug
•
•
u - u ;
lone
• °
• o
ao
oo
pair =
G
Ex .
Find out lone
pair ,
bond pair for
following
CHEMICAL 02 ,
M2 ,
H2O , CCIG ,
CO2 , CZHG
BONDING ( 2h4
CHEMICAL
C2Hz
BONDING
.
- bond
→
GO
µ
Bond
pair -2
→ IT
'
bond
0=-8
O O ou
↳
•
02 •
! : :O : •
o • o
lone
pair =
14
1-
of
→
Bond pair 3721T
•
µ ↳ N
• •
Ñ : MEN :
→
• •
,
• a
lone pair -_ 2
①%
•
•
H2O
CHEMICAL H
✗
•
•
ri
µ%Ñ f-
↳ bond pair =3
a o
↳ lone
pair = 2
to 0
:u :
% I →
bond pair = 4ft
"'
•
f- ii.
* ↳
/ lone
pair -12
-
..
• U
o
o o E Ll : ao
• o
par
bond Pais -
+
/ ↳ 21T
&
;
•
'
" →
÷=⇐ • . ↳ Ione
pair =
14
" " •
CHEMICAL
i
=
h -
c- cn →
bond pair
1 In ↳ 6 C- Her )
ti
↳ LICK -
c) G)
Ethane lone
pair -_o
c2H4
•④
④
5-
bond fair -
I. , ,
→
?§=cg? ↳ lone pair -0
* c2Hz
CHEMICAL -
in
Ex .
Find No
of a bond and 7T band
following
structure .
i
n - cha -
n I
11 I Is to
C ☐
n
¥
-
"
Co-ordinate Bond
CHEMICAL is bond in
BONDING
gt a
special
CHEMICAL typeBONDING
of co valent -
which shared electron electrons from

pair of is
one atom called donor atom and other is called acceptor

atom Bond called
and
formed coordinate bond .
:::
At
o
B-
o a @
:A → B : modes -
O O
O O
EX
03
.
÷. →
÷=÷ ↳
.
g.
.
.
i
9--5
n
'm
;
CHEMICAL
13¥
→ n -
>
=
i
n

F
proton ( Ht ) II ☐
Protonation Addition of proton
i
→
¥
( ;-)
n
h
-1-1 U : + ☐ H+ →
n
-
Min It
'
MHF
it
na
:
n
+ ☐ ri -
f- n I ;Éñ]
1730-1
CHEMICAL 19 l -
M

covalent bond
11 >
Co-ordinate bond
co-ordinate
once a bond is formed it behave as
covalent bond [ bond ]

single
r
?⃝
CHEMICAL
BONDING (ii) By equal contribution(sharing) of electrons:- Covalent bond is formed.
(iii) By unequal contribution(sharing) of electrons:- Coordinate bond is formed.
f
CHEMICAL IONIC BOND/ELECTROVALENT BOND
BONDING • CHEMICAL BONDING
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between cation and anion .
• The chemical bond formed between two or more atoms as a result of the complete transfer
of one or more electrons from one atom to another is called Ionic or electrovalent bond.
• Total number of electron lost or gained is called electro valency.
Example : Mg O Ca
2, 8, 2 2, 6 Cl
CI
- 2 ,8 ,8 ,2 2 ,8 ,7
28,7
2e–
-
One e –
electro valency of Mg = 2 4
electro valency of O = 2
One e –
21817
V
electro valency of Ca = 2
-12
0-2 electro valency of Cl = 1
My " ' "
~
(2,8 ) 12181 a-
form ionic bond
a- Catz
they
" " "
218,8 2,818 -21818

Favourable condition for formation of
•
CHEMICAL Ionic Bond

CHEMICAL BONDING
.
BONDING
• one atom must be Electropositive can
have
very
loose electrons that
easialy
that means
low IE
Electronegative
can
•
other atom must be
electron
that high affinity
easialy gain electrons means
•
/ A- EMI > 2
bond
•
Energy released
during formation of must
be
very high
-
Crystal
Lattice
arrangements
A
÷
regular 3D
CHEMICAL of loins ( Cation / Anion ) called Lattice

crystal
.

Nat
•\•
• • •
•
•
•
•\• • a-
• •
• •• • •
• •
•
lath ice
§
•
crystal
• →
•
•
•
\•• of Nacl .
Lattice when mole solid
energy I of Ionic
is its ions amount

CHEMICAL formed from gaseous
the
BONDING of CHEMICAL
energy
released is BONDING
called Lattice
energy
.
( Exothermic
*
Natcg ) +
cicg , ; Mae , es , C- veg
energy released =
LEI NACH
EF2
Mg+7g ,
-125cg ) >
Mgfzls )
energy release =
LECmgF
EX
2NaIg , -12 Fig ,
'
→ 2 Mates)
released
energy = 2 LECNAF 's')
( OR )
when mole of Ionic solid
Energy
1-
CHEMICAL absorbed
BONDING is converted CHEMICAL

gaseousBONDING
into ions called lattice
energy
( endothermic)
( th )
Na Fest
- →
Natcg ) + F-
(g)
Energy required is called = LECNAF)
-
A- 1203151 -7 2 A /→ (g) 1- 302cg )
absorbed LELA/ 20351

energy =
Factors
Affecting
LE ÷
µ
CHEMICAL
BONDING U =
K9i÷
CHEMICAL
☒
BONDING ; :-. :
,
9,
charge of cation
=
92 of Anion
charge
=
+ ra
re radius cation
of
=
ra radius
of Anion
=
packing
A-
cofficient .
U =
K9c9a
. A
re + ra
(1) Me Gal . increase then lattice lincreases .
CHEMICAL (2) 19cL eneieases lattice increases

energy
34 19rad increases Lattice increases
energy
{
(4) increases lattice '
decrease
rc energy
⑦ era increases Lattice decreases

energy .
# (6) A increases lattice

energy increases
A- → has
higher value
if Catron and Anton have almost
same size .
following increasing
'
Ex order of
Arrange
.
the in
CHEMICAL lattice
energy
BONDING 115 CHEMICAL
ÑaF <
BONDING
ÑgF < AT -1-3 ( Anion
,
is same ,
qcp LEP
IT
④ iiiaii < midget <
19C .
qa / P LE P
iii. Nail
< mgo < A- IN
"
* Ma É { Naz -02 < Margit [ Cation is same ]
+B2eso%a$
LET
M
)
=
< Btasoq
=
↳ 04-2
= large Anim ]
becaus Bat has large size ( similar size )
"
[ cos small
C) Be coz
>
Baco }
=
Anton ]
calculation lattice
⇐
of energy :-,
CHEMICAL mole
Enthalpy CHEMICAL BONDING
of Formation Formation of
÷ 1-
BONDING constituent
its elemental from
compound
.
Ex ' " Nats ] +

Igclzcg ) > Nacl is )
.
Energy released
is called
enthalpy of formation .¢NaUcsD

A-
Ht ( Nau )
ii )
Alls ) A- 1203153
2
-13g 02cg ) >
Energy released win be

enthalpy of formation
of H2O 3151
og
AFH ( Abts 's) )
iu )
Moyes 1=2181
) +
7mg Fzls '

CHEMICAL
released
energy Enthalpy of =
formation Cmgfzis,
Hfcmgtzis)
A-
'
)
Hzcg ) + Scs , +202cg ,
>
4250414 .
energy released =
A-YEH2sotcq.it
is based Hess 's
BORN HABER cycle ÷ this on
CHEMICAL Law .
CHEMICAL BONDING
to
BONDING which that
says enthalpy change in
multistep a
chemical is
each
reaction
algebraic of enthalpy of
sum
step reaction .
A > D AM
A
A-
Hi
☒
M3
u
B -
C
AH2
AH = AH
,
1- A- Hz -1kHz
BORN HABER CYCLE For Hades )
CHEMICAL Macs ? +
Uzcj
I
BONDINGA-
)
CHEMICAL BONDING
> Nau CS )
AHFCNAUIS)
^^
µg
/
Msnbc Nais
v
z¥H☒( U -
U )
Nacg )
Ucg )
d-
HIEI ( Ma)
"
A- "
~
Heg±cu ) en
yayy.ge
uigi
-
exothermic
A-
Hfcniauis, _=
A'
www.isn-I#E?ia-&-nia-a,+EG-TENau1 ⇐
following
how the
Q - In
many of compound
to
CHEMICAL enthalpy of formation only
is -
he due
BONDING lattice
CHEMICAL BONDING
energy
N9zN Catz
MgO Ears Nz U2
Hall Ca
, , , , , i
✓ ✓
✓
sift , Cao .
✓
Q draw Born Haber
cycle for mgclz .AlzOz Ma Br
.
CHEMICAL MGFZ , Alf} ,

C9zN2 ,
Cao ,
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING 0=0
3z0zCg1→A°3
' 's '
gates , +
d-Ht-A.si
21%
✓
.
3-2 A- HBD (0--0)

"
291cg)
$fIEHIEµIE3 )
30cg , it
2 All-Big ] # 4- Hey , +
d-
Hey ,
)
307g,
A-
Hflttfzozls ) = 2 # Hsub(Ahs ) -1
AHIEi-IEz-IECAH-IAM-HBDco-e.gl 3 # Hegitttkgz
)+L=E
Macs ) + 1- Brzll ) ( Nabor )
, Mla Boris ) Atef
A- Hsub
CHEMICAL ( Nats )
¥tHvap( Brzle ) M
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING✓
-1132cg )
↳
Nacg )
I HBDE ( Br -
Br)
HIGCNA ) v
← e)
Brig ,
LE
f
v
Matey) AHegfBr)
Bilgi
AHFINABRCSI =
A-
Hsub¢Nacs)J -1 A- HIT , ava , + I d-
Mrap ( Byte ) 1- 1- AHBDE / Br B- )
-
+ A-
Hey , 4
1-
LECNUBR)
④ 3. Ceres ) 1-
+12cg ) -->Ca3N2 's ' A-
HfCGzMz )
^
CHEMICAL
BONDING 3AM CHEMICAL BONDING
L
AHBDLNZN )
3calg) 214cg )
GlIEz f#Heg Hegztdltegs)

d-
3 +
,
'
2N7g ,
L
3
Ca
-12cg ,
A-
Ht -143Mt
3A-Hsublcasi-34-HIG-AHte.pt
=
AHBD1Nzpy-12@HegitAttegslAtkgs1-t.E
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUND
Physical state :-
• Ionic compounds are hard, crystalline due to strong electrostatic force of attraction .
• They are brittle in nature.
• Ionic compound do not form molecule they

Lattice
form crystal
.
¥¥¥¥
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
Brittleness
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
Attraction Repulsion
{ Same charged ions come closer. So they repel each other.}
bona.
.
☐* •→ "" " " "" "
BONDING Isomorphism :–
(1) Two compounds are said to be isomorphous if they have similar no. of
electrons i.e. similar configuration of their cation and anion.
/ Nau
% Mgo
I.
(2) They have similar crystal structure.
isomorphous
•
•
°
• •
• • • .
• Example :- Na+ F– Mg2+ and O2–
•
• Valency +1 –1 +2 –2
I Electronic (2,8) (2,8) (2,8) (2,8)

Isomorphous
* •
•
Ñ
configuration
pair
Myth
→
•
a-
-
•
→
•
→
Nat similarly Ca+2
(2,8,8)
2Cl–
(2,8,8)
2K+1
(2,8,8)
and S–2
(2,8,8)
Isomorphous
pair
•
wurteite structure
Polymorphous •
zn , →
→ sphareite structure
-
→
Hydration and
Hydration energy
CHEMICAL 1 Polar H -
u ←→
BONDING Na¥g , CHEMICAL

solvent
BONDING org .
+
die 8=0
↳ nonpolar Bogle , Br Br
-
when lion is dissolved in a

polar solvent
gaseous
• a
to which
these ions are surrounded
by polar solvent due
ion become stable • which release some amount

of energy
is called solvation and released is
this
process energy
called solvation
energy
.
=
.
-0++0
+
-
-
+
.
Nat -
+
et
-
-
+
+
?⃝
solvation is
is water then
gf solvent
solvation
energy
hydration
and
CHEMICAL known as
BONDING known as CHEMICAL BONDING

Hydration energy
.
o_O
-4
8- \
H
' il or"
Nat (g) tag .
> Nat Cag ) .
gaseous ion Hydrated ion
1- e-
+ H
+
\ / F. +
f. 8-
-
not go
Na:-#
o.nl#Maii. . oo--n
ME .
i.
I:S
of
g.
.
n
/ \H a
Rnatcag )
+
Rnatcg , t
+
gate .
ore
+
+
?⃝
-
4- tag → Cl
(g) .
caq )
.
CHEMICAL
5-
g.
€95
8-1
÷
.
%
.
ce
oh
St
to .
ft
"
"
o
\o/
-
o -
re ai→
Mu g)
-
< Ru -
easy
?⃝
→
Higher the
hydration higher hydration
radius
CHEMICAL and
Karger
the
hydrated
.
energy
_
Smaller ton that Has
more
faster higher
mobility or we can
say higher Electrical Conductivity
Factors
Affecting Hydration energy ÷ ④ E) cation ✗
÷
@ E) Anion ✗
0¥
(HE (A ✗ By ) = × HE (11-+9) +
Y HE
(5×1)
/ I
-
EX .
HE ( Alds ) =
HE (11-1+3) 1- 3 HE U
cation ( qe ) increases HE increases
charge
(1) on
increases
CHEMICAL Anion ( ga ) increases HE
charge
on
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING increases HE

%) Radius of
cation Anion @ a)
decreases .
is same
"
Smaller become falter
"
provided charge
radius Ricin > rmatcey ,
hiiaq , Nat lag ) .
Hydrated
EI compare ionic mobility of ions in
1) Kale ) Maule ) Adnniionn iss same

-
✗
ktle
8 Matte )
, >
Mobility Nacl 7 KU
Nacl lag ) a- (Anion ) is
Iii ) KU lag )
.
.
common
CHEMICAL Ktlag ) Ncitaq ) [ smaller become fatter ]
CHEMICAL BONDING
.
.
BONDING
Mñcagl
Ionic
mobility { Ktcag )
.
EI
conductivity of loins
compare electrical
following
[ smaller become
tonic +
↳ Capt { Nat lag , < Ktcag .
)< Rbtcag ) .
< cstcaq ,
falter)
mobility
radius for
Ex
Compare hydrated
.
.
Nutcase nlgthcaq , < At

-13cg .
) hydration ✗ Go
Covalent Nature in Ionic Bond
CHEMICAL •
polarisation I Fajan 's Rule

< to i. ÷ :-. :÷ .
+ • →
←
☐
14 .
Cation
Anion
t
v
Polaris
ibility ✗ Garra
polarisation
power
✗
9¥
Polaris ibility Covalent
polarising power + ✗
polarisation =
character .
•
when cation and Anion comes closer to form
observed
CHEMICAL crystal following type
lattice of forces

Electron
Attraction b/w cation and
density of Anion
•
•
Attraction b/w Nucleus
of Anion and Electron density
of Anion
nucleus Anton
•
Repulsion b/w cation and

of .
to these unbalanced force electron

density get
charge
Due
this distortion is called polarisation

distorted . .
Higher the
higher the co valent character in compound

-
polarisation
- .
polarisation
polarising polarisibility of
=
of cation +
Anton
'
power
Factors
Affecting polarisation lol )
CHEMICAL
BONDING ¢ CHEMICAL
*% BONDING
Garra + .
I
increases
charge of cation Cqc ) then
polarising
•
power increases and polarisation increases so
co - valent character increases .
charge on Anion coral increases then polarisibilety

increases so
polarisation increases then covalent
character increases
increases
Ciii) Radius of cation Crc )
polarising
CHEMICAL power decreases polarisation decreases so
covalent
CHEMICAL BONDING
character decreases .
BONDING
increases
iv Radius of Anion ( ra )
polarisibility
increases so polarisation increases $0 Covalent character
increases
having
has
psuedoin.at gas configuration
more
Cation
Imp electronic
inert
pouring power than
cation
having gas
configuration .
cut antz
puetdolnertgas
inert
N9+ K+ g)
,g,g
2 ,
configuration
,
,
218 218,8
gas
Cle) ( Ar )
in
increasing
order
Arrange following
Ex .
the
character
CHEMICAL of Ionic .
BONDING Ii )
+2
Feo
CHEMICAL BONDING +3
[ Gets polarisation P Covalent ]

, > Fezoz
d) ptbclz >
p+b*c1¢ [ Got " " ]
"
Naji [ polarisation 't covalently

4=9%+94 iii )
Naif >
rap
' '
AGE
'
4) AGÉ Angie B- i rat 49

Ag > .
> >
"
In U2 < Each [ psuedo inert gas
configuration ]
51h91 ,
+2
vi )
Shaz > [ act , d t , ]
vii) iiiau >

MTV2 >
ATU }
Application
CHEMICAL • A
compound having higher polarisation
BONDING will show CHEMICAL
intenseBONDING
more colour .
polarisation AGÉ < Agii < Agrir < AGE

tr b
rat polarisation p
colourless white yellowish yellow
white
-
MIE if Hdiss ( dissolution is
÷ .
enthalpy of
CHEMICAL -
ve then salt will be soluble band breaks
BONDING into ion .
CHEMICAL BONDING
NaCl is ) +
aq .
> Ncicaq .
) +
ctcaq ) AHd
'
7
7
'
kE(Nau ) weird HELU
"
"
A- Hds 's ( Nau ) = LEI Mall ) -1 HE / Nail + HECK )
- €9
Natcg ) a- endothermic
'
+
(g) exothermic
five ) fuel
CHEMICAL
✓
AIU } -1309.1
-
CSI
-199 . - At +39 cap .
)
7
Ñ
> )
At
LE(Alds )
µE(
At
'3cg ) +30cg )
A- Hdiss = 5-137-1 (-46651 + 31--381)
=
5137 -
5808 = -671 147 Mol Ko
BONDING • Boiling point and melting point :-
Ionic compounds have high boiling point and melting point due to strong
electrostatic force of attraction among oppositely charged ions.
• Conductivity :-
In solid state these are bad conductor of electricity due to absence of free mobile ion. In
fused state or aqueous solution Due to presence of free ions they are Good conductor of
electricity.
Conductivity order [Solid state < fused state < Aqueous solution]
• Solubility :-
Generally more soluble in Polar solvents like water.
Less soluble in non polar solvents like benzene.
Ex. NaCl form a true solution in water but insoluble in CCl4.
CHEMICAL LATTICE ENERGY
BONDING Definition :- CHEMICAL BONDING
The amount of energy released when gaseous cation and anion are combined to form one mole of
ionic compound solid is called lattice energy .
• It depends upon electrostatic force of attraction and affect the stability of compounds .
• Factors affecting Lattice energy :-
(1) L.E. α Z + , Z– (Where Z + , Z– are charges of cation and

anion respectively)
(2) L.E. α 1 ( Where r+ and r – are the radius of cation and

r + + r –)
anion respectively
CHEMICAL Question
Q.
✓
Arrange the following in the correct order of lattice energy :
(1) Na2O MgO Al2O3
(2) AlF3 Al2O3 AlN
(3) LiCl NaCl KCl RbCl CsCl

CHEMICAL BORN HABER’S CYCLE
(Mechanism of ionic bond formation)
SE
DHf SE
CHEMICAL BORN HABER’S CYCLE
BONDING Favourable conditions for ionic bond formation :-
Low SBE
Low IE High DHeg
Absorbed energy High L.E. Released energy
Low BDE
Born Haber's Cycle:- SBE + IE + ½ BDE > DHeg – L.E.
(Endothermic process) (Exothermic process)
Case no. 1 :- If DHf is more (–) ve then the compound is more stable .
Case no. 2 :- If DHf is less (–) ve then the compound is less stable .
Case no. 3 :- If DHf is (+) ve then the compound is unstable .
CHEMICAL Question
BONDING Q.
CHEMICAL
Heat of sublimation of Na = x J
BONDING
Ionization energy of Na= y J
Bond dissociation energy of Cl2 = a J
e– gain enthalpy of Cl = b J
Enthalpy of formation of NaCl = c J
Then what will be lattice energy of NaCl(s) = ?
Sol.
CHEMICAL HYDRATION ENERGY
Amount of energy released in the hydration of one mole of ionic crystal is known as
Hydration energy.
• If this released amount of energy (HE) is greater than amount of energy required to break
the bond (LE) , then substance is considered as soluble.
Dielectric constant :-
Capacity of a medium to minimize interionic attraction by neutralizing the charge of ions is
known as dielectric constant.
E.g.:- HF 120
H2SO4 102
H2O 81
D2O 78
CHEMICAL MECHANISM OF SOLVENCY
(Ion – dipole attraction)
Solute :- NaCl (s)

Solvent :- H2O
L.E. - lattice energy (Electrostatic force of attraction)

H.E. - Hydration energy
Case no. 1 :- HE > LE (then more soluble)

Case no. 2 :- HE < LE (then sparingly soluble / insoluble)
BONDING Factors Affecting HE:- CHEMICAL BONDING
(1) HE a charge ( Z+ Z
–)
1 1
(2) HE a
r r
Hydration tendency :-
Charge on ion
Hydrogen tendancy
size of ion
Li+ Na+ K+ Rb+ Cs+
r + (↑) Hydration tendency (↓)

BONDING E.g. :-
CHEMICAL
( In Aqueous solution)
BONDING
Li+ Na+ K+ Rb+ Cs+
Ionic Radius (↑)
Hydrated radii (↓)
Movement of ions (↑)
Ionic mobility (↑)
Ionic conductivity (↑)

CHEMICAL POLARISATION (FAJAN’S RULE)
Covalent character in an ionic compounds can be explained with the help of
polarisation .
• Distortion in the e– cloud of an anion due to the attraction of adjacent cation.
• Due to polarisation, covalent character are produced.
High zeff
(Distorted Anion)
• For cation :- Polarising power term is used .
• For anion :- Polarisability term is used .
BONDING CHEMICAL
Polarising power :-
BONDING
It is the power of cation to attract electron cloud of an anion towards itself.
Factors affecting polarising power :-
Chargeof cation(Z + )
Polarizing power α
Sizeof cation(r + )
Ionic potential( )
[Polarizing power α Ionic potential (ɸ) ]

BONDING •
CHEMICAL
Polarisability :-
BONDING
It is the ability of an anion to get polarized by adjacent cation.
Factors affecting Polarizability :-
Polarizability (-ve) Charge of anion

Polarizability Size of anion
• Effective conditions of polarisation :-

(1) Size of cation should be smaller.
(2) Size of anion should be large.
(3) Charge on cation/anion should be High .
BeCl2 MgCl2 CaCl2 SrCl2 BaCl2

E.g. :-
Size of cation
Polarisation
Covalent character
BONDING BeCl2 MgCl2 CaCl2 SrCl2 BaCl2
E.g. :-
Size of cation -
Polarisation ¯
Covalent character ¯
BONDING
+1 +2 +3 +4
NaCl MgCl2 AlCl3 SiCl4
(2)
Charge on cation
polarisaton
Covalent character
AlF3–1 Al2O3–2 AlN–3

(3)
Charge on Anion
Polarisation
Covalent character
BONDING Compare covalent character in the following sequences
Q. CrO Cr2O3 CrO3
+ + + + +
Q.
LiCl NaCl KCl RbCl CsCl
Q. PbF2 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2

BONDING Order of polarizing power for some special type of cations :-
• Stability of Cations :-
Inert gas configuration > Pseudo inert gas > Inert pair effect
configuration
(8 e–) (18 e–) (18 +2e–)
• Order of polarizing power of Cations :-
Pseudo inert gas configuration > Inert pair effect > Inert gas configuration
(18 e–) (18 + 2e–) (8 e–)
+ + +
Example of cation . :- NaCl T Cl CuCl
(8e– ) (18 + 2e– ) (18e – )
BONDING Q. Among LiCl, BeCl2 , BCl3 and CCl4, the covalent bond character
follows the order :
(1) LiCl < BeCl2 > BCl3 > CCl4
(2) LiCl > BeCl2 < BCl3 < CCl4
(3) LiCl < BeCl2 < BCl3 < CCl4
(4) LiCl > BeCl2 > BCl3 > CCl4

BONDING Q. Which one of the following show correct order of covalent
character ?
(1) ZnO < ZnS
(2) ZnS = ZnO
(3) ZnS < ZnO
(4) None
'
points from
HingMile Cation is
•
CHEMICAL
l
CHEMICAL BONDING
BONDING
o t s
S Block P Block
-
d-B
-
-
-
IC > 50 f.
to
all are iconic compound having
1- C- < 50T .
Ionic bond
but Ic< 50^1 .
Mop ✗ LEE 1-
M.p ✗
polarisation determined
as d- Block
IC ✗ 1-
polarisation
(
tonic
) y covalent
mp
9¥
Cmp ) polarisation ✗ + Hara
if pacing is
good the will be
very high
LE .
Ex .
Compare the
melting point of following
CHEMICAL niaii
BONDING
ii , Ñigii<
CHEMICAL BONDING
< iiiiii LE ✗
iqiral
iiiaei
'
iii. iii. if >

texana
+2 +4 .
polarisation ✗ 9C
Iii ) Pbtllz > PbU4
in NÉE >
iii.I=
LE ✗
¥+7
+2
v3
Niece > Mgclz Polarisation
Vil znclz { Cause [ psuedo inert gas]

vii) Lif > Lice [ polarisation ]
CHEMICAL
BONDING Vivi )
CHEMICAL BONDING
-4 Callas Srclz
Beck < ,
Mgclz , , , < Bad ,
Lpolwusatin]]
Polarisation if
☒ Catz > cause > Ca Br, > Catz [
IEA ) and Li
*_*_ For chloride ,
bromide and Iodide of group
because
melting point is determined by polarisation
their → their chloride
Ic for
I
.
Iordide
-
bromide
CHEMICAL
medium
Exception ÷ a- ( )
F- t.io
→ d- EN
hi Nat est large
- IE →
small
-
packing comparable
•
Nall CSU
> KU > Rbu > > till
-
MgO 7 Cao Be 0 bro > Bao

•
> >
FLEE > KF Rbf > CSF

•
> ↳F >
KI >
'
Nati
RBI 4-
•
> > CSI 7
CHEMICAL Boiling point
8 >
/ tonic co valent
S Block
/ It Block of p Block
-
-
compound compound of
p-B
V
1-
Boiling points
polarisation
Ex .
Compare Boiling point of following

.
CHEMICAL ci) pbpsrz PbBr4

>
ii ) Shaz > Shut
iii ) >
Fella Fed }
in iiau > iugu ,
V ) NGO 1 Nat
VI )
zhclz e calls
"
) Beck is
MgU2
'
v11
viii ) ↳ F > Liu
CHEMICAL
BONDING 1×1 CHEMICAL
Bteuze BONDING
ÑEGU e. ÉÉuz<
,
stick < B%Uz
Kara
✗I
Aff > Agu >
AgBr >
AGI
4--9,9=-1
✗ 1) Catz > Caclz >
Ca Br
, > Catz
Conductance
CHEMICAL
a
0
Molten state
Aqueous state
conductance 1-
✗
Conductance ✗ 1-
Radius Hydrated Rad .
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL APPLICATION OF FAJAN’S RULE
BONDING SOLUBILITY :-
LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE
• Ionic compounds are soluble in polar solvents like H2O.
• Polar Covalent compounds are soluble in polar organic solvents like acetone, ether
• Non polar compounds are more soluble in non polar solvents like benzene,CCl4.
Ex .
Set.at the true statements ?
T (1) Nacl will more dissolve than till in H2O
f- til Lice were more dissolve than Nau in H2O

-
T iil ) hell even more dissolved Khan Mall in benzene

Ycaq ) B- Hag )
+
Ax ✗ A- y
By + ag > +
. .
.
CHEMICAL
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING "
I
Y CHEL B-
+
LE ( A- ✗ By ) + X HE ( A- Y) +
Hdiss =
Are ) C- me,
if Hdiss so ,
salt will be more soluble .
factor
affecting solubility
(1) increases
-
If Lattice
energy solubility decreases
iil Hydration Ées solubility themes

gf
.
- -
( F-→ small )
CHEMICAL LIF Na F KF Rb F CSF
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING 0
decreases
9gf÷ra
LE
(1)
energy LEX
XD HE
energy
decrease HE ✗
C÷)*- (E)
← From statement ⑦ on down the LE decrease
going group
Solubility increase
Lif { Naf < KF < RBFLCSF
from statement a) on down the

going
y HE
group
✗ decreases $0
solubility decreases
1-IF > Ma F > KF > Rbf > CSF

if loin is
large ( Anion )
•
common
CHEMICAL LE K9cqa_
CHEMICAL BONDING
=
BONDING Ta > > > re

*
,
ra
K Gc Ga
¥7 %-a
LE =
HE ✗ +
Ta ,
Lattice remains ✓
energy
constant we can't
almost
neglect any
term
solubility ✗ HE
d) Common ion Anion ) is small
(
CHEMICAL
k¥I÷/o
LE =

HE
%z+%÷
✗
LE
K%L÷ -
=
G direct relation
solubility ✗
¥
•
I
cation is from
CHEMICAL soubility
→
d- Block / P Block
5-1310-42
-
✓ 1-
Common ion ,
solubility ✗
common loin polarisation

small
large
Lsolubility LIE
solubility ✗ HE
CHEMICAL SOLUBILITY
BONDING (A) Solubility of ionic compounds of s-block:
(i) Solubility Hydration energy

(ii) 1
Solubility
Latticeenergy
• If common ion is smaller than apply L.E.
(F– , O–2 , OH– , Li+ , Mg+2, Be+2 etc.)
• If common ion is larger than apply H.E.

(CO3–2 , SO4–2 , NO3– , ClO4– , HCO3– , Cs+ etc.)
Gotti 405 , 5<03-2 ,

CHEMICAL SOLUBILITY
BONDING Q. Compare Solubility in following :-
(1) Li2O Na2O K2 O Rb2O Cs2O
(Common ion O–2 , Apply L.E.)
Size( ↑ ) , L.E. ( ↓ ) , Solubility ( ↑ )
(2) CsF CsCl CsBr CsI
(Common ion Cs+, Apply H.E.)
Size(↑ ) , H.E.(↓ ) , Solubility (↓ )

CHEMICAL SOLUBILITY
BONDING (3) Be(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2
(Common ion OH- ,Apply L.E.)
Size( ↑ ) , L.E. (↓ ) , Solubility (↑ )
(4) BeSO4 MgSO4 CaSO4 SrSO4 BaSO4
(Common ion SO4–2,Apply H.E.)
Size(↑ ) , H.E.(↓ ) , Solubility (↓ )

CHEMICAL SOLUBILITY
BONDING (B) Solubility of ionic compounds of p and d block:
1
Solubility
Covalentcharacter
E.g. :- AgF AgCl AgBr AgI

Size of anion
Covalent character
Solubility
Ex In Uz ( psuedo
.
y Caclz Inert )
CHEMICAL SOLUBILITY
BONDING Q. Compare solubility in following sequence.
(i) PbF2 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2

Size of anion(↑)
Covalent character ( ↑ )
Solubility (↓ )
(ii) SnCl2 SnCl4

Charge of cation (↑ )
Covalent character (↑ )
Solubility (↓)
Ex
compare solubility of following compounds
. .
CHEMICAL ① ¥904 > Ñ"auo¢ > K"uoq > Ébao¢ >

ciao
404
large
-
common Anion✗ .
Solubility HE
HE ( Cation ) ✗
÷c , yep HE & solubility t
(2) 4. Moz Namo KM 03 RBN 03 CS
> , , 1403
N°5
large common Anion .
Solubility ✗ ME
HE / Cation ✗
9¥ , yep HE & solubility t
(3) Ca 5203 -575203 Ba 5203
52052
large common Anion .
Solubility ✗ ME
HE ( Cation ) ✗
(4) Be crop
mgcrot Ca
crop srU0f Ba crop
crop large common Anion .
Solubility ✗ HE
HE ( Cation ) ✗
③ ↳ Br Ma Br KBR Rb Ba Cs Br
CHEMICAL
-
Bo
large common Anion
Solubility ✗ ME
CHEMICAL
9¥ BONDING
.
BONDING HE/ Cation

yep
✗
solubility t ,
HE &
(5) Caso z Srsoz 139503

5052 large common Anion .
Solubility ✗ ME
HE / Cation ✗
9¥ , yep HE & solubility t
(6) Rb U Rb Br RBI
Rbi
large common . Cation
solubility ✗ ME
/ Cation ✗
÷aq
HE
, rap HE & solubility t
(7) CSF Cscl Cs Br CSI
Cst
large common cation ,
solubility ✗ ME
HE / Cation ✗
9¥ , rap HE & solubility t
(8) Na Et KF { Rbf C CSF
F- is is smaller solubility ✗ IE
CHEMICAL common Anion
BONDING 1- E- ✗ CHEMICAL
T.FI?I-r.. rc P
BONDING
Lets
i
Solubility In
Lion NaOH { KOHL Rb OH 2 CSOH

(9) {
OH
-
is common Anion is smaller solubility ✗ IE
1- E- ✗
T.FI?I-r.. i rc P Lets Solubility In
Covalent Bond
CHEMICAL formed
The bond
by sharing
( Attraction force ) of
•
BONDING electrons CHEMICAL BONDING

is Bond
called covalent .
electron
by going
is shared each which
off atom are
* one
bond
single
the formed is bond (o bond )
formed know .
0 G
É :É--
o
f
:# • • :
F- :
o O o o o b
o o
Lewis dot
Cooper structure
structure ↳ bond pair = 't C- bond )
↳ tone
parte =
3+3--6
electrons shared from each atom to
off two
* are
co valent bond then bond formed 1 's

CHEMICAL form -
BONDING known CHEMICAL

bond
double in
BONDING
is one a bond and
I will be IT bond .
0=0
☐ "
• •
0 : :O °
• •
"
o o
o o
I IT
Ls
→
bond pair =2 ↳ too
↳ lone
pair =
2+2=14
*
off three electrons are shared from each atom to form
covalent bond then triple bond is formed between two
atoms in which one ais r while two bonds are 1T bonds .

CHEMICAL :N : :N : :N=N :
"

↳ bond
pair -_3→
→ 21T
↳ lone
pair -_
1+1--2
Theories
>
o
w
Lewis concept • v. B. T Mio -1

.
Molecular orbital theory

sharing of
•
e-
vsE-p.pe
.
to
octet Rule
&
octet Rule expansion ( Sid Wick Paul theory)
Lewis concept
CHEMICAL • Lewis
sysmbol .
BONDING •
No of
CHEMICAL
v. e BONDING
kernel and .
to find valence electron

• How Mo
of ?
*)
for Block e- 1in subshell
S → No
of s or
-
→ No
group
.
2) For d- Block Mo electrons ( h and ns subshell

of 1) d
→
-
No
group
.
3)
Forp-B
Hoof v. e =
group No -10
structure central atom
of Hu
•
÷
CHEMICAL
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING +1 - l
a. • Éi : H - ii : H -
el
☐
☐
Oo
ÉdTbmdMm
Cote ,
Hybrid 0×1'd No
.p
.
. .
H I 0 0 1- - -11
U I 3 14
sp3
0 -
I
CHEMICAL SOLUBILITY
BONDING Exceptional Order of solubility :
(1) In IIA Fluorides BeF2 is highly soluble due to it’s high H.E.
MgF2 < CaF2 < SrF2 < BaF2 < BeF2
(2) In IA CO3–2 , HCO3– solubility increases on moving down the group.

Li2CO3 < Na2CO3 < K2CO3 < Rb2CO3 < Cs2CO3
hi Hcoz f Manco ] < K HUG { RBHCO } CCSHCO]
(3) till > Csu > Rbu > Nacl > KU
*¥ compounds donut for Lattice so LE=o

only hydration
of Be ,
Energy is there .
check Anion :
CHEMICAL
Thermal
stability
0
0
Anion is monoatomic
dike / Arion is
p
Ex Ci , Bi ete
-
I
-
.
H , ,
.
Ex .
c.
052 , Hcoj ,
so -42 eke
5B¥
•
- ✗ % ,
p_Block_ IN
A- EMP
it
thermal
stability As we
go
ICP Emb
down the
✗ LE
group
Bond increases Ts ✗ IG
down the
group size of length
$0 thermal TSX 1- -
cation increases so LE
polarisation
decreases
decreases so thermae stubity decreases stability .
following According
EI the to their thermal
Arrange
CHEMICAL stability ?
(a) Lite > Matt > KH > Rb H > CSH
Anion → mono atom .

Cation - s -
Block
-16 ✗ LE
(b) C.
Hq > siH4 Geht snHq > PbHq
> s
I
Methane Anson H
-0 monoatomic
, plutnbane
cation →
p Block -
BL Ts ✗
¥
→
,
(C)
MHz > PHz > Ash } .
>
&bHz > Bitts
(d) H2o > Hzs > Hzse > Hate
CHEMICAL
HU H Br >
HI
(e) HF >
>
(f) ltzo > 1920

"
,
> 1<20 .
> Rbzo > Cszo
(8) Nzos > 10205 > Aszos > ,

Sbzoz
(b) 503 > Seong > Teo,

(E) Becoz Caco < Sscoz Baco ,
mgcoz
< < } <
CHEMICAL
BONDING d) Manco CHEMICAL BONDINGCstlcoz
}
< KIHCO , c RBHCO } C
IV ) limo KNO RBNO MGM 03

} ( Na Moz < } < } (
V1 4^2504 < NazS04 < ☒ fog < RbzS04 < cszSo¢
Vil ↳
2103 < Kzcoz < Rbzco ] ( Cszco]
Vii
) srso4< Basit
Besot
Mgsoq<
Caso
< ,< <
VIII )
Belmond, < mgctyozlzscakM031zs.SN Mos)z< Backlash
1*1 Naz 02 < 4202 < Rbzoz ← Cszoz
✗) Koz ← Rb 02 < 402
CHEMICAL THERMAL STABILITY
BONDING Temperature up to which a substance can retain it’s original composition.
i fix
+ : I
na :c
-
-
-
: o
I I -
21
z
*
hi
#
'
*
ma
P
¢= 9£ + qq.ro 09
*
Kfc
12 29
AEN-
9C ICP
Amon and
*
Rb I c
Game I
* l
¥
es
4
°
✗ s
) ~
riot opt ,
tonic character P
BONDING
• Smaller Cation is stable with Smaller Anion
• Larger Cation is stable with Larger Anion
• Smaller ion is unstable with Larger ion

BONDING Thermal stability of ionic compounds having polyatomic anions
1 Chargeof cation
Thermal stability α =
Ionic potential ( ) Sizeof cation
Low ɸ More thermally stable
High ɸ less thermally stable

BONDING E.g.:- Li2CO3 Na2CO3 K2CO3 Rb2CO3 Cs2CO3
Size of cation (↑)

ɸ (↓)
Covalent character(↓)
Thermal stability (↑)
Δ
Li2CO3 Li2O + CO2
O—
Δ
2 Li+ C=O Li2O + CO2
—O
BONDING Q Compare thermal stability in following sequences
(i) LiNO3 NaNO3 KNO3 RbNO3 CsNO3
(ii) BeSO4 MgSO4 CaSO4 SrSO4 BaSO4
(iii) Na2O2 K2O2 Rb2O2 Cs2O2

BONDING
Thermal stability of ionic compounds having monoatomic anions
In a group :-
Thermal stability a Lattice energy
In a period :-
Thermal stability a DEN

BONDING Q. Compare Thermal Stability in following sequence:-
(1) LiF NaF KF RbF CsF
(2) LiH NaH KH RbH CsH
(3) NaCl > MgCl2 > AlCl3 > SiCl4

CHEMICAL
Heating Effect
BONDING cis CHEMICAL
carbonates BONDING
Rest
µa,kRb "☒-
'
Ag Hg
do
all
"
MI A- s
✓
0×-1*-1 coz
they get melt
but do not Alg / Ag 1- coz -102
D8
decompose
Ex
complete the
following reaction ?
.
CHEMICAL d- Pbo + CO2

(1) Pbcoz
→ Ino + coz
( Ii ) Tenco
}
iii
) nlazcoz
✗
'V1 A-
Agzcoz 2Ag 1- coz -11oz
V)
tlizcoz 1- 420 1- CO2
V1 d-
Mg coz MgO + coz
Bicarbonates
CHEMICAL
BONDING fall BONDING
CHEMICAL
Carbonates + coz -1 H2o
/ "
" " Rest

"
µa,kR ng
Ag Hg
do
All
"
MI A- s
✓
0k¥ + coz
they get melt
but do not Alg / Ag -102+02

PP
decompose
CHEMICAL
BONDING
Hydroxide
CHEMICAL BONDING
Rest
µa,kRb "☒-
'
Ag Hg
do
all
MEN A- s
✓
0×-1*+1720
they get melt
Hg / Ag -11-202+420
but do not
decompose
CHEMICAL Nitrates
Rest
µa,kRb "☒-
'
,°° Ag Hg all d-
,
razors A- >
-1102 ✓
0⇐d -1^1021-02
MN0z
¥_temperature Ag / Ag -1^102+02
-1^12+02 (nigh
µ
Mao
salt of Ammonium cNH*)***
CHEMICAL I
BONDING t
CHEMICAL BONDING
A-
A
°
Mon
oxidising Anion
'
Oxidising Anion
'
Break the Salt

remove water untill
E✗ NH4U not removed
CNH 4) v03
'
all H are
,
, Nh¢I
cH3Co0MH4, Ht)zsoq MOI , MOI , Grz0Ñ , clog

ete .
MH4U Is MHz + HU
NHAN 03 I 1420 1- 2h20
MIHAI →
MHz + HI
NHAN Oz Mz 1- 2h20
( tht )zC0z -
MHz + H2O + coz (MHt)zGzoy is Crzoz
+ 4h20
+ Mzt
cHzCWNH¢ # chzcooll -1MHz MH4 V04 421-021-1112-121120
-
CHEMICAL HEATING EFFECT
BONDING Heating of Metal Carbonate:
Δ
Metal carbnonate Metal Oxide + CO2
(Except carbonates of
Na, K, Rb ,Cs)
Ex.:- Δ CaO + CO2

CaCO3
Δ MgO + CO2
MgCO3
Δ BeO + CO2
BeCO3
Δ ZnO + CO2
ZnCO3
Δ No Thermal Decomposition
Na2 CO3
Δ No Thermal Decomposition
K2 CO3
BONDING Heating of Metal nitrate:
Δ
Metal Nitrate Metal Oxide + NO2 + O2
(Except nitrates of
Na, K, Rb , Cs)
E.g.:- Ca(NO ) Δ CaO + NO2 + O2

3 2
Δ ZnO + NO2 + O2
Zn(NO3 )2
Δ PbO + NO2 + O2
Pb(NO3 )2
LiNO3 Δ Li2O + NO2 + O2
Δ Ag + NO2 + O2
AgNO3
Δ
Metal Nitrate Metal nitrite+ O2
(Na, K, Rb , Cs)
BONDING
Heating of Metal Hydroxide:
Δ
All Metal Hydroxide Metal Oxide+ H2O
E.g.:- Δ MgO + H2O

Mg(OH)2
Δ CaO + H2O
Ca(OH)2
Δ ZnO + H2O
Zn(OH)2
BONDING
Thermal stability of Metal Bicarbonates:-
Δ
Metal Bicarbonate Metal Carbonate+ CO2 + H2O
E.g.:- Δ CaCO3 + H2O + CO2

Ca(HCO3 )2
Δ Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

NaHCO3
BONDING
Thermal decomposition of Metal Sulphate:
Δ
Metal Sulphate Metal Oxide + SO3
-12
-12
Δ D
E.g.:- ZnSO4 .7H2 O ZnSO4 ZnO + SO3
Δ D
CuSO4 .7H2 O CuSO4 CuO + SO3
D
Δ FeSO4 Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
FeSO4 .7H2 O
D D
É"
Δ CaSO4. ½ H2O CaSO4
CaSO4 .2H2 O
Gypsum Plaster of Paris Dead Burnt Plaster
-
CaO + SO3
drated
( 26504 -
they #
BONDING
Thermal stability of Metal Chloride:
CHLORIDE
ANHYDROUS HYDRATED
NO
④ no Fezoz -1503-1502
^→ -☒
¥7 Fe 5014 -
7hr0 FeSO¢ Feo -1502+02

71h0
IN
-
BONDING inert pair affect
✗ ANHYDROUS CHLORIDE
Δ FeCl2 + Cl2
FeCl3
-14 -12
Δ
PbCl4 PbCl2 + Cl2
Δ
HgCl2 Hg2Cl2 + Cl2
Δ
PCl5 FeCl
→ + Cl
2 2
PUB
BONDING
✗ HYDRATED CHLORIDE
Δ CaCl Δ
CaCl2 .6H2O 2 2+.6H
CaCl H22O
O
Δ Δ Δ
BaCl2 .6H2O BaCl2 2+.6H
CaCl
BaCl 2H 22O
.6H O2O
Δ Δ Δ
AlCl3 .6H2 O BaCl
Al(OH)
AlCl3
+
.6H
3 2 .6H
2
HCl
O2 O Al2O3
Δ Δ
Δ
MgCl2 .6H2O Mg(OH) 2 + 22HCl
AlCl23.6H
MgCl .6H OO MgO
Δ
MgCl2 .6H2O
CHEMICAL HEATING
HEATINGEFFECT
EFFECT
BONDING
Thermal decomposition of ammonium salts :-
NH4+ X¯
NH3 N2 , N2O
(When X=CO3–2,SO4–2,Cl–,Br–) (When X=NO3–,N02–,Cr2O7–2)
Non oxidizing/weak oxidizing oxidizing

BONDING
With non oxidising
anion
(NH4 )2 CO3 Δ NH3 + H2O + CO2
Δ NH3 + H2O + SO3

(NH4 )2 SO4
Δ
NH4 Cl NH3 + HCl
Δ NH3 + HBr
NH4Br
BONDING
With Oxidising Anion:-
Δ N2O + H2O
NH4NO3
Δ
NH4NO2 N2 + H2O
Δ
(NH4 )2 Cr2 O7 N2 + H2O + Cr2O3
CHEMICAL MELTING POINT
BONDING
Temperature at which a solid starts melting.
Types of solids
3d Network solid
.
Covalent solid Ionic solid Molecular solid

(at melting point, (at melting point, (at melting point,
covalent bond get Ionic bond get H-bond/VWF get
weakens) weakens) weakens)
e.g. Diamond, graphite,
±
e.g. NaCl, KCl, e.g. H2O(s)
B4C, SiC, SiO2 etc Al2O3 etc. I2(s)
CH4(s)
particles
molecules .
BONDING
Order of melting point :-
• Covalent solid > Ionic solid > Molecular solid
E.g.:-
Diamond > NaCl > H2O(s)
meltingpoint
• Melting point of ionic compounds
• Melting point Lattice energy
• Melting point
1
Polarization
BONDING
Examples based on lattice energy.
• Li2O > Na2O > K2O > Rb2O > Cs2O
• NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl > LiCl due to polarization
• AlF3 > MgF2 > NaF

BONDING
Example based on polarization
• NaCl > MgCl2 > AlCl3
• BeCl2 < MgCl2 < CaCl2 < SrCl2 < BaCl2
• SnCl4 < SnCl2
• AgF > AgCl > AgBr > AgI
that em
End .
-0 IIA ,
, Anion
P + e- 5 Exothermic
Amount released less
↳
BONDING
Ex. Which of the following has least melting point
✓(A) CaF2 cation identical

(B) CaCl2 Anion
(C) CaBr2 of ✗ Gara

(D) CaI2
qa identical
to
Ans : (D)
✗ ra
TMP
2¥
Covalent Bond
CHEMICAL formed
The bond
by sharing
( Attraction force ) of
•
BONDING electrons CHEMICAL BONDING

is Bond
called covalent .
electron
by going
is shared each which
off atom are
* one
bond
single
the formed is bond (o bond )
formed know .
0 G
É :É--
o
f
:# • • :
F- :
o O o o o b
o o
Lewis dot
Cooper structure
structure ↳ bond pair = 't C- bond )
↳ tone
parte =
3+3--6
electrons shared from each atom to
off two
* are
co valent bond then bond formed 1 's

CHEMICAL form -
BONDING known CHEMICAL

bond
double in
BONDING
is one a bond and
I will be IT bond .
0=0
☐ "
• •
0 : :O °
• •
"
o o
o o
I IT
Ls
→
bond pair =2 ↳ too
↳ lone
pair =
2+2=14
*
off three electrons are shared from each atom to form
covalent bond then triple bond is formed between two
atoms in which one ais r while two bonds are 1T bonds .

CHEMICAL :N : :N : :N=N :
"

↳ bond
pair -_3→
→ 21T
↳ lone
pair -_
1+1--2
Theories
>
o
w
Lewis concept • v. B. T Mio -1

.
Molecular orbital theory

sharing of
•
e-
vsE-p.pe
.
to
octet Rule
&
octet Rule expansion ( Sid Wick Paul theory)
Lewis concept
CHEMICAL • Lewis
sysmbol .
BONDING •
No of
CHEMICAL
v. e BONDING
kernel and .
to find valence electron

• How Mo
of ?
*)
for Block e- 1in subshell
S → No
of s or
-
→ No
group
.
2) For d- Block Mo electrons ( h and ns subshell

of 1) d
→
-
No
group
.
3)
Forp-B
Hoof v. e =
group No -10
structure central atom
of Hu
•
÷
CHEMICAL
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING +1 - l
a. • Éi : H - ii : H -
el
☐
☐
Oo
ÉdTbmdMm
Cote ,
Hybrid 0×1'd No
.p
.
. .
H I 0 0 1- - -11
U I 3 14
sp3
0 -
I
CHEMICAL
-
steric Nu
Hybn .
2 Sp
3 spa
4 sp3
5- sp3d
6 sp3d2
7 sp3d3
JULES FOR DRAWING STRUCT
UREY
CHEMICAL
BONDING 1) ÷ Find
CHEMICAL BONDING
central Atom ÷
• the element which least Mo

of atom .
electron
•
maximum No
of valence .
Less
Electronegative
•
-
•
in
Large siize .
Note can never be central atom

fluorine
Hydrogen
→
and
in
Exo
following
tend out the central atom ?
"
1) (2) (3) HMOs C- A N

CHA
__
C. A=c soz C. A=s
Has 0¢ (6) HCN CA = c

(4) Has C- A = S ⑤ c. A=s
write Lewis central atom
Ruled symbol of
CHEMICAL and share its v -
e with most
Electronegative
BONDING terminal CHEMICAL
atoms first BONDING
electron
egtine → Next → next
both present in
Note :÷ gf hydrogen oxygen
are
compound
with
7
then share one electron
of oxygen always
Q hydrogen remaining one is shared with central
H atom .
E¥ HN02_ → C. A = N ,
v. e = 5-
:Ñ•
•
oooo
j: ! :p
• •
•
° =
"
\
- H
• Q •
✗
.
y
-2 +21%-1
CHEMICAL •
if to '-H
I oo
I • o +1
2
ÉdTbmdMm
Cote ,
Hybrid 0×1'd No
.p
.
. .
H I o o I - -11
N 2 I 1- 3 Spd -13
OI I I -2 -2
02 2 0 2 -2
CO2 C. it = C .
Voe = 14
CHEMICAL
BONDING
⑤ j=É=É
CHEMICALQ BONDING
• i
?
: :c : :
• .
u a
o=c=o
-12
-
z
÷i÷"/
| | / |
" "" " "" " "" " ° "
" " ""
° 2 2 ° 2 SP + *
M
C. A -_ C
14+1
↳
CHEMICAL
v. e- *
nÉ
" " "
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING -11
Fdi-e.pybndid.NO
pair IT bond lone SM
C 4 o o 4 sp3 -14
I 0 +I
H 0 I -
÷ ÷⑥
pass c. A =p
•
CHEMICAL
-
v. e= -5 p•• "
ri "
"
CHEMICAL BONDING Ice

-'
BONDING ii %
.
o o
- f
ÉdTbmdmm
Cote ,
Hybrid 0×1'd No
.p
.
. ,
I
P 3 0 4 sp3 +3
I 0 3 -
I
U
-
-
?⃝
?⃝
Rule -03 ÷
gf octet of central atom is completed
CHEMICAL and it has lone
pair and a divalent atom
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING for

such as is
oxygen
still
remaining sharing
then central form co-ordinate bond with that atom .
C- d- =N
EX H
.
Moz •
•
.
V. e=5
•
•
②: :
: -2
"
00
1$ +2
0° ☒
O N µ
o.o ÷? →:
•
•
•
00 •
•
•
✗
µ
1h
gf central atom
•
.
is not from 2nd

period then in place
of ordinate bond double bond preferred where central atom undergo
?⃝
CHEMICAL
Excited state its octet
and
expands
CHEMICAL E-
c- A = s period =3
Soz
CHEMICAL BONDING
,
BONDING v. e = G
10
of v. e. =
No
→ After sharing
• .
↳ s is in 1st Excited
state .
O b
↳
OFS to
*h-ese
type of compound
→
are
dqnown as
hyper valent
CHEMICAL
Ex 503
:
.
CHEMICAL ¥ to
CHEMICAL BONDING
BONDING
( Affersharéy
No
of v. e = 12
it is in 2nd
excited state
1
BFI
:,j IF
*
CHEMICAL
BONDING - B) If
CHEMICAL BONDING
• f-
Moofé
•
Agger sharing -6
these
type of compounds are called
hyporalent species
.
F F
F BO :@
Ny →
¥3
F
#
Nn H
HI - Race -11
draw
CHEMICAL structure and table .
for
following compounds ,
BONDING CH4 , NH3 CHEMICAL

Hwi
, 01--2 BONDING
042 HCN , ,
, Mh4CM
1<2504 MFz 03 5031 HM 02
,
, ,
,
HM 03 Holl
HUOZ
,
ftzs
'
HU03.HU 04
,
,
flzsoz
,
,
HzS04 , 112505
,
, 1431004
HzPO3 1131302 PU3 11203 ( 052
, ,
1421
,
,
, 1420 , 14203 ,
14205 ,
14204 , NOI ,
504-2
R-$ : if octet
of central atom
completed
octet
CHEMICAL and it has no lone
pair still the
BONDING of a divalent CHEMICAL

atom BONDING
is not
completed then
that bivalent atom btw central atom and

add
terminal atom .
Acid
pernitnee
HN04_
→
.
C- d- =N
•
• V. e=5
• % -2
"
pp / penny
Peroxide
;÷•÷①
-12
µ
bond
% 1¥
g-
"
.
.
-
"
H
H2 SO -5
CHEMICAL
- After
sharing
÷••
-12
v. e-
L
↳
Hypervalent
s is in
2nd excited
iii. slate
F :& - n
acid
Pansy sulphuric
→
:-&
.
:O
- n
?⃝
central atom than
Rule -05 :÷ Gf Mo
of
more
CHEMICAL three then

probability of formation of
BONDING cyclic
CHEMICAL
structure is BONDING
high .
and boron all 2nd period element

••
except carbon
structure
of
toast
perioeity
to form
cyclic
.
:S
ii.
¥'
:
^
:-#
ssh
#pp
Pt '"
:p ,
white :S
:S :
.
phosphorous
-
o,
C. A=$
v. e= 6
C- A -_
4 , V. @ = 5
Szoqcs ) →
Y so
}
or trimer of song
CHEMICAL g
31503 )CHEMICAL BONDING
after
sharing
" e
BONDING
§ = 12
OF ☒
/ I - After
→
°=s 5--0
" Sharing
Y \o/
I
o v. e= 12
v. e
after
sharing -42
10406-157 How much ?
CHEMICAL
BONDING
p" is
CHEMICAL BONDING
p - o -
p bond -_ 6
to ! bond
!
=o
P -
p
jc-E.tn
'
✓ \ d) 10=0 / p→o - o
:P "
o
÷
to! ! o b
P40*o / \ is p o -
p bond -_ 6
oIP¥PE°
-
p -
p bond -0
↳
after sharing ti " P=0/p→o =
Noofve lo
-_
% fst Excited state

CHEMICAL
RI
CHEMICAL
RI
CHEMICAL
coj2
V. e= 4+6×3 =
-22+2=24
MH4+= -5+1×-14=9-1--8
RI
CHEMICAL
CHA
i
"
n
RI
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL Rutt
Formatcharge
: 9T is not
charge
• •
•
gt is tool used to check
CHEMICAL a
BONDING the
CHEMICAL
structure
BONDING
of compound Either it is corrector
Not
is
charge
atom
- •
off total formal of all
equal ,
the
charge of ion then structure is correct .
( )
V. unshared 1- [ shared electrons]
Formal
charge
= e. -
-
electrons
on atom
EX
Oz I
0%2
'
" total formal

o
CHEMICAL
.
=
charge
• . -0
:3
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING :O
.
.
FC ( 01 )
6- 14 -
d- [ 4 ] = 0
Fc ( 04
=
6-2 -
1- (6) = +1
Fc ( 03 ) =
6 -
G -
2- (2) = -1
G { (2) -1
F- ( ( Ot ) 6 -
=
= -
2
EX .
coj2 j;
FCC
( 04--6-4 { (4) 0
all
-
=
1
:&?? ?:p:X ' Fc ( Os ) =
G - G -
ICH = -1
Ft (C ) = 14 - O -
£C8)=0
total formal charge = -2
formal
following
Find atom in
⑧ charge of each
'
CHEMICAL me: leaves
BONDING '
1) H2OCHEMICAL
CO2 05
BONDING
NH4+
,
Nj
N
,
, ,
Anions : solid
CHEMICAL
BONDING t
CHEMICAL BONDING
H2S04
:O :
% :
11
Of
⇐ si:O: Sr:&
-
• °
A "
:O % ?o :
•
A -
IH o-•
843 → CHU 's °
a /fu- a
:
/
! : :&
Tié
: " .
.
CHEMICAL HCM
BONDING
H→ CHEMICAL BONDING
ionic
H - CEN :
[ NHN ]
co
. . -
: - - - CCM -1
HNC
. . -
t
✓
a :-C IN :
MHz + H+ - NHN ( protonation) ↳ triple bond

↳ to
H L
21T
,
-1
n N → H
co valent bond
-
3 Co valent
-
I
-
H ↳ 40 Is I co-ordinate covalent
CHEMICAL Kzs 04
-
✓
ionic
[ 2kt ] . . - . . - . . .
[SOFT
ii.
-
%÷÷•
:
to
→
↳ 6 bond → 21T
↳ After
shaving shoes
12 e- , means in
2nd Excited state .
¥2 : NIN :
CHEMICAL
1420
N→ O
: N =
"
j
.
'
: o '
+12-03 y H
N -
N
A ②
I
÷
111204
?
-
I
CHEMICAL m -
n
BONDING CHEMICAL
OH BONDING
Yo
µ
^
,
"
I
14205 →
N
'
- .
i
¥ ! ?o:
tlzszog
jp
"
:
o :
11
: = s s=é :
n.jo?.Y-E?q H
:
Ifzcrzo tf
CHEMICAL
BONDING CHEMICAL
/ - BONDING
2
2K -1 Crzo f-
iii. Ii
" "
e- \o/ iii.
structure
oxyacid
phosphors
when we draw
of of
( pi )
'
CHEMICAL then we first form bond .

÷
Hrs Pot PT Basicity =3
)
→
(BasicitY
*
- :
;q i '
ogacidConnected n
ti n
¥ofHoxygen 0
g¥jH
0
11
µ 431102=7
Hzpoz
PTH
→
i
-
go
n
q :
t
h
•
Basicity =
:
Basicity -2
Find out
basicity ( No
of
-
on bonds ) in
following
CHEMICAL
'
1) Hzcoz HM 03 1431304 , 1425041 1725208 ,
CHEMICAL BONDING
, ,
BONDING
-
Hzszof tlfpzof , ,
IT
% i
ai
g-
e
'
ii )
o
>
N
"
Liii)
1-1%-9 ,
y
°
l
H (3)
H H (1)
(2)
i ñ it
iv)
s
%
µ,
←
s
%=o evil 0=5
\o/ sign
o/\o o/\o
of
1-9 he
-
9 n
1
A
⑨
the (2)
(2) % %
p p -
oh
no
\o/ ' (4)
oh
Fe ( CN )6] Chi
Kt (
↳*⇐
CHEMICAL
BONDING Ligands
( Feccnl)oj*
-
CHEMICAL
! ??
BONDING -
cn-
lone
has
pair
one
[ 4kt ]
- . .
- - -
→ it can be
set C- 1) ✗ 6=-24
-14
IN donated
✗
by
-
-12
(
=
" £ eÑ
Te
-12
=
[ Ar] ,
3dg ,
45° 4p°,4do
,
•
>
✓ forming
✓ gf
= - " co-ordinate
←
#
-
en
f bond
-
61cm we
11411+1+1+1 LE EN
NI s .N= 6+-0--6 , s1¥d2
pairing
14141€
E- 1-11-7 |Hyboid=d2sp±*
I. in ,
cat in di,
IW find out
hybridisation of cNC
CHEMICAL "
LNICCN )qj2 [ Nicety

from dsp2
=
SIS
cnet.IE
Ex .
14114 -1
24¥
H
CHEMICAL
n' ⑦
CHEMICAL BONDING
BONDING
In
-
/
Yin
trite
'
n
F- CHI ) = I -0-2×12--0
f- ( ( H2)
= I
-0-2×21=0
FCEY = 5- 0-8×1-2=-11
formal
Net
charge -11
=
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL EXCEPTION OF OCTET RULE
BONDING
(a) Electron deficient molecules or hypovalent :-
(i) Molecules in which central atom has less than 8 electrons
in its valence shell.
a
gin ,
,
(ii) Act as a Lewis acid(electron pair acceptor)
E.g.
Cl—Be —Cl (Be has 4 electrons in its valence shell)
Other example :- F Br
ie / ,
AlCl3, BF3, BBr3, SnCl2 etc.
u
/
Al
' f
-
Ff ,
B ? -
Br
u
BONDING (b) Electron rich molecules or hypervalent :-
(i) Molecules in which central atoms has more than 8 electrons in its valence shell.
(ii) Elements of third period and onwards form such type of molecules due to presence of
vacant d orbitals.
Cl
E.g. (P has 10 electrons in
Cl P Cl its valence shell)
Cl Cl
Other examples :- SF6 ,IF7, XeF2 etc.
a- •
SFG
÷ : →
IT lP=o(CAA,
CHEMICAL
= 0 I
÷÷%t÷É
CHEMICAL BONDING&N=6+o=G_
-
BONDING
:
E Hybrid i.
sp3d2
' "
Ac-
pair
total Mo 3×6=18
of lone =
No
of v. e- of offer
sharing
s -
= 6×2 -10×2--122
then Excited state Excited

of s =
2nd .
Co
valency of 5=6
-
CHEMICAL s= [ me ]
CHEMICAL BONDING
.
BONDING
S# * = [ Me ] ,
3sI,zp3#2✓
t
Y¥¥
"
"
3p It It It I
¥¥
o
o
÷
"
,
• bond -_ 14
:Éj§
:
I? :
IT bond __ 0
CHEMICAL
-
1-
dip ( CA ) =
BONDING CHEMICAL
:É -
! .fi
- -
.
BONDING S . M = 4+1 = -5
Hybridisation sp3d .
total No
of lone
pair 3×41-1=13
=
Co -
valency = *
vie 10
of after
sharing
=
s ,
then feist Excited state
S [ Me ] 35,3pA 3d 0
✓
=
,
,
3s ☒
[ Me ] 3s ?
=
. spq ,,
,
sp3d_ ,
EX '
Sfg 1- → 51=5-0
CHEMICAL t
CHEMICAL BONDING
'
BONDING ¥
1174€]
Figg
F-
\ /
É
. .
*
⇐ F
/ Modern
representation
F) /
F
f F
Explain the formation of BFF
131--3 + F- -
BFI 2d ✗
B [ He ] 2s ? zpl
117¥41
=
,
B* = [ He ] ,
2s2p2 as
BF
excitation }
✓ in which
of B
in is BFI
÷
-
Bt-
1st µ
Ans →
F IF
✓
131=3 +2 F- → BF-52 [ true / False ]
CHEMICAL
[ true / False ]
-
✓
Pds + a- -
PUG
p = [ Me] ,
3s ? 3103 3d°
.
U
i¥-
-
p* = [ Me] , 351,3103 ,
3dL
÷ :
u
" i
CHEMICAL
BONDING
skmi c hui d eraneeop-QEre.
no
CHEMICAL BONDING
000
"
→
p e Break
•
Putt [ exist ] pas ,
Pelt , PUT , PUS
, -
comment about existence of above molecule .
É (1) Paz P [ Me ] 3s? 3103

= ,
[ Ground state]
1¥ if
not a UU
Does
3÷y3P3 3¥ ] unfair
py # p* = [ Me ]
which
=
, ,
exist is not feasible

351,3103 3d I
P* [Me]
÷¥4y
= = ,
,
CHEMICAL (P*)+ = 3s
't
,
3103 ,
3d°

EH Tutu's
¥¥÷
p = [ Me] ,
3s ? 3103 3d°
.
p* = [ Me] , 351,3103 ,
3dL
"
a
÷
Pus ( exist ) C exist )
about existany with their CES )
HI (1) comment of >
'
IF , Ifs IFG
CHEMICAL 1)
✓
IFZ
✗
, Ifz
✓
, Iff ,
✗ ✓
,
✗
, IFF
✓
BONDING %) CHEMICAL
XEF,
✗
Xefz Xefz BONDING
eF4 ✗eFÉ
✓
, ,
✗
✓
,
~
,
✗
eFsi✗eFG
✓
✗ ✗
Iit
) SF Sfz , Sfz ,
SFA , 51--5-1,51=5 , SE
✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ ☒ it ✓
'v
) 131--3 , BFF , 131=5-2
✓ ✓ ✗
V1 Betz ,
Be -1-5 ,
Be 1=4-2
✓
✓ ✓
)
#
V1 AIF} Alf
,
-5 Ucf
cwUg-
V11 ) ( CU C.
Clf , , ,
¥44
✗ ✗
VIII )
, siqj2
✓ ✓
CHEMICAL
toute -1
→ Putt
*
/ ce
P= ☒ e) 3s ? 3103 a
☒t#]☒ →
BONDING (c) Odd electron molecules :-
(i) Molecules in which central atom has odd number of electrons in valence shell.
(ii) Due to presence of unpaired electron they are paramagnetic in nature.
_*:_÷ u¥
E.g. NO,NO2 ,ClO2,ClO3 etc.
✓ (d) Cation having pseudo inert gas configuration :-

Cations which has 18 electrons in outermost shell.
+1=0
.
E.g. Zn+2, Cd+2, Hg+2, Cu+, Ag+, Au+ etc.
g.
•
:
cation
inert
psuedo ← Electronic Configuration of Zn+2 :- 1s2 2s2 2p6,3s2 3p6 3d10
exist 18 e¯
"
CHEMICAL o
iv.
←
+ •
NI - I
of
-
NII
A
x ni?
⇐
Np .
¥N=o -
I
-
to
CHEMICAL
BONDING
(e) Cation having 9 to 17electrons in their outermost shell :-
E.g. Mn+2, Fe+2 , Fe+3, Ti+2 etc.
Electronic Configuration of Fe+3 :- 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6 3d5
Less than 18 e¯
BONDING (i) It is defined as combining capacity or bond formation capacity of an element.
(ii) Valence shell electrons of an element decide its valency.
Difference between outermost shell and valence shell of an element :-

Outermost shell:- Shell which has maximum value of principle quantum
number(n)
Valence shell :- Shell whose electrons participate in bond formation.
(i) For s and p block element:- outermost shell and valence shell is same.
For e.g. (a) 2 2 6 1
11Na :- 1s , 2s 2p , 3s
Outermost shell as well as Valence shell :-3s1
(b) 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p5
15P :-
Outermost shell as well Valence shell :- 3s2 3p5
CHEMICAL VALENCY
BONDING (ii) for d and f block element:- outermost shell and valence shell is not same.
For e.g. (a) 25Mn :- 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6,4s2 3d5
Outermost shell :- 4s2
Valence shell :- 4s2 3d5
(b) 58Ce :- 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6, 4s2 3d10 4p6,5s2 4d10
5p6, 6s2 5d1 4f1
Outermost shell :- 6s2
Valence shell :- 6s2 5d1 4f1
CHEMICAL QUESTION
BONDING Q. Which of the following is not an exception of octet rule ?
(1) BF3
F-
✓(2) SiCl4 in
(3) SnCl2
f-
/ the us \U
(4) ClO2
V. e. ⑨
After v. e
=
= 6
sharing
Ans. (2) @
00
it 0--4=0
a-
fence v. e. =±±
After sharing v.e=8_

CHEMICAL QUESTION
Q. Which of the following oxide of nitrogen is an odd electron molecule ?
✓(1) NO2
(2) N2O4
"
'
(3) N2O3
5- →
(4) N2O5 o
Ans. (1)
CHEMICAL FORMAL CHARGE
Formal Charge :- Valence electrons-no of bonds-lone pair electrons
.. .. ..
E.g. O3 = : O = O O :
..
O1= 6 – 2 – 4 = 0
O2= 6 – 3 – 2 = + 1
O3= 6 – 1 – 6 = – 17
CHEMICAL COVALENT BOND
BONDING It is formed by equal contribution (sharing) of unpaired electrons present in the valence shell of
two atoms.
H2 molecule O2 molecule N2 molecule

CHEMICAL COVALENCY
BONDING
I Number of covalent bonds formed by an atom in a covalent molecule.
It is equal to number of unpaired electrons present in the valence shell either in ground state
or in any excited state.
c. [He] 2542102 & In
40¥
= ,
chit , Cau
☒ 1¥11
¥ ÷÷÷
as
otcF.IT
For 2nd period elements: -
in case
-
* 6C :- (Covalency is 2) E.g. :CF2,CO etc.

back bond (G.S.)
1→ or 2s 2p
If ⑤ TEE@ :
co-ordinated IT bond
or IT bond
(Ist E.S.) (Covalency is 4) E.g. :CH4,CO2 etc.

cH4
In case ten 2s 2p
"
back bond 1
H -
N -=Ñ- / Co-ordinated ITbond n-
GIM
I bond
CUE
cut -12W /
i
state of C. = G.s .
→ True False
clot + a- - V5 Tru 1 Her

CHEMICAL COVALENCY
BONDING * 7N :- (Covalency is 3) E.g. :NH3,NCl3 etc.
(G.S.)
2s 2p
For nitrogen excited state is not possible due to absence of vacant orbital that's why NCl 5
does not exist.
* 8O :- (Covalency is 2) E.g. :H2O,OF2 etc.

(G.S.)
2s 2p
For oxygen excited state is not possible due to absence of vacant orbital that's why, OF4, OF6
does not exist.
Maximum covalency for 2nd period elements is 4 (for carbon)

CHEMICAL COVALENCY
BONDING For 3rd period and onwards elements :-
Elements of 3rd period and onwards show variable covalency due to presence of vacant d
orbitals in their valence shell.
15P :- (Covalency is 3) E.g. :PCl3,PF3 etc.

(G.S.)
3s 3p 3d
(Ist E.S.) (Covalency is 5) E.g. :PCl5,PF5 etc.
3s 3p 3d
So variable covalency of P is 3,5.

CHEMICAL COVALENCY
BONDING
16S :- (Covalency is 2) E.g. :SF2,H2S etc.
(G.S.)
I
3s 3p 3d
(IstE.S.) (Covalency is 4) E.g. :SF4,SO2 etc.
3s 3p 3d
(2nd E.S.) (Covalency is 6) E.g. :SF6,SO3 etc.
3s 3p 3d
So variable covalency of S is 2,4,6.

CHEMICAL COVALENCY
BONDING X(Cl/Br/I) :- (Covalency is 1) E.g. : ICl,ClF etc.
÷
(G.S.)
ns np nd
(Ist E.S.) :- (Covalency is 3) E.g. : ClF3, BrF3 etc.
ns np nd
(2nd E.S.) :- (Covalency is 5) E.g. : BrF5, IF5 etc.
ns np nd
(3rd E.S.) :- (Covalency is 7) E.g. : IF7 etc.
ns np nd
So variable covalency of Halogens is 1,3,5,7.

CHEMICAL COVALENCY
BONDING Xe :-
(G.S.)
5s 5p 5d
(Ist E.S.) :- (Covalency is 2) E.g. : XeF2 etc.
5s 5p 5d
(2nd E.S.) :- (Covalency is 4) E.g. : XeF4 etc.
5s 5p 5d
(3rd E.S.) :- (Covalency is 6) E.g. : XeF6 etc.
5s 5p 5d
(3rdE.S.) :- (Covalency is 8) E.g. : XeO4 etc.
5s 5p 5d
So variable covalency of Xe is 2,4,6,8.

-1
Iz -1 It → Iz
CHEMICAL ☒
00
CHEMICAL BONDING
:÷ ÷ :L
.
BONDING -
- I
/
I :O
+
I
**±
Modern
oepoes
-
Iz -1 I -
Iz u
I -
I
☐
] ( 0
←
I
① A
/
1- ④
\I
→ 5. N= 2+2=4
Sps
gg
>
linear 5%1=2+3 =
sp > d-
?⃝
EI comment about
existence of 1--5 , Brj , 45,1=5
CHEMICAL
Sogn
Es CHEMICAL BONDING exist]
-
l not
BONDING -
Does
É -
quota
F- F + - ✗
a
* #
u - U ← a-
due to High
V5 -
EM
and small
( Does not exist ) size
B- ( exist ) but these are

large
Anions so their .
stability is
high with
large cation .
Brj / Ij [ exist with K+ , Rbt ,

Csi , Te* ]
m
CHEMICAL if Louise will

get
we CSI } we
BONDING *) Cst
CHEMICAL BONDING
-
Cst
Iz (b) Iz
-
+ + I +
it
Cst 3-1 (d)
) (C) I Cs -1 Iz
-
3.
" 't y
Fee
-
"
( 1)
✗b
@ 13+3
µ
,
6=-4 Advance
20/3/2015
a-
set
-
-111-3 Te
-1
Iz
-
- +
comment aboit
(1) exist because inert
Tet
of pair effect
d) exist
Ij with large cation Tet
(2) (
302 O - C == C c = 0
CHEMICAL
BONDING (3)
CHEMICAL
Szoq Y ( SOS ) BONDING
= trimer
or
of song
F
⑧ 521--10
'
F
HI 52-1=8 F
Rb -1
⑨
-1M I :)
RBIS
CHEMICAL
BONDING
-
:÷÷÷
CHEMICAL BONDING
1--05 ✓
11100) ↳ M3 ( ✗ 13 → ✗ = U
, MHz ,
Br ,
NI ,
ete
✗ MHz Malamine
ji,
-
Fyi
,
✗
-
:N✗!
C
1
V. B. T ( valence Bond )
theory :
.
CHEMICAL
shape ofCHEMICAL
orbitals : :
BONDING
BONDING
(1) sorbitol :
sp-hen.cat .
:÷ -
☒
Ys is
4s
•
P-orbital-idunrb.by#
( iD
CHEMICAL
¥-2
7
CHEMICAL BONDING
BONDING
^
←*x
8. "
.
it
F- :O .
d-orb-itds-odowble.la#b-beU
2
ay 74
2 2
:&:
dxy
> ✗
→☒¥×*&×u
dyz dxz
•
d ✗ 2-42
÷÷
dz2
*
CHEMICAL
BONDING
+
-
CHEMICAL BONDING F- +
.
+ → ✗
c-
-
'
'
-
. . -
-
+
-
+
:
+
-
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL V.B.FI
) Atom combine to lower their
'
Energy
BONDING in
CHEMICAL
to
BONDING
order
get stability
.
%) In v. B. T Orbitals are considered as wave and

.
overlaying of orbitals means combination

of wave
amplitude of orbital (
algebraically ) .
A -
B
A + B >
+
+
+ >
#
YA
4b¥ , 4- YA -14ps
?⃝
:§!
'm ""
A
;
+ ☐
take
place
CHEMICAL +
+ :
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING -

Nodal plane
YB
YA
# 1-
+ →
4=114--4.1
☒ ii$÷ 9f wave
Amplitude of orbitals are added then
overlaying is know positive overlap ing . In this

type
of overlap ing bond formation take place .
A -
B
A
E
>
+ B
+
+
+ >
YA
4b¥ ,
# 4- YA -14ps
?⃝
?⃝
A -
B
A + B >
CHEMICAL -
+
-
>

.
"
t.tl#--fY--YAtYrs(iv)9f
YB
wave
amplitude functions of orbitals subtracted
cancelled each other then mode
of overlap ing called
or
in
ne
overlapping this no bond formation takes place
- .
EI No bond formation
'
A + ☐ >
take
place
+ ⇐ ,
+
- Nodal plane
YB
4A
F. # f-
+ →
4=114--4.1
µ gf wave
amplitude function do not affect
mode is
CHEMICAL
each other then
of overlap ing
BONDING called
CHEMICAL
overlap
zero
BONDING
ing
No bond.
formation .
( INA - ✗ axis )
-
÷•:-. - . -
No
overlap ing .
/ zero overlap
ing
¥
Consequences of v. B. T :-.
CHEMICAL it when a
single filled atomic orbital overlap
having filled with
with anotherorbital
single
with
opposite spin positive fashion then covalent
bond is formed .
91 L > 1L
Covalent Bond
B - A B
it + -
di) when overlap
a
completely filled orbital
with orbital in positive fashion
CHEMICAL completely vacant
BONDING
then
CHEMICAL BONDING
co-ordinate bond formed .
Tv >
th
co-ordinate bond .
→ once a coordinate bond is formed behave

it as
covalent bond .
A - B - it - Ñ
( modern
represent
) .
Internuclear Axis :
CHEMICAL eerie orbitals

the
going Nucleus two
CHEMICAL of
BONDING
•
BONDING
which are
going
to
overlap .
:
Before
taping internal ear
over axis
•
must
mentioned .
.
•
if internuclear axis is not mentioned then
consider Y ✗
z-axis as INA .
•
2
•
>
I _¥-*→✓
✓ ✓
✗
Type of over
taping :÷
.
CHEMICAL
is Head overlap
CHEMICAL BONDING ing
or Axial :-.
BONDING on
when in the direction of INA the
taping
-
over occurs
overlap
overlap
ing
is called Head axial
ing
on or .
to
'
Head
taping Sigma
-
Due on over bond G) formation

take
place .
D
ng : for internuclear axis
any its
overleaping will be Head on $0 formation

of
bond will be or bond .
+
+
+ > .
>
✗ axis
CHEMICAL bond
CHEMICAL BONDING
•
S
.
BONDING -
s .
HI TITA
To !
bond
=
•
>
zaxij
:O
•
+
cii) Px + Px
CHEMICAL is axis
(a) INA ( bl )
CHEMICAL BONDING
✗ -
BONDING
.
F-
Ipx -
Px bond
iii. s and Px
(a) INA → ✗ -
axis
>
-
sp,
?⃝
(b) INA axis
y
-
•
CHEMICAL → No -
overlaying
BONDING CHEMICAL
a
BONDING
teyaxis
Zaxis
similarly for stpx in INA -
INA
Py
.
HI i
, +
Py →
y axis
CID Pz + Pz → 2- axis
CHEMICAL VALENCE BOND THEORY (VBT)
BONDING Overlapping Concept :
• When 2 atoms are bonded through covalent bond then their Half filled atomic orbitals get
combined.
• Half filled orbitals must have electrons of opposite spin.
• Overlapping of orbitals will be along internuclear axis of bonded atoms.
Types of overlapping :
(i) Head on / co-axial overlapping
(ii) Side wise / Collateral overlapping
BONDING (i) Head on / co-axial overlapping :
• Atomic orbitals overlap head to head along the internuclear axis.
• Sigma (s) bond is formed.
Let z-axis is internuclear axis.
(A) s—s overlapping :-
s s s–s
BONDING
(B) s—p overlapping :-
(C) p—p overlapping :-

BONDING (ii) Sidewise overlapping :
• Atomic orbitals overlap side by side along the internuclear axis.
• Pi(p)bond is formed.
(A) p—p overlapping (pp – pp bond)

Let z axis is Internuclear axis.
E.g. N2 N N
:Ñ=Ñ=Ñ :
① ✗
a ✗
CHEMICAL
a
"
N
N=°
of \o/ to
H N -_→c :
H CEN : time
-
ii=÷ :N=m→É : :c
"
I
*
•
:
:X .
Hy¥s.=sp
Acc to
.
you o=si=o
CHEMICAL
BONDING '
CHEMICAL BONDING '
i i i
O S -0 Si o -
Si - o - -
,
. . - - -
-
l I 1
o
O o
I
l l
g ?
si o
-
o - - -
o o
- -
-
-
! !
↳
- .
1 Hybridisation
0 (4+0)
'
Sp3
.
I
→
a
CHEMICAL a
s
-

•
o ¥
CHEMICAL
BONDING (B) p—d overlapping (pp – dp bond)
( is
( ti)
His
-
ivl
✓ V7
-
vy
axis
d) dxy and
Py along ✗
CHEMICAL y
CHEMICAL BONDING
¥É:¥÷ *
BONDING
ltdxy -
Py .
4) dxy and Px ANA

Y
1¥08
dxy ttdxy -
① dxz -1 Pz ( INA 2. axis
)
⇐
.
z
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL BONDING
¥-☒_
BONDING
Td✗z- DX
iv,
W
CHEMICAL
BONDING (C) d—d overlapping (dp – dp bond) :-
DeltaBond_:÷ Delta bond is formed when
CHEMICAL all four lobes

of d. orbital
overlaps .

diy dxy
INA axis
?
-⇐=Re%
→ 2
+
Re
ny A
/
10,21T , 18
_:¥ →÷
✗
Zaxis
die + dxy CINA Zaxis )
CHEMICAL y
D-
•
:*
0.*
.
overlap ing
Len
bond
formation
µ,
Note
-
points :÷ is
Higher the extent
of overlap ing
shorter
CHEMICAL higher strength the bond the
BONDING bond CHEMICAL

Length BONDING .
side wise
ii) Head -
on over
taping extent
always higher than
overleaping always stronger

. this means • bond than
IT bond .
IIT ) increases extent

As the
size of orbital
of
overlapping decreases so bond
strength decreases .
%) if size of orbitals are same then orbital having

directional Nature has
higher extent
of overlaying .
/ 2s -2s { 2s 2p < ap -
ap Csrbond )
C-
taping
bond )
• order of extent of over
CHEMICAL
BONDING → IS -
Is > CHEMICAL BONDING
Is -2ps Is -2s >
p 2p > 2p > 2 -
2s -
2s -25
> 2p 3p-
> 2p -3s > 2s -3s
order extent 2P
•
of of overlap ing of it bond .
= °
1-
3p=
3d = 0
2 PIT -2pct dit > 3d

3Pñ-3
> 2Pa 3d > 2PM BPH > 3d IT -3Mt
"
-3 IT IT
>
-
-
=
to
Does not
* bellow p do exist
3rd period or Block element
-
not form IT bond with

itself .
( si # o
)
?⃝
CHEMICAL
-④⑧
Due to
participation
*
of Node in
overlapping
3 Pit -
3PM bond become
so weak $0 that tgt
does not exist .
spy spy
✓
'
9=4 \p=pT
,
✗
exists
'
nitrogen
diatomic
why
and
E¥ oxygen
as
CHEMICAL and exist in

white phosphorous sulphur
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING"
form
polyatomic
:|
.
" "
i
Ex .
"
0=0:
↳
:
- - i
.
.
:S?
6 0
:P p;
E. NIM :
④⑧
CHEMICAL
BONDING
iii )
n¥¥-É→ n-⇐¥
CHEMICAL BONDING
÷8E¥: - ×
Free
Rotation
along sigina
band but
possible not
possible in IT bond .
BONDING Comparison between s and p bond
s-bond s-bond
Is IT bond .
1. Formed by axial overlapping. 1. Formed by side by side overlapping.

2. Involves s-s, s-p, p-p orbitals. 2. Involves p-p, p-d & d-d orbital.
3. 3. Extent of overlapping is more so 3. Extent of overlapping is less so
stronger weaker
4. 4. Free rotation around s bond is
possible 4. Free rotation around p bond is
not possible
Strength of Covalent Bond extent of overlapping

CHEMICAL QUESTION
BONDING Q. Predict the nature of bond in following combinations.
Orbitals Internuclear axis Bond
s + px z-axis No bond
................
px + px x-axis - bond
................
py + py y-axis or bond
................
pz + pz z-axis • bond
................
px + px y or z-axis IT bond
................
py + py x or z axis it bond
................
pz + pz x or y axis IT bond
................ .
CHEMICAL QUESTION
BONDING Q. Number of s and p bonds present in CH3—CH =CH—C CH are :-
(1) 10s, 3p
H
(2) 10s, 2p c-
d"=
E-
g-
(3) 9s, 2p c-
n
(4) 8s, 3p
Ans. (1) H
CHEMICAL QUESTION
BONDING Q. p-p overlapping will be observed in the molecules of :-
(A) Hydrogen IS - IS
(B) Hydrogen bromide IS -

Ap
(C) Hydrogen chloride IS -
3P
✓
(D) Chlorine 3P -
3p
Ans. (D)
BONDING
Factors affecting overlapping / Bond strength :-
(i) Size of overlapping orbital (n is different) :-
1
Bond strength
Size of overlapping orbital
E.g. (a) C — C > Si — Si > Ge — Ge > Sn — Sn
2p 2p 3p 3p 4p 4p 5p 5p
(b) H — F > H — Cl > H — Br > H — I

1s 2p 1s 3p 1s 4p 1s 5p
BONDING
(ii) lone pair – lone pair repulsion :-
1
Bond strength
lp – lp repulsion
"
" " "
-
> -
> -
<
<
<
Order of Bond dissociation energy in Halogen molecules Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2
Bond
of fluorine become almost equate to iodine
energy
BONDING (iii) Directional nature of orbitals : (n is same)
Bond strength directional nature
E.g.:- 2s – 2s < 2s – 2p < 2p – 2p
i
(non-directional) (directional)
bond strength ↑
E.g.:- (2p-3d)p > (2p-3p)p
bond strength ↓
CHEMICAL QUESTION
BONDING Q. At room temperature N2 exist but P2 does not exist, why ?
Ans. Strong p bond is formed between 2nd period elements.
Remember :-
Same explanation for existence of O2 and non existence of S2 at room temperature.
9-
why hybridisation were
required ?
CHEMICAL
BONDING Chit CHEMICAL BONDING
c : [ He ] ,
251 2102
[
*
: [ He ] ,
1251 , 2103
1¥ iÑ
i
c-
µ
☐÷¥Ii☐:I
↳ IS IS IS IS
↳ Is -2s
type
Types of Bond 1 [ 17
µ ( )
t ↳ is -
2p type [ 3]
this shows there two
are
types of bond having two different
typof bond
length and Bond
strength .
face . to
VBTJ
all bonds have
practically
But it is observed
CHEMICAL same
length
and
strength same .

E: [ He] ,
2s
't
, 2103
1g1;Hpl_ .
. '
sp
.
- Sps Sps Sps sp ]
sis
☒÷
s All are identical
in
shape and
energy
.
"
÷e :
CHEMICAL H
BONDING C* = CHEMICAL
[ He ]2103
,
BONDING
Is
'
,
!:!:!: . . . . .
.
i.
-
±-¥±
→
.
-
-
spa spa spa
☒
.
.
.
.
as
=
①
h -
CIC -
h
CHEMICAL
2$03
'
: [He] .
2s ,
TEH . . -
t.FI
.
:
El .
.
.
.
-
-
" -
¥÷¥
.
it ñ
8 40 -111T + oep
CHEMICAL ÷:-/
p p
11¥
BONDING to:-& BONDING
CHEMICAL "
.
six -_ 4+0=4
÷ :O:
← :
Sps
F
/
" f
's
y.gs?BP5 ' , F
sst.sps.si
_☒FÉ
⇐ [
F
tip-OFF
**
* '
off
F '
f- ° -
o
, /
o =P p=o
to
611005 ] &
'
"
-1%01-87 Pao
→ exai.me/-ao--P
sogtai n i n ct polio
-
1-
'
°
phosphate -
water
go
i. " -
"
agent
"
calgaan
•
-
6*+7
sodium hexa metaphosphate .
ñ Ii it
CHEMICAL p p p
! IoT
\o/
-
/ I oh

no
OH
OH
¥ : i pñ
of \o/Yon
no Ton \o/
0 U
f) OH OH
÷ i.
¥.¥ o o
:
3rd ,
3rd
CHEMICAL s
/
s
3Pñ-3
N
S =P
I 1!
s
↳ -p
s
= S
Il
N -1 \ /
p
11
µ
#
ii.
C
\
N
C
"
'
/
"
=ni=µ-
*
=Ñ=N I ,
CHEMICAL IN -_
ii. .
[ odd electron
]
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING species
N=° [ odd electron

]
•
↳
species
o
BONDING Need for hybridisation :-
If C atom uses pure orbitals for bond formation in CH4 molecule –
H=
1s 1s 1s 1s
CHEMICAL HYBRIDISATION
BONDING •
CHEMICAL
1 C–H bond by 1s–2s overlapping
BONDING
• 3 C–H bond by 1s–2p overlapping
Q (1s–2s < 1s–2p)
extent of overlapping ↑
\ Three C–H bond (1s–2p) are stronger than one C–H bond (1s–2s)
• Three C–H bond by (1s–2p) are at 90° and direction of one C–H bond
(1s–2s) is uncertain.
• But fact is that shape of CH4 is tetrahedral and all C–H bond lengths are equal.
BONDING Postulates of Hybridisation :-
• Mixing of atomic orbitals having different shape and approximate equal energy.
• Redistribution of energy to form new orbitals of same shape & same energy.
• These new orbitals are called hybrid orbitals and the phenomenon is called hybridisation.
• Hybridisation is the mixing of orbitals and not of electrons. Therefore in hybridisation full
filled, half filled and empty orbitals may participate.
• Number of the hybrid orbitals formed is always be equal to number of atomic orbital which
have participate in the process of hybridisation.
• After hybridization hybrid orbitals arrange themselves and arrangement of hybrid orbitals
is known as electronic geometry of molecule.
different atomic orbitals
Intermixing of
•
•
CHEMICAL of same atom

having slightly same or
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING in such so

different energy
a manes
orbitals
of this
that number
they produce same
identical and
energy phenomenon
having shape
.
orbitals are
is called
hybridisation
and
produced
orbital
called
hybrid
.
hypothetical phenomenon
is
•
Hybridisation purely a
to be
there is no practical evidence .
St is
just thought
occurring before actual

oversleeping .
identical
• All
hybrid orbital have
shape
and
CHEMICAL energy
:-•÷
repelsorbital each other so

they
Hybrid
•
try to far possible as

such
arrangement
stay aways
.
as
that information of
produce 's
fixed geometry
a give .
fix geometry of molecule .
Hybridise
+ ¥ > 2 ④
s P* sp
" b"
CHEMICAL
: +
18 > &
Iso
.
BONDING
s
CHEMICAL
py BONDING
y
+
8 +
D- 3 @
PI
PI In y plane
4¥
✗
CHEMICAL
+
f- +
pan
+
& * @
Pz
Py
-
'
piggies
BONDING
BONDING
• C–H bond is formed by sp3– s overlapping

• Total bond angles of 109°28' = 6
• All C–H bonds are identical
BONDING No.of hybrid Electronic Geometry of
Hybridisation
orbitals molecule
1 sp (s+px) linear
2 sp2(s+px+py) Trigonal planer
3 sp3(s+px+py+pz) Tetrahedral
Trigonal bipyramidal
4 sp3d(s+px+py+pz+dz2) (lp is placed at
Equatorial Positions)
BONDING Square
bipyramidal/
Octahedral
5 sp3d2(s+px+py+pz+dz2+dx2-y2)
(lp is placed
anywhere)
Pentagonal
sp3d3 (s+p 2 2 2
x+py+pz+dz +dx -y +dxy) Bipyramidal
6
(1 lp at equatorial position)
(2 lp at axial positions)
Prediction of Hybridisation state:-
Number of Hybrid Orbitals = Number of s bonds + Number of lone pair on

central atom
(1) Sp -
Hybridisation : Beck
CHEMICAL 't 't

Be* [He]
CHEMICAL BONDING
2s 2p
BONDING Be : 25,2100
[ He ] ,
,
=
, ,
Hybridisation
2s
+
# .
> 2 @
sp
2 Px
pzyqsp.BE 180
.
U
u -132-6
Linear .
cii ) spa Hybridisation : 131=3
CHEMICAL B : [ He] 25 zpl B* : [ He] , 251,2102
CHEMICAL BONDING
,
BONDING
,
-1¥ "" "
2s
+ A- +
f- 3 @
Px
②F
Py
' F
I
2 B F-
B)
\
120°
,=
④
. triangular
planer
.
?⃝
Sps Hybridisation : CHA
CHEMICAL É [ He ] 2s
'
2103
CHEMICAL BONDING
,
.
BONDING
+
to +
⑦ ¢ +
-
Hybridisation
40
s Px
by Pz
HI
④ ( / 1111711
' µ
#¥P H
on
Es pas -142
Spd hybridisation : Ex Pels
.
.
CHEMICAL 3d I
351 3103
BONDING p* =
CHEMICAL BONDINGHybrii
[ Me] ,
, ,
wa " """ " "

S
+18+-0*+8 P× Pz dz2
, g @
py
U
(a)
.
/
I
•
_p¥
'
/ a
.
agony
get
g- a
.
-
←
-
Le]
"" ""
(a) l , > liz LTBP )
BLCE ) { BLCAJ
sp3d2tlybrid-isat.cm : Ex Sfs
.
CHEMICAL § :* '
3103 3d2
[Me] 3s
CHEMICAL BONDING
, ,
BONDING
,
-8*8*+8--60
S
py
Px Pz di d✗2_y2
F
a & F÷¥=
:# F
Square bipramidal /
octahedral .
Hybridisation
's
Spd :÷ Ex :
Ifz
CHEMICAL ** * kid , -5s
'
5103,543
[
1-
CHEMICAL BONDING
= ,
BONDING
+
18-+4-+1*+80 -1$ -1¥
S
Py Pzse Pz pdz2 d ✗ 2-42 dxy
"
- I @
€÷i f
F
, ,
F
pentagonal bipyramid"
>
•
UI ? ( odd electron )
CHEMICAL "
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING o
• •
> K -1 + OI :& :-&?

( odd electron )
66
> • U=° ( odd electron

"
species)
o
Bath
-
→
+ 2mn04
:p
:
Mn
:
= -
ur
y o .
°o°
:O .
.
-
> Cst + tlzpog

CHEMICAL to
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING :O :
11
P-
H
-
(4-12)--6 ( sp3d2 ) o o
0 in
* ¥tii
do
: "
:
y
y
⑥
µ v0
% o
-
5.* Too
/ Iu
§
"
6
,
:
(4+2) §p3d2)
21--43 →
1--246 dimerise
get .
-
→ Nat + I 03
CHEMICAL
BONDING °I=É
CHEMICAL BONDING •
-
o n
Ya 00
u
0 %
,
6
Cats
-
§
→ 3 + sizoq
-
iii.
o/\o
I 1 °
-
/
E -
si si
to -
f- \o/
i 11°
CHEMICAL "
BONDING g- f-
CHEMICAL Pion
BONDING
OH
NHI
CMT
→ + 0
"
( n
-
Ein ) + o=c=n÷
OR
• - CEN :
°
o a
Éxample :÷ find the
hybridisation and
geometry of
CHEMICAL following
.
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING ✗ e04

Beclz ,
503 ,
coz , , PUS , CHIC
"
PUG
BFz.BA?zTeFG,SbF5--
-12
, ✗ e02Fz ,
① •
Beck C- A Be
.
=
, V e -
__ 2 , or bond = 2 ,
IT bond 1--0
,
l p=o
-
steric No / Total
hybrid orbital / THO =
2+0=2
Hybridisation =sp
Linear
geometry
Cl - Be - U
503 C- A S V e 6 s-band =3
②
-_ . - = ,
,
ltbond =-3
CHEMICAL
BONDING t.p-6-C3.gl#--OTH0ISN--
CHEMICAL BONDING
Hybridisation =sp2
3+0=3
,
Geometry triangular planes .
§
of to
③ putt -
c. it = P ,
V. e- 455-1=344 , - bond =4
bond -0
, e. p= 0
*
(
µ
a)
s.M.fm = 4+0--4 ,
Sps
Tetrahedral
-
[
•
BUT C. A = B V e - = 3--1=2 - bond = 2
. , ,
a- bond -_o e. p=o

CHEMICAL ,
BONDING CHEMICAL
/ BONDING
5. N 21-0=2
THO = ,
Hybridisation =sp Linear
ce -
B - u ]+
•
Xeoz 1=2+2 c. A = ✗e ,
V e
-
= 8-2=6
on bond = 14 ltbcnd -_ 2 , lp=0

#
if
[
4+0=4 sp3
]
s.nl =
,
⇐
T.ie
BONDING E.g.:- (i) XeF4 : - Lone pairs= 2
No.of σ = 4
6(sp3d2 )
(ii) ClF3 : - Lone pairs= 2

No.of σ = 3
5(sp3d)
(iii) XeF6 : - Lone pairs= 1

No.of σ = 6
7(sp3d3 )
(iv) XeO3 : - Lone pairs= 1

No.of σ = 3
4(sp3 )
BONDING
ion
Oxygen Containing Oxygen not containing
Put (-) ve charge Put (+) ve charge Put all kind of charge on
on oxygen on central atom central atom
BONDING (v) NH4+ : - Lone pairs= 0
No.of σ = 4
4(sp3 )
(vi) I3 — : - Lone pairs= 3

No.of σ = 2
5 (sp3d)
(vii) PO43— : - Lone pairs= 0

No.of σ = 4
4 (sp3 )
BONDING Examples:-
1. CO3–2
2. NO2+
3. SO4–2
4. ClO4–
5. ICl2–
6. I3 +
CHEMICAL
BONDING NH3.ci/t--N,CHEMICAL
v.e--s-,rbond--3.1BONDING
Tbcnd--olop.--tTH0/SN--4sp3 Ñ
tetrahedral
geometry n.fi "
Hof C. A = 0 ,
Vie -_ 6
,
• bond =3
Abend = 0
, lap = 2 ,
→ S.nl 14 Sps tetrahedral

0%
-
,
✓ \H
V-shape
VSEPR
theory
CHEMICAL
a -
BONDING
Valence shell electron pair
CHEMICAL BONDING repulsion theory .
shell atom distributed

the valence
of
• an are
in two
types
.
bonded electrons
•
pair : lone
pair
the not it
repulsion b/w these two
pair is same
•
follows .
lopo -
lop > lip -
bp y b. p - b p
↳ d- B- dB 7 dB -
SB > SB -
SB
µÉI¥e
EX - I
t¥
a
CHEMICAL
BONDING his CHEMICAL BONDING
H
✗
✗ =P > P
7 B > Y
Note:÷ Due to valence electron

pair repulsion geometry of
molecule distorted molecule and
get
the
from actual .
it is called
irregular geometry .
hiregulus
•
geometry may be
produced due to
different terminal group ( distance)

in
•
Lone
pair are not counted shape .
CHEMICAL
BONDING
•
sp
-
hybridisation : 11-132
CHEMICAL BONDING
ABL .
B :A B ( linear )
A
-
B
-
-
( il)
sp2 hybridisation :
ABz ,
ABZL ABG
oep Ilp Zep

1B
① @
A -
B
/ A
B / ☒ ④
☐ B B
(131--3) 402) linear

Bent
Triangular
or
planes
i v shape
¥3 Hybridisation 17133L ,ABzLz
A- ABL }
Bq ,
CHEMICAL olp Iep Zlp 3lp .

B A
1
A AAF QI -
B
A
# B) /
\B
B-
b) B B B B
Linear
bent /v
tetrahedral
Pyramidal
shape
cÑ4 tell
MHz tho
?⃝
Bent rule : lone
pair always occupy
•
CHEMICAL equatorial position

BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING atom
⑥
÷ most
electronegative
in axial
position .
|②c i
,
Pcharacter
higher
in
will
axial
be
bonds
bonds
than
equatorial
'
.
1.
sposd Hybridisation :
CHEMICAL A- B. 5 17134L 1713312 AB£3

CHEMICAL BONDING
,
BONDING
,
, ,
④ ep Ilp Zep zep

B
B B
,B
←%É I
? ☐ ⇐A
-
µj to I
☐
,
-
f.
-
!☐
-
B
B B
B
TBP
See-Saw- T -
shape linear
Trigonal bipyramid at
Xeta
Pds , Pfs etc - . 51=41 Afz
sprsdz Hybridisation :
CHEMICAL ABG 17135L A- 13412
CHEMICAL BONDING
,
,
BONDING oep Up zlp 1-
.jp#--.pBF-.jf--:BB:.----!p-E
'
B
:B
B
B
:*
B
B
'
B
B
tp B
Square planet
Square bipyramid at
square
octahedral
pyramidal XeF*
.
51=6 .
IF -5,41=5 .ete
}
SPI : ABF , ABI
CHEMICAL B
BONDING CHEMICAL ☐BONDING
BE ,¥;☐ ?
B
FB
b
☐ ⇐ t.gg?--:B
caped octahedral .
Pentagonal
bipyramid Xefg
at
IEF
HW_ ÷ tend hybridisation geometry and
shape
CHEMICAL
BONDING
of following
CHEMICAL BONDING
?
502 BUT >

,
, Caz ,
MHz ,
Siu } H2O ,
CCH , PUS
,
PF3 51=2 420 CUI PF PF3U2 PECK

Clf
, ,
, , , ,
51=4 IF]
,
. Xefz I -5 IFS
, , i XeF4
Teat , ✗ eFz+ IUI SFG
, ,
,
✗ eoff
, IUE
PUP ,
✗etc. XEFÉ
,
remaining two
C- A I
1-3- = = I ,TA=
CHEMICAL V. e= 7+1=8
BONDING CHEMICAL
•bond
BONDING
loop
8I2_
-_ 2 =
=3
It bond -_ o
S.nl/THo=2t3=s---sp3dC3e.p )
A-
13213
*
p
±
-
¥
-
1A
⇐p¥B
I
:p
-
8-1=7
Xefzt c- A = Xe V. e =
bond =3 bond e.
CHEMICAL p=
7-2--3=2
o 1T = 0
s.nl/THo--5,AB3t2,T-shape(F--xe.j/
p
,
+
,
BONDING f CHEMICAL BONDING

spsd
F
-
IC / 4-1 '
,
C- A = I ,
-7-1=6
V. e-
,
a- bond =4 , 1Tbond=o
lip =
62--4=1 "
,
SM =
41-1=5 , Sp3d . 111-1344
1
4=-7-1
In
P V e 5 bond =5
Pfzclz C- A =
-
-_ -
,
, ,
IT bond e.
CHEMICAL =o
, p=o

S.nl/THo--5-,sp3d,ABzCz
F
' BP
÷
III c. A = I
,
V. e= 7+1=8
,
onboard =4 ,
1T bond -0
lip (8-4)/2--2 sp3d ?

-_
,
s.nl =
4+2=6 i A- 13412
square planet
[ Y
u
]
bond 5 A bond
xeo-T-qi.CA = Xe V. e = 8 - =
, = I
, ,
e.
CHEMICAL 8-(52--11)
p
S.nl/TH0--5+1--Gsp3d2,AB-sL
=
= 1 ,

Square .
pyramidal
÷
ti
e
←
•
and atoms
Analysing planes :
CHEMICAL →
Mo
Of Containing
Plane 3 atom C. 6+14
BONDING cµ$ CHEMICAL

↳ No BONDING = 10
+
of plane containing 3h atom __ *
1-1123
plane-I.rs# 11214
2131C
plane -
1134
us plane ns.cz.it
•@
plane 1141C
plane 2114C
•
✓
plane 3141C
2
•
*
→
PFgU Moot plane containing minimum 3
Fluorine
CHEMICAL : I
.
=

⑧ Farid No
of Plane containing
"
Max fluorine (4) In
(3)
one
plane :n→s¥
→
521=8
→
521=10
ppgy ,
→
xeEq
BONDING Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPRT) :-
• Different electron pairs (bond pair and lone pair) present in the valence shell of central atom
have tendency to repel each other.
• These electron pairs arrange themselves to minimize repulsion and maximize distance
among them.
• Arrangement of these electron pairs in case of minimum repulsion is known as electronic

geometry of molecule.
• Arrangement of only bond pairs of central atom is known as shape/structure/molecular

geometry of molecule.
BONDING Possibilities of different shapes for a particular hybridization :-
of
Tetrahedral
SF2
BONDING
Sp3d3
Sp3d3
Sp3d3
CHEMICAL Question
BONDING Q. CHEMICAL BONDING
In Which of the following pair of species both are isostructural ?
(A) SO2 and SO3
(B) SO2 and H2O
(C) XeF4 and XeO4
(D) SF4 and CH4
Ans. (B)
Remember :- molecules/ions having same shape are isostructural.

CHEMICAL Question
BONDING Remember :- species having linear, V-shape, T-shape, Trigonal planar, Square planar,
Pentagonal planar are planar species.
Q. Identify planar and nonplanar species among following.
(i) SO3
(ii) NH3
(iii)PCl5
(iv) ClF3
CHEMICAL Question
Identification of type of p bond in a covalent molecule/ion.
Hybridization Type of p bonding
sp All p bonds are of pp-pp
One p bond is of pp-pp while

sp2
remaining are of pp-dp
sp3,sp3d,sp3d2,sp3d3 All p bonds are of pp-dp

CHEMICAL Question
BONDING Q. In which of the following molecule pp-pp as well as pp-dp bonds
are present ?
(i) CO2
(ii) SO3
(iii) XeO2F2
(iv) XeO3
Ans. (ii)
odd
Hybridisation of e-
species
:
CHEMICAL •
8 odd electron
BONDING CHEMICAL
A BONDING
central←atom
É
-
a terminal atom
is than terminal atom

1) Central Atom less
Electronegative
A) pull → s character
-
increases
odd e- towards
atom pulls
#¥#*
EN *± central
made that
g
? itself
. and
in
orbital to participate
P character
-
hybridisation
.
this eases
e- orbital
then that upaoied
counted in hybrid orbital .
Ex Cfg Hybridisation Ofc
. •
CHEMICAL
BONDING ⑨CHEMICALodd BONDING
St
electron orbital so participate
* f-
⑧ hybridisation
in F
PT p
THO = I -11+1+1 = 14
sp3
shape Pyramidal
.
Ex
1402
.
⑥ SP so add e-
participates in
hybridisation
→
N
•
¥ ↳
o SN / THO = I -11+1 =3
pp
spa , bent or V.
shape
9- Pms or Pmt -1 exist
why explain .
CHEMICAL "
BONDING
soph p☒ = [ 3st
7
CHEMICAL BONDING
is
large
,
there
energy
difference so no
hybridisation . means
pure orbital
participates in
taping
over
PHI
☒ ⑧
-
¥☒⑦
⇐charge
" which attraction all
Levene toward
energy
PHS nucleus the different
between
Energy
all orbital
overlapping shell becomes
feels large repulsion vey
less so
in
the participates
Hybridisation and form hybrid orbital
which to
CHEMICAL can
repulsion
arrange
reduce

pH
/ +,
-
Fin / exist -
Ex
why
ptis exist
pH+F which and
?
.
or
Bond atoms in
E* .
Compare Angle b/w terminal
CHEMICAL ☒ Hz and ⑦ Pks .
BONDING CHEMICAL35,3ps
BONDING
N
HeÉp3 [ AH ,
Tene is
large
less
energy difference so rgy difference
orbitals
participitatu
in so No
hybridisation only
hybrid
form pure orbital participates
mixing
and
:
them sell
orbitals ,
and
they arrange
Y
Pyramidal
> •
Sp Hep) ,
d- Bsl ,
→
• P . #
0.0
1¥
.
→ .
n
B. A # 990 '
P H
B. A L 109%281
Py
?⃝
Hybridization in odd electron molecules :-
(i) If EN of side atom > EN of central atom :-
Unpaired electron of central atom participate in hybridization
E.g. :
•
CF3
ENof F>ENof C
\no.of hybridorbitals= 4
Hybridisationof C is sp3
BONDING CHEMICAL
(ii) If EN of side atom < EN of central atom :-
BONDING
Unpaired electron of central atom does not participate in hybridization
E.g. :
•
CH3
\ ENof H<ENof C
no.of hybridorbitals= 3
Hybridisationof Cissp2
Remember :- NO and ClO form dimer at low temperature.
2 3
atlow temperature
NO2 + NO2 N2O4
sp2 spa
sp2 sp2
Paramagnetic, Diamagnetic,
brown coloured gas colourless solid
atlow temperature
ClO3 + ClO3 Cl2O6
a
#
Sps Fps
sp3,Paramagnetic sp3,Diamagnetic
X
2 C – 3e– bond :-
Examples:-
1. NO
2. ClO2
BONDING Hybridization in solid state :
Compounds which change their hybridization in solid state/liquid state.
PCl5(s) PCl4+ + PCl6–
;
sp3 sp3d2
PBr5(s) PBr4+ + Br–

sp3
IF5 (l) IF4+ + IF6–

sp3d sp3d3
BONDING • N2O5(s) CHEMICAL
+
NO + NO
2
BONDING
3
–
sp sp2
N2O4(s) NO+ + NO3–
:
sp2
XeF6(s) XeF5+ + F–
sp3d2
Cl2O6(s) ClO2+ + ClO4–
: I2Cl6(s/l)
sp2 sp3
ICl2+ + ICl4–
sp3 sp3d2
BONDING Comparison of bond angle in different molecules :-
Factors affecting bond angle :-
(i) Hybridization / % s character :-
orbital
Ridge
-
Bond angle % s character of hybrid .
E.g.
* (i) BeCl2 > BCl3 > CCl4
sp sp2 sp3
180° 120° 109.28’
* (ii) NO2+ > NO3—

sp sp2
180° 120°
(ii) Number of lone pairs on central atom :-
When in the given molecules hybridization is same but number of lone pairs on central atom
are different then
Ruled
1
Bond angle
Number of lone pairs on central atom
Inn for
sp3 each lone
pair approximal B. it decreases
by 2.5°
Rates :( is
gf central atom has same
hybridisation
CHEMICAL and o
o and all terminal atom
BONDING are CHEMICAL

game BONDING
then Bond
angle will be same
EH 131--3 Baz B
Brz
I
1
F
yBr
I
B
¥
B I I
BF
'
120
EE \f Br
Rates :( is
gf central atom has same
hybridisation
CHEMICAL and o l and all terminal atom
BONDING are CHEMICAL

different BONDING
B. A ✗ 1-
IT 11° Ñ
C
EN ( TA )
C C
T ✗
a
BF ✗
Br
¥ \F
B. A
ñ ñ i
B-
-
9pm >
§\ ,
>
f-
c
\
I
BONDING (iii) Electronegativity of central atom :-
When in given molecules the hybridization is same & number of lone pairs on central atom are
same then terminal atom also same
,
but different
central atom . ENCA ) / EMC )
Bond angle EN of central atom

①
g.
="#B
☐
B
< ✗
BONDING (iv) Size / Electronegativity of terminal atom :-
When in given molecules hybridization of central atom is same & number of lone pairs on
central atom are same then
EN (B) > EM cc )
1
Bond angle size of terminal atom
EN of terminal atom
go
ii
④ 100 .
•
IT terminal atom is
large in size ( I) / polyatomic then BA
encreases more than Actual due

angle of hybridisation to
stearic
repulsion b/w terminal groups . In
Remember :- If in given molecules hybridization of central atom is same but all molecules are
Bob symmetrical (No lp on central atom & all side atoms are identical) ,then in such type of
molecules value of bond angle is same.
II *
°o° .
E.g. BF3 = BCl3 = BBr3 = BI3
( V3
CH
}
sp2 sp2 sp2 sp2
§ 120° 120° 120° 120°
B-A = 1100
Remember :-
(a) when we compare bond angle by (iv) factor & if in any molecule Fluorine is terminal atom,
then consider EN factor instead of size factor.
-1
checkpoint
BONDING CHEMICAL
th th
BONDING
(b) In hydrides of 15 & 16 group(except NH & H O) value of bond angle will be
3 2
approximately equal to 90° (Drago's)
Hybridisation → No hybridisation ←
NH3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3

107.8° 93.6° 91.8° 91.3°
H2O H2S H2Se H2Te
104.5° 92° 91° 90°
a-
Hydrides of
3rd Period
check point ②
CHEMICAL is and it has slop
if tlyboisation sp3d
BONDING means
CHEMICAL BONDING
Linear structure B. A will be
maximum lie = 180

'
Ex .ci, compare B. A for
Xefz = I. 3-
Spd sp3d
31 .p 3
lp ( geometry Linear
)
④ CHA ¢ Xetz
sp3 spsd ( 3 lp ) linear

,
Ex for set of molecules
Compare the B. A
given
. .
CHEMICAL (1) MF
BONDING }
CHEMICAL
$ PF3 BONDING
Sps Sps
Ilp Iep B. A ✗ EM CCA)
TA = F TA __ F
c. A = M c. A =p
Ii ) H2o > HI
Drago
Rule
of checkpoint (1)
Iii) AIU } PU3
>
CHEMICAL spa sp3 ( 1. scharacter )

( in)
IÑH
, ¢ MHF+
B. A ✗ 1-
sp3 Sps
Moot e. p
1- e.
p
o
ep .
( V)
131=3 > BFF
spa Sps ( Yo Seharacter)

oep oep
1402-1
Mozo
Vi )
>
CHEMICAL
BONDING o←Ñ\o÷
_==N→o
TH 0=2
CHEMICAL BONDING u o
'
( Sp)
THO -_ 2+1=3
spa
Linear bent / v. shape .
180
'
{ 120°
Vii ) Moz 140+2

•
¢04M = o
f- Hyo
sp
spa
viii ) 1402 MOI B. A ✗ 1-

⑦ PT ( spy
Hoof l p
-
CSPY u=^↳o
-
o
or
CHEMICAL IX )
cuh & MHz > H2O
CHEMICAL BONDING
BONDING
Eye
B. A ✗
sp
]
spa sp ,
⑦ lip 1- lip 2
lip .
PHS
drago
✗7
MHz > ( Rule )
=
Sps =qo
'
↳ donot
hybridized
Xi) Cfq =CU4 =
CBr4=CI4
Sps Sps Sps Sps
olp oep oep oep
✗ ii ) cH4 siHl4 EM of C- A
y ✗
'
B. A
CHEMICAL
BONDING Xiii )
CHEMICAL BONDING
Xetz ,
=
Iai
sp3d Spd ( Linear )
Slp 3lp
✗ ivy Hao > 1=20 ☐ ' '+ ✗

÷of-nal atom
✗ v1 501--2 > 5042 > 5013oz > ( { SO F)

-
✗ v1 ) SOE < 5042 < S0Br< ( < six )

=
✗ =
Halogen
CHEMICAL Question
BONDING Q.1 The correct order of increasing bond angles in the following
species is :-
(1) NO2+<NO2< NO2–
(2) NO2+< NO2 – <NO2
(3) NO2 – < NO2+<NO2
(4) NO2 – < NO2 <NO2+
Ans. (4)
CHEMICAL Question
BONDING Q.2
CHEMICAL BONDING
The species having bond angles of 120° is :-
(1) ClF3
(2) NCl3
(3) BCl3
(4) PH3
Ans. (3)
> 2Na+ + 5406-2
CHEMICAL
BONDING CHEMICAL
i BONDING
ñ
I
--§☒É -
§ -
o
-
0¥
11 11°
acid
polythionic -
4) n -39--0
May snog
o
-
Linkage
en
No
of s 1)
=
-
s . -
( 1) + 6 n -15
obond
=
Mo
of = n -
Kt HSO Be
-
→ +
CHEMICAL
BONDING CHEMICAL
iii. BONDING
§
H
&=
•
-
§
- .
peitasium penny
mono sulphate
-
÷
"
ii ñ
s :
tÉ§
-
\
OH
.
oµ
*
☒ -
[ 0]
g 112504
CHEMICAL + s
acid
CHEMICAL BONDING sulphuric
BONDING thiosuuphuric ( -21
✓ § ( SPH
-2
%s character p
as
• Hypo -
ao=j¥
in ENP
used
agent
an
titrating Reaction
in
Redox
→
Sps [1-6]
any l+H-£
=
= 2
CHEMICAL
¥
-1
no \H
I
ñ ii
± -14 - Rn
o
-
CHEMICAL
v
Nat +
[ By Oz ( 04145
i -
OH
sp3 -9,3
g- # .
spa
Huggy ,
, -
OH
: Borax .
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL ] BONDING
-
BONDING Y Maa [ 13405 ( OH

)q 8420 •
OH
"
1° -0 ← Sps
B
"
↳
/
sp /
I /
0
\ spa •
8h20
0
By
° "
40
/§
- -
,
B ←
Sps
1--0
OH
N
CHEMICAL NHL
Nk
BONDING CHEMICAL
lcBONDING
&
-
I 11
N
N
Il
Ll H2
Resonate
CHEMICAL -
CHEMICAL BONDING
I
BONDING
11°
' - I -
o
10
c
l
C -
C
% lo
- -
lo =
o
g-
-
-
z o
]
3 z
3
A
•
µ¥¥f
structure
Resonating
as
( ]
I
•
o
→
Resonance hybrid
o
-43 -
y,
( Actual structure
•
when more than two
type of structure
structure
CHEMICAL required to
define
of
molecule .
BONDING thisCHEMICAL BONDING

is
then
phenomenon called
Resonance
called
is
pyesonatim /
canonical
structure
required structures and actual structure is called
/
Hypothetical
-
hybrid
.
Resonance A
E , CRS , )
Ez ( Rsz )
of
stability structure
E
- Ers LRSS )
Resonating Rs , µ Resonating enet9YÉ
Rsz> ( Rtl )
>
RH> RSB
7
he so¥EnIgy : the
difference of energy
most stable
CHEMICAL between resonance
hybrid and
BONDING CHEMICAL
personating
structure BONDING
.
I E Est
Resonance energy
=
-
Bond Order Effective No bond b/w two atoms

:
of
.
structure
for
Resonating
Bondortes-1-NI.to?YTdbsmdsw-n# resonance is
going on
I:P
§ 1.33
'
Ex .
B. 0 = It =
-0
CHEMICAL
p
-
Ii
EX '
-
o → H C -_o
H
-
-
c -
B.
0--11-1/2=105
EX .
CH
,
-
c
IT
-
o
-
→ CH
,
-
É=o
B. 0 = It
£ = 1.5
i
'
504-2 i *
-
*
CHEMICAL 20--51-0
S
zg
-
Holo
-

I
o
3
-
I 3
"
"
i
§ É o - s
-
E- f. To
4
←
2 If
-
o
4
-
2
g=o $
g
,
3
¥
B. 0 = 1 + = I. 5-
HI !
NOT ,
NO -5 , Oz V04-1 CO2
,
CHEMICAL Benzene
s 0
ii
"
d) " ← ni
"
o
IOE "
o
¥0 o
-
iz
-
I
o
ill of
i
Ny , →
e-
i
N
to
←
g-
ñ
"
lo -
→
I
-
o
0--10
iii) ←
us -91 o o
,
iv) CI 04
-
CHEMICAL
BONDING
ti ←
?
CHEMICAL BONDING
i
a ← c
to / 0
0=411 ;
3
-
1. -0 If
"
1°:
( ÷%o]
,
i
-
g.
= .
⇐
*
ÉÉÉ% . >
-4:
⑦
↳
④ a >
(
① electrons lone
Note: 9h resonance IT and
CHEMICAL pairs movement is

possible
-

rbmd and atom does not
④ movement
of
take place
.
total Mo electrons in each

③ of
structure remains constant
resonating
.
④ structure
tame No
of resonating more
molecule/ ion
will be the
stability of
.
> Ca
-12
CN 2-2
CHEMICAL
:Ñ= c-
Ñ :
↳ °
•
a
/
°\u
F F
"
13$
CHEMICAL
JI
H # H
CHEMICAL BONDING
, µ
-
BONDING I f-
back bond or
ordinated it Bond
B
-
B -
n
N
-
n - ( 2 Pit -2kt )
:
re
__→ ca
-12
1- £-2
c- = c-
i ñ
CHEMICAL P P
BONDING CHEMICAL
no BONDING
lo / \
I - o oh
OH
IN == N (Cis )
'
oh on
OR
on
\
( transit
µ = N
-
① oh
?⃝
?⃝?⃝
ñ i
CHEMICAL s s = o
91 \o/ \
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING no
0 on
ñ i
s s = o
% To
/
no - o/\o n
Pero ✗ y di sulphuric acid
e-
%
oh
↳ - O
-
y
diesoxymonosulphuric acid .
✗ = H benzene
✗ = 4 ,
chlorobenzene
CHEMICAL
n?µ
✗ Br Bromo benzene
CHEMICAL BONDING
= ,
BONDING
✗ = on Phenol
benzoic acid
in ✗ Cooh
=
✗ = MHz Aniline
✗ = Cho
benzaldehyde
✗ = OCH
,
Anisole
✗ = CM benzene nitrile
✗ = CH } toluene .
✗ =
Moz nitro
OH
M3 COOH
"
i-iy-nn-i.in
n
\
CHEMICAL µ

h
an
h h
Phenol
toluene benzoic acid
CHO
MHz U
i-ij-ni-I-ni-ij-ni~i.nu
Moz
KH -5km
h tha
n
-54in h
n
-
h h
benzaldehyde Aniline
chlorobenzene Nitrobenzene
Br
CN
043
i-iy-ni-iy-nn-ii-nn-i.hn
CHEMICAL
h h h
bromo benzene benzene nitrile Anisol .
CHEMICAL
BONDING ii.CHEMICAL
-
BONDING ortho
met.
para
ce ce
"
¥ u "
il n 1
:
-
nI
'
A- n
.
n
- * .
I
In n
4- u
I
ortho di chlorobenzene
In
meta dich lo benzene
CHW ) draw structure
of following
CHEMICAL i
) 0 -
hydroxy sialcylicaeidl
CHEMICAL BONDING
benzoic acid (
BONDING II )
' '
P I 1
it .
(
1 ' '
Ii ) M 11 '
Ii
nitro
lily 0 -
phenol
( V ) P 1 11 7 11
VI ) M i 1 1 11
viij hydroxy benzaldehyde ( salcyedehyde )

0 -
v. yip ' th il , I 1 1 1
IX) P i , I ' l
Cooh
Coo H
"
" '
¥¥
on
CHEMICAL n
BONDING * Yin
CHEMICAL BONDING
. "
te ,
OH
OH H
OH
OH
OH
"
*
in
n
)
-
\
-
n -
n n
Noah
,
L
02 M
CHO CHO
CHO
¥
n-ixni-ixii.EE:
CHEMICAL -
on
a
h ok In
Utz cH3 CH }
¥¥ ¥.in
"
"
H " "3
f. f. MINH
cuz
0 -
xylene m -
xylene p -
xylene
cuz
Chris
cH3
¥:*: ¥¥
CHEMICAL H
n

.
h h ton
0 cresol
cresol p cresol
-
m - -
-1¥
Ii
CHEMICAL •
Ion
/
.
no
CAH Cats + Hpoj

Poz →
i.
1-
*
e-
sic
CHEMICAL
BONDING CHEMICAL
3d network BONDING
-
structure
il - si -
d-
,
si -
si - c -
d , -
-1-1-1 ,
-
→ MHq+ + HPO ?
-
-
* Htatlpos ⇐ ¥;] +
e- ¥-4
'
CHEMICAL
Natlgpot - Mai +
H2P04_
§
Lion
-
-0
Natlzpoz
→ Nat -1 TKPOI ,
y
PIM
Benayne
:
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL BONDING
HE:
BONDING
⑤
€#☒g① I / /
5
spa
$1 A #
¥19s !
FLEE
-*
☒ gobo
;
it
CHEMICAL
Bond
Length
A A
PE
→
Bond is distance
length internuclear
btw atoms in a
compound .
1
✗
Bond
Length
•
Extent
oforertaping .
1
Bond length
•
✗
Bond Oster
BONDING CHEMICAL
Comparison of bond lengths :-
BONDING
Bond length :- Intern nuclear distance between two atoms during bond
formation.
1
Bond length
% s character
Flow is Related to Y s or % p character

Angle
**
Bond
-
-
CHEMICAL Question
Q. In PCl5 molecule all P-Cl bond lengths are not equal, why ? (Bent Rule)
Cl axial
a Cl
900 a>b
Cl P 1200
Cl
Equatorial Cl
sp3d hybridization
ClPCleq-eq = 120°
ClPClaxial-eq = 90°
Q % s character Equatorial > axial
\ bond length axial > Equatorial
Remember :- species having sp3d hybridization will have 2 types of bond length(axial
and equatorial).
CHEMICAL Question
BONDING Bent Rule :-
1. More EN element will occupy those orbital for bonding having less % of s character (axial)
2. Less EN, multiple bond and lone pair will occupy those orbital for bonding having high % of
s character (equatorial)
Examples:-
1. XeF2
2. XeO2F2
3. XeO3F2
4. PCl3F2
BONDING CHEMICAL
Remember :- In SF molecule BONDING
6 all S-F bond lengths are equal
Q All F-S-F= 90°

\ % s character at all positions are equal.
\ All S-F bond lengths are equal.
CHEMICAL Question
BONDING Q.
CHEMICAL BONDING
In which of the following molecules all bond lengths are
not equal ?
⑤ axial
(1) NF3
(2) ClF3
1%
¥-90
:
④ y y
(3) BF3
to
(4) AlF3
F
Ans. (2)
bond for following
Ex
Compare the
Length
.
:
CHEMICAL ( BL )
BONDING ⑨ MIN CHEMICAL
¢ ¢BONDING
F 0=0
-
F
BL ✗
¥0
Ex .
Compare
the C -
C bond
length
in
following
cha >
CHE CH ( 134
(1) HE
-
CH
, y
KH
,
__
B. L ✗
¥ ,
Ex ÷
compare the bond length for
following
HF SHU { H Br < HI ( BL )
Ex .
compare c- 0 bond
length for following
CHEMICAL 1) Hzcoz C0j2 coz CO
CHEMICAL BONDING
, ,
BONDING
i
lo É;] ⇐ →
.
Go
in
Hacoz > ( 052 > CO2 > CO

Length for
following
Ex bond
compare o_0
.
CHEMICAL ( I) 02 11202
03
°\µ
-
/
0=0
jj µ
H20a } 03702
( Ii , 11202 > 1=202
08-8 :O 98*-8:p
④ \H OF F
spp
M bond
Length for .
EI : compare M -
CHEMICAL
14203 and 14204
11° !
•
pot 11
y
* N n
-
N -
N
↳
-
¥
of
Oa
S -
character
p
:B
ondskength_ :
CHEMICAL
strength of
CHEMICAL BONDING
Bond
•
.
BONDING
Amount
of energy required genes idea
of
strength of bond :
Higher the
energy required to break the bond
higher the
•
bond strength :
B. s ✗
÷,
(
generally )
:
Ex
compare the bond
strength for
following
.
CHEMICAL (1) Mz > Oz > 1=2 [ B.s ✗ B. 0 ]
ii ) HCECH cha > HE

-
city [ C- C ]
> HE
__
B. s ✗ B. 0
iii
) co > coz > coj2y macos [ c- 0 ]
B. s ☒ B. 0
iv) Hzoz [0-0]

< Oz < Oz
B. s ✗ Bro
V) ( N M)
14203 I 14204 -
CHEMICAL B. s ✗
TEL
BONDING CHEMICAL1--202
BONDING
Vil 11202 < (0-0)
B. s✗¥L
HBR 7 HI
vill HF > HU >
B. St ¥ ,
Horse 7 Hate
Viii ) H2o > Has >
Ptb > Sbhz > Bites

IX ) MHz >
✗ -1 Chf > sing >

Meng y shH+ > Pbtlq
lH-HI
CHEMICAL Bond strength ✗
¥gep
↳_??És Iii Fi ¥ -É<÷ -1¥
¥7
B B < >
-
> :O
< Be Be <
as-asbse-seG.rs
-
↳Pgp
V V
s s U -
u
si si
-
Na Na
Mg Mg
- -
v
v v . -12
Ge -
Ge
k k Ca Ca v
v
-
-
Te Te I -
I
Sb Sb
-
✓
-
✓
Sn -
su
Rb -
Rb Sr -
Sr
✓ BY Bi -
✓
Pb Pb
cs✓-
-
Cs Ba -
Ba
compare Bond
strength of Fz Uz Br Iz
,
V27 Brz > Fz 71--2

Nature in covalent Bond
Ionic
CHEMICAL is polar
→ this also known as
dipole or
BONDING CHEMICAL
bond
BONDING
nature
of a .
→ when A and B are bonded to each other
attracts bonded electron

[ EMCB ) > ENLAI ] atom B
pair towards
negative
this
itself .
due to a
partial
atom positive
charge developed and partial
on B
atom A- considered
charge loped
dew on which are
as
negative pole and the pole respectively and
due to this some amount of ionic character developed

in bond .
CHEMICAL
BONDING
A :-B
t
CHEMICAL BONDING
BOE ¥ -
positive negative
pole pole
D=
{
if -
BE q = .IE
A - A q=o
It A - A 9=0
8-
A- = 132 q=2e
2
It d- A -= A 9--0
ÑIB q =3 e-
'
bonds
these types of are
perfectly covalent .
these bonds are called nonpolar i

when and
Dipole :÷
very
two
equal small
CHEMICAL
BONDING
and
opposite kept
CHEMICAL BONDING
at
my
small
are
distance are called

dipole
→
d ←
+ of -
→> - - - - - - - - --
Dipole moment %÷
µ= qxd
- Gt is vector
quantity to
. its devotion
:-&
•
)
is
from pole pole
+ ve
negative +
Gt depends upon
-
q ,
which depends upon a- EN q ✗ a- EN
Komi
→ St depends upon d ( Bond length ) Utd .
•
Ei -
Ei i
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL
→
BONDING #
BONDING ñ g n
-
I :÷÷:
"
ii. c- H bond
⇐ B) Em nonpolar
] TIM
Bond will By pg?3
be
polar
tell M 2743
unit
of dipole moment
CHEMICAL
1) qxd
U=
SI unit Coulomb -
m .
unit
ebay
another ☐ .
)
"
1-
Debag =
103×1-0 coulomb .
meter
type of dipole moment : d) Bond

pair moment :
at f-
A -
B
bond
It is called
→ pair moment
.
%%÷µr fuitliitzuiuzcesa
Mnet
CHEMICAL
-_

⑦ A
tenet
⑦ ☐
y
D= 180
'
Mnet) min
µ i20 µ
to
llnet =
Mi -
Uz
Mnet -_
É
Mnet =
u
moment
Lone
pair :
CHEMICAL a
#
pure pure hybrid

orbital
,
p
µ=0 U=o U -1-0
it
9f lone
pair is
present in
hybrid orbital then
has
dipole moment called lone pair moment :
Note : :
⑦ A lone pair moment is
completely
moment
CHEMICAL cancelled
by
lone
pair only
.
.

② lone moment cancelled
pair
a are
-
two lone
(a) When
pair are at 180°
:#
Mnet
←µ µ→ =o
lone situated at / 20
(b) When three
pairs are
to each other .
CHEMICAL An
BONDING ←ÉB)-
CHEMICAL BONDING Mnet __
u tenet =
=
U -
0
u
↳
③ if a bond
pair moment is zero Cferrhomoatomic
molecule ) then bond is called non
polar if .
bond
bond is
pair moment Nonzero ( A- EN -1-01 then
.
called
polar .
bond
O -
H →
polar
o ihond nonpolar
-0-9
o →
- .
µ ,
④ dipole moment molecule
off net
of
.
a
CHEMICAL is zero then molecule will be

nonpolar
BONDING and vice
CHEMICAL BONDING
versa .
Fi u
o - c=o
Mnet
⇐÷¥\i
__ o →
←
a
u
Mnet -_ o
it _=M
non polar molecule

nonpolar
molecule
'
Tie
CHEMICAL ⇐ syf.ir tenet -1-0
BONDING CHEMICALsoBONDING
polar molecule .
moment
Cases
of zero
dipole
-
( central atom does not

① All
regular geometry
has lone pair all terminal are same
) has zero
dipole moment .
② All Homo atomic molecule has zero

dipole moment .
?⃝
CHEMICAL ( point)
check

ABzLz_ Linear :
sp3d
.
•
/ ,
'
180
20
Mnet -_
o
/
B
•
☒ Bzcz LEN (B) > ENCC ) ]
@ ↳ E)
_É⇐
CHEMICAL C
BONDING c CHEMICAL BONDING

Mnet -_o
•
A
13¢12 sp3d2 square planes
Pd
\
Be
Mnet
;
--o
☐
Ex :÷
find out
polar
and Nonpolar species
.
CHEMICAL
CO2 CHU CHU Ctlzllz
CHEMICAL BONDING
502 CHIU
}
CUA
BONDING
, , , , , ,
503 131=3 MF } siU4

,
, , Xefz ,
XEFU , Tecla
H2O NH3 51=4 SFG IUI
,
XeF4
,
XEFG
,
, , ,
Xeozfz Xe0F4 PUS PU }

, , ,
, Shaz , Shut ,
021 Fzi 421 1382 Iz 104157 52 541 56158

,
, ,
,
dimomond .
graphite , HF , HU , HBR ,
HI
,
HCN
benzene chlorobenzene nitrobenzene

,
,
'
PU3Fz , PF> Iz
Ex
Compare the
dipole moment for
following ?
.
CHEMICAL (a) 0 Nitro phenol p nitro phenol m - nitro phenol

CHEMICAL BONDING
. -
,
,
BONDING tin
ii. tin
¥¥÷: y÷ .
:
-
Hoyt "
tenet _-
✓Fifa
op , covet uh
Qnitrophenol hits
y m phenol y p nitro phenol
-
- .
dichlorobenzere
m-dichlwobenze.p-dl.ch/orbenzlne
ii ) o -
CHEMICAL
÷÷ 1-4
CHEMICAL BONDING
pit
BONDING
÷
>
,
;o- Tent "
É
must
, ,
be
linear
'
Csp )
±
hell#0
on In
µ=o Moo
?⃝
CHEMICAL
1 tenet -1-0
€
Neo
0kg
spa ( triangular planet )
Ex .
compare dipole moment of

MF HU > HBO > HI
>
it ✗ q ✗ A- EM
u
if
"
c=c→
= ? "
CHEMICAL
BONDING
e- si ni
in
CHEMICAL BONDING
trans cis
Unet __ o tenet -1-0
Exceptions : c- F < c- U [
dominating factor BED
]
CHU } CH Br CHI } CH 1=3

]
U = CHU
} > CHF
,
> cHBrz > CHI}
( il ) ( Hz F- CHZU cH3Br CHzI
CHEMICAL
BONDING CHEMICAL
Chzll > BONDING
CHZF > CHZ Br > CH3I
② CHY CHIU Ctlzllz CHU } Celt

= -
CH3U > cH2U2 > CHU

} > CH4=CUq
moment
Application of dipole
:
CHEMICAL to determine to Ionic character

)
•
1. IC = M°bs→d ✗ too
tllcalculate
Ex : Fend
dipole moment for HF molecule
if Bond
☒ b- 1- A°
Length H F -
dt d-
q=e D= 1- A° to "m
Sogn
=
H -
F ,
ll= qxd = 1- 6×1519×10-10 = 1.6×1 -029cm

"
To Crm I D
10g
=
✗
CHEMICAL
BONDING i. 6×1-029 ?
CHEMICAL BONDING
c- m
-
= 1-6×10-39
= 4- 8D
EI : observed moment's
9f in
previous question dipole
Ionic character in H -
F bond
2D then %
%IC= MI
Ilcalo
* too =
&g☐✗ 100 =
41.66.1 .
↳ 04 " 2° co-ordinate bond
I y
'
CHEMICAL way ,
hygyay BONDING
,
CHEMICAL
,
BONDING ↳ H - Bond .
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+y +2 ←
④ CM
°
CHEMICAL
-
BONDING ( CHEMICAL BONDING * CN

Ky Fe ( ) 6) CN
I
*
¥
| CE
"
[ 4kt ]
I:| :
. . . .
Fe
* ¥
E.
CHEMICAL DIPOLE MOMENT
DIPOLE MOMENT (µ) :-
• Polarity of a covalent molecule is measured in the terms of dipole moment.
• Polarity of a covalent bond DEN
Ex. H2 DEN = 0 Non – Polar
HF DEN 0 Polar
• Polarity of a covalent molecule m

Dipole moment of a polar covalent bond :-
• Product of charge (q) and internuclear distance (d).
m
+
Where q :- charge induced on covalently bonded atoms due to DEN

d :- Internuclear distance
• Dipole moment is a vector quantity having direction from less EN atom to more EN atom.
• In the case of lp, direction is from central atom towards lp.
• Unit of dipole moment is Debye(D).
• 1 Debye = 1 x 10–18 esu.cm
Comparison of dipole moment among different
molecules
(i) :-
For diatomic molecules :-
µ DEN
(ii) For polyatomic molecules :-

µnet is equal to vector sum of dipole moments present in polyatomic molecule.
B C
Some important results :-
• If µnet=0, molecule is nonpolar while if µnet 0,molecule is polar.
• If θ =00, µmax= µ1+µ2 (condition of maximum µ)
• If θ =1800, µmin= µ1−µ2 (condition of minimum µ)

BONDING Case I :- CHEMICAL BONDING
If in a molecule central atom having no lone pair on it and all Side
atoms are identical , then it will be non polar and µ=0
m1 m1
E.g. CO2 µnet=0,nonpolar
E.g. BF3 µnet=0,nonpolar
Other examples :- CH4 , PCl5 ,SF6 , IF7 etc.

BONDING Case II :- If in a molecule central atom has one lone pair on it, then it will be
polar and µ 0
E.g. NH3 µnet 0,Polar

BONDING Case III :- CHEMICAL BONDING
If in a molecule central atom has more than one lone pair on it, then it may
be polar or nonpolar depending on vector sum.
E.g. (i) H2O µnet 0,Polar
E.g. (ii) XeF2 µnet = 0,Nonpolar

BONDING Case IV :- CHEMICAL BONDING
If in a molecule side atoms are different, then it may be polar or
nonpolar depending on vector sum.
E.g. (i) PCl3F2 µnet = 0,Nonpolar
E.g. (ii) PCl2F3 µnet 0,polar

BONDING Q. Identify Polar and nonpolar species among following :-
(i) SO3
N.P.
(ii) SO2
P
(iii) CH4
N.P.
(iv) H2O
P
(v) XeF6
P
(vi) XeF4
N.P.
(vii) CH3Cl
P
(viii) POCl3
P
(ix) IF7
N.P.
(x) BrF5
P
Compare dipole moment among species given in following sequences:-
(i) NH3 & NF3
NH3 > NF3
µnet 0 µnet 0
Remember :- If dipole moment of bp and lp are in the same direction than they get added and
if they are in opposite direction than they get subtracted.
BONDING (ii) NH3 & NBr3
NH3 > NBr3
µnet 0 µnet 0
ΔEN ,q ,μ ΔEN ,q ,μ
(iii) NH3 & PH3
NH3 > PH3

BONDING Q. Which of the following compound has maximum dipole moment ?
(1) SO3 (2) CCl4
(3) PCl5 (4) NF3
Ans. (4)
BONDING Q.
CHEMICAL BONDING
Which of the following sequence of dipole moment is correct?
(1) NH3< NF3<BF3
(2) NF3 < NH3 <BF3
(3) BF3 < NF3 < NH3
(4) BF3 < NH3 < NF3
Ans. (3)
BONDING CHEMICAL
Some important orders of dipole moment :-
BONDING
(i) CH3Cl > CH3F > CH3Br > CH3I
(ii) CCl4 < CHCl3 < CH2Cl2 < CH3Cl

m 0 m 1.02D m 1.55D m 1.93D
CHEMICAL Application of Dipole Moment
Applications of dipole moment :-
(i) If µ = 0 molecule is symmetrical

If µ 0 molecule is unsymmetrical
(ii) To distinguish cis and trans form :-
Remember :- Normally cis isomer is more polar than trans isomer.

Remember :- If two groups have opposite inductive effect then

trans isomer is more polar then cis isomer.
(iii) To locate positions of substituents in aromatic compounds :-
𝟏
µ∝
𝜽
(iv) To calculate % ionic character in a covalent molecule :-
Experiment valueof μ µ𝟎
% ionic character= × 100 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
µ𝒕
Theoreticalvalueof μ
CHEMICAL Illustration
Calculate % ionic character or charge fraction in a molecule in which bond length is
1.00 A0 and charge is equal to 4.8 × 10–10 esu. Given that experimental value of
dipole moment is 1.2 D.
µ0
Sol. Ionic character = × 100
µt
µ0 1.2 × 10 -18
= × 100 = –10 -8
× 100 = 25%
q× d 4.8 × 10 × 1 × 10
special type of Bond .
CHEMICAL
Compoiunds
#
:
category A v
s
category ☐
Category B
Catagoryc
The compound ④ Hypo valent compound
which ionic Hypo valent which
compound
are can
compound containing has terminal form
in solid phase terminal atom back
atom / group bond .
which has lone

pair ( Buz which do not
'
, Aids )
have lone pair
which exist link form
A-type
'
: compound in
CHEMICAL in liquid phase

solid or :

Ex : Pus -
is ) - [ PUIYLPUGT
✓ d te
dimer
( PUT)2 cation Anion
sp3 sp3d2
tetrahedral Square bipyramid
.
Ex : P Brsls) >
[ PBrÑ[ Bi]
✓
Cation
+ tetrahedral
→
LP Bog ] →
sp3
similar As PHS does not exist
:PIs- ( does not exist )
CHEMICAL
: 14205151 - [14027+11405]
L
v
Cation
0×+0 -0×0 Anion
✓ N -{ Nyo 0<-11+1--0 sp2

①
④ sp linear triangular
planet
.
o=Ñ - o - Ñ=o
✗
T :
N2O# > LNO ]+ [ NOI ]
Symmetri c
structure
✓
cation
is
Anion
not
explain
does
I Xefsls) > [XeFs]+[ F-]
CHEMICAL t
BONDING CHEMICAL cationic

BONDING sp3d ? :
Square
pyramidal
-
: IU let -1
>
LIUZ] + [ I]
&
Anion
-
( É¥|
he
ainear
Illzls ) -
[1--42-1] ( IUE )
CHEMICAL
↳ n
v
Amin
sp3
bent sp3d2
square planer .
Ex .
when Xefs reacts with Sbfs Igt form an ionic aduct
and
tend
hybridisation of cation Anion :
XEFG + sbfs - [ ✗ eFs]+ [SBFGT

✗ to
Anion
cation
sp3d2 sp3d3
B. :
catagory
CHEMICAL
BONDING
A
hyporalent
CHEMICAL
terminal
containing
BONDING
atom
compound lone
pair on these :
compound
exist in dimer form :/ polymer form
A- Bzls ) - A2 136
- -
( 2C
n/
☐
2é
)
-
"
☐
bond .
/ ↳
,
•
is
:/ \
☐
( 3C -
té bond ) or
bridgeboard .
?⃝
EX : Alclzls ) / → exist As dinner A- 12461st
AlU3H .=
⑤CHEMICAL BONDING
'
CHEMICAL
---
BONDING
spa
-
ai
[
"
A" # spa
tetrahedral :
④ € \u tetrahedral
bridge 4E bond )
°
bond
•
→ ( 3C -
spa u
Alctslgl '
,A1yu- triangular
-
sp
a planer
CHEMICAL
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING ④
-¥÷
0
.
I
④ ⑥
atom in 1- plane -6
maximum Mo
of
Max . No of el atom in 1- Plane =
i. Beclzle ) / Beckles )
CHEMICAL I
✓
^
'
athiejh ☐
CHEMICAL BONDING ( dimer )
BONDING →
:
temp .
p
↳ 3c-4e / bridge
☐e¥Émp
( 2C-2-4 bond
/
"
"
-
sooooooo
( Polymer)
-
f
'
t
'
:
/
Sps
Ap Sps
3C Ae-
/ bridge bond
Becky ) U -
Be - U
sp Linear
is
1343 / BBR ] 1 BIZ : As size of boron
CHEMICAL small so it feels large

BONDING CHEMICALvery BONDING
hinderanu from
steric 4 / Br / a I atoms
so do not form dinner .
form dimer Iz UG
I 431st
°
.
2C -
2é
" "
1¥ SP > d-
Ig
'
spsd square planes

square
planet
'
p
↳ c- 4é)
valent compound
category Hypo
C
containing
:
CHEMICAL pair
-
-
terminal atom without lone

'

A Bz > Az BG
•
BB
SPI %p
E.
-
B
←
☐
①
-
T
I
☐
Banana bond
:
/↳ e- 2-e) bond
/ Electron detticient bond
Ex : I ( Blts ) → diborane 132116
CHEMICAL Hot b Got

BONDING CHEMICAL
" "" BONDING
µÑ ,•
'
"
in
(
y
Ht→ terminal
hydrogen 00dB •
Hb→
bridge hydrogen
Hat
""
*
b
µ
zc-2é •Ht
(Ht)
Hb
BS :( B- Ht ) ) B-
H
:(B' Ht) BL( B- Hb)
'
Max No
ofatom H BL -
-
'
in H
I
plane :
G B
Maximo
of hydrogen
B.nu#+ >
¥4b
1h 1
"
plane :$
n
31-205--2
Noot
14
Noot 2C -
de =
form
polymer
: Betta :
CHEMICAL
% At Celts )z form dinner
.
CHEMICAL 3C -2
e
BONDING A- CHEMICAL
12 ( (B) 6 BONDING
D
iii. CH }
✓
""
a.
②
01 " ②
② ②
P
¥§ ""
:O total
Hoof atom in 1- Plane -10
"
CHEMICAL 1µm
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING %.
%¥ :*,
¥8 max.no of
c-
Hiri
= ,
Max .
No
of
one
= A-
atom in 1 10
Max .
plane =
CHEMICAL
Catogosy type :D ÷
EX : BF} ,
P -1-3 , Betz Cte :
CHEMICAL
which back bond
BONDING CHEMICALforms
Compounds BONDING : then
donot exist ionic form / dimer form :/ polymer fan

they Sith
N(SiH3)z it
#sin
case : ④
/
u§ ID ,
µ§i" '
'
-
-
-
sins
n§i
H§Ñ^µz→iHz
Expectation : observed
(A) Hybridisation =sp3 -
Hybridisation :
Sp
Pyramidal
toian_JpYYn@B.A
Geometry =
geometry :
{ 109° , 2ft
B. A = 120
B. L =
HAO
BL < x
•
.
Case -2 042
CHEMICAL 8:O
BONDING A :O CHEMICAL BONDING "
o%¥o
a :
Exceptation : observation
( o) hybridisation :
Sps hybridisation :
Sps
B. A > O
?
l -
A = Q
.
BL < X
B L = x
%
BFI F
CHEMICAL
it
CHEMICAL BONDING
BONDING F : B
1B¥
"
-
F
-
-
. F
÷ .
.IO?.:i--
Observation
Exceptation :
(B) Hybridisation Hybridisation :

sp 322
:
spz
geometry =
triangular
geometry :
triangular planes
planes
B. A : 120 B. A = 120
BL I ✗
-
BLIN
two bonded atom
9f such
Bonding
Back : .
while other
CHEMICAL as one has vacant orbital
BONDING have loneCHEMICAL

pair BONDING
bond could be a formed
atom called back bond
between these two
this is called
co-ordinated IT -
bond : and
phenomenon
backhanding
:
CT
SI
④
" ¥
Back Ii
"
fair
-
: 0
.
bond i
Y
'
☒
20 baucbond
Hybridisation of c. A
Hybridisation of
may change central atom not
change
Condition
of backhanding :
CHEMICAL atom must be bonded to each other

Both
CHEMICAL BONDING
:
BONDING
.
atom should have lone while

: one
pair
other atom have vacant orbital .
: one atom must be from 2nd or 3rd

period
other atom be from 2nd
-
3rd 4th
:
may
-
. -
,
.
but as we
go
down the
strength or
Effectiveness of backbend decreases :

in
stability
bonding brings
Back
Note :
'
CHEMICAL molecule :

atom
; a smaller
form stronger
back
bonding
similar size form more
: Orbitals
having
backbend :
Effective
Ex : Si
}
- N -
B - ii most effective
O
backboard
B -
F
formation
B
-
:
Types of Baeleboud :
CHEMICAL
Pit CHEMICAL
Pit Backboard :
BONDING
gf lone
pair is from
BONDING : -
Ptsbital and vacant orbital is also p orbital

-
then backbend formed will be Pit -
PIT .
Pit Pit backboard

always form
.
Be B
-
Ex : , ,
while
: Pit -
dit backbend :
9.1 lone pair is from p
- orbital
d- orbital then bond formed

orbital is
vacant
is pit -
dit :
Ex which show back bonding
following
the can
:
of
bond
CHEMICAL if yes then
explain the
type of Back :

(1) Be H2
Be H
vacant 2ps
orbital No backboard
-
pair
-
lone
si
sick
CNET ,
35-13102,320 Iii ) Si
ce
/3dg
'
:P
'
34T -3kt
SI - vacant
orbital
I u -
lone pair
EHe7i2s-p
' U : CHET 3543ps ,zd°
Bclz ! B. =
,
CHEMICAL vacant 3d
BONDING orbital
CHEMICAL
:
" BONDING
a
I
wnepais -
a Bye 2PM -3Mt
HI ! BF} ,
AlU3 . Sitt , Hzpoq , HUO4 , 142504 , 1321MHz )G
NISIH ] ) } , Al -1-3 ,
PF} , 113314346 ,
13306-3 ,
!
I
CHEMICAL ✓

P F
3p2
vacant / 3d ✗
orbital
lone
pair
F
+
Pyramidal
Fist and Bond
length
Ex :
Compare
Bond
Angle
CHEMICAL BE in
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING -
131--3 and [131--7]

É -
f)
=Fl2P ) lip - F-
lone
pair 1
vacant
; ,F B
vacant
✗
=
B(2p) orbital
/
orbital
⇐ E÷B
Y
F
'
due to * Pit -2pct

B. A = 109%28 ( Sps )
B. A 120
( spy
-_
backhanding
.
BL = se
BL { K
OBJ TEOH and
Ex :
compare
Bond
angle ,
CHEMICAL Blond
length for B( OH
)z
and (B(OH)q]
( ¥1.io?o-n ]
H
- -
O
-4
:O I
i. I
n t
%?
"
÷
:
•
(
/
sp3.BA ( OBO ) =/ 090.281

(
'
sp BA
.
OBO ) -120
'
BA ( Bott )
> BACBOH )
due to 2PM -2Mt backboard .
BLLB -01 / Beom,

{ Bt( B-° ) / Bong
in
Ex :
Compare the bored
angle H2O and Uzo
CHEMICAL
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING & Pit -3dm
n
#
n
¢ µ- I bath bond
bond and
methyl isocyanate
Ex : for
Angle
the
compare
silyl isocyanate
:
sits c=o
Men § I sp henéao
No % I
"
o
180 '
vacant 41200
orbital Si has 3d vacant orbits
?⃝
back in
show
bonding BzHzH6
Ex : the
CHEMICAL Borazine Explain type of baek bond and

BONDING CHEMICAL
structure ( planes BONDING
/
Mon
planes) / benzene
Inorganic
i SPZ
←
☐
\µ/ #
"
, -
sp
l l
n
IB B -
H
whole molecule will be backbend

pit -2Pa )
planes . In
in
backbone
deny
the co HNC
HI
:
Ex : Draw ,
CHEMICAL
Application of back
bonding :
.
CHEMICAL
BONDING :
CHEMICAL
Lewistid BONDING
molecule
.
: which have
the vacant
they
80
orbital can accept pair lone are
called Lewis acid :
Lewis Base : Molecule which have lone

pair and can donate
called Lewis base

its lone
pair are :
vacant orbital participates

baucbonding
9f due to the
in it will not able to accept

backbend formation $0
Lewis decreases :
other lone
pair so its acidic
strength
Ex :
compare Lewis acidic
strength for
CHEMICAL 131--3 BUS 131323 131--3
CHEMICAL BONDING
.
BONDING
2 Pit -2pA 2PM -3Pa 2PM 4PM
-
2pA -5pA
>
-
tendency of backbend formation

vacant
decreases to
availability of
orbital increases $0 Lewis acidic nature increases
due to back
gf bonding lone
pair get participates in
•
backbend then
amiability of lone
pair decreases so
basic
strength decreases :
Ex : the Lewis basic
strength for
compare
CHEMICAL
trimethylamine trisilylamine
CHEMICAL BONDING
and
BONDING Site
}
:L
'
If /
Nini
I
cuz
-
cuz s.fi?isTn,s'
/ ↳
!
sin
"
sin,
4) 3^1 7 ☒ HIM ( Basic Nature )

Weaktbonds
CHEMICAL
BONDING (A)
CHEMICAL
Vanderwaal forcesBONDING :
4) Ion -
dipole interaction : gnteraction between an ionic
compound and a
polar molecule :
Ex : Nau + water I r
I
,
,
:
1 I
1 I
gnteraction
¥
,
t
✗
energy
'
I r
I
Iii ) Dipole -
Dipole interaction : the interaction
CHEMICAL between two

polar molecules :
gnteraelionxtgz
energy
iii ) Ion -
induced dipole interaction : enter action between
a Nonpolar molecule and ionic

compounds .
CHEMICAL Bra
Na
Br -
Br
interaction
energy
✗
Iggy
Induced dipole interaction
Civ) Dipole -
:
CHEMICAL gnteraction between a

polar molecule
BONDING and
CHEMICAL
nonpolar
BONDING
molecule :
gnteraclion
Energy
✗
£6
4) 9. nduced dipole -
induced dipole / dispersion 1 London
CHEMICAL between molecules
sisteraction
nonpolartwo .
gnter action
Energy
✗
÷
order .
:
I > II > III > ☒ > I

H-Bond- : St a
special case
of dipole -
dipole
CHEMICAL interaction .
BONDING CHEMICALattached
BONDING most electron
hydrogen
to
: when a .g
-
attire atom a- ( F. o.N.eu ] .

it
acquires
a
partial
8000 eve
charge due to small
charge density
become
high
whenever to
any electronegative
atom [ F, o , Nice ] comes near
attraction observed called

it a
special type of force of
a B- Hydrogen
Bond :
d- %
.PH Bond
"
µy④④
↳ [
d-
-
F. o.N.ci ] ①
.
.
.
¥
É¥É→o
-
"
%
:p Ina
CEN "
"
↳
d- /
*
Bond Bond
Hydrogen H -
Factors Affective H -
Bond :
CHEMICAL
th '
'
'
#
-
.
.
A
( FiOs Mall ]
F.0,111,46
)
[
-
atom increases then

✓ •
Electronegativity of *
Bond will be
strong
.
H -
is same then if EN
of B
of EM
of A
'
v.
decreases
increases H -
Bord
strength :
following decreasing order
Ex : the in
Arrange
CHEMICAL of LH Bond
strength
:

( I] O - H - - -
-
o
M
dis H
- -
-
o
-
-
Ans : city is > iv > iii
(iit
u
) N H - -
-
-
H N
W) M
- -
- -
-
Bond
Hydrogen
:
i.
Types of
CHEMICAL
9htermoleculeH-Bond.in/raEH-Bmd
When H Bond form Wilton
When Bond formed b/w
-
(1) H -
a molecule
different )
:
molecule
two
( same or
4:
f-
i. . . . -
y - o -
- Ñ°=o . . -
n -
o - -1¥, 1-
→ o
P nitro nitro phenol

phenol
-
0 -
.
CID is
High boiling .
point " how
boiling point
will below city vapour
vapour pressure pressure high
.
Less volatile volatile
|
• •
more
CHEMICAL more Viscose Less Viscose

CHEMICAL BONDING
.
•
BONDING
Application :
1-11*1 H # A-
€ +
+
becomes stable
Acid means which H+ ion

produce in
eques sign
more Ht means more acidic ! As A- becomes more
stable amount
of obtained
more Ht means more
Acidic :
Examples of H
Bonding
-
CHEMICAL HE
(1)
①
:
.
:
'
.
:
n
¥
e
r
formed
maximum No
of H Bird
by HF molecule =2
•
-
Bending always from Fluorine

•
oeuvre
•
Due to maximum difference 1in MEN
strongest te Bond
-
bond win be H - - - -
k
HF molecule some time exist in (111--5) form .

?⃝
-
( F - - - - -
H - - - - -
F)
CHEMICAL exist while KHUZ does not exist
BONDING
Ex : KHFZ
CHEMICAL BONDING
Explain ?
KHFZ - K+ + HE
-
( F- →
H -
-1=5
exist
KHU
→
Kt + Hui
↳ Does not exist
Ex : louise
if we KHF, we obtain ?
K+ H -1-127
-
Kt
-
-1
-1 HE (b)
☒
Cii ) 1<+2+2 F- + Hz (d) Mon

of these
does not exist
following
which
Ex :
of the
CHEMICAL (1) KHFZ

Me / Ne
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING→

not
City Natl Fz
ein ke
no
✓ C) KH 42
(2) HI : n
n
i' 9 :
'
'
i c ,
ekaheÉ=④
'
1 .
,
'
+ '
i.
vacant
¥
-
space i
-
-
-
\
-
i
called -
tetrahedral
ii. -
-
void whose size is fixed .
.at fixed temperature

" " '
✓
.gr Isn
-
=
-
- - -
- - '
*
- - -
- -
-
. -
CHEMICAL .
-01m
-
InCHEMICAL BONDING
- -
BONDING
-
-
- -
-
.
•
Hzolel structure contains less
hoof hydrogen
to Hzocsl
bond as
compared
•
In ice structure one
oxygen
altatehed to
four
co valent bonded and
in which two
hydrogen
are
-
bonded
other two are
hydrogen :
•
one H2O molecule is surrounded by four tho
molecule tetrahedral ly .
gn tetrahedral vacant is called
space
.
°
CHEMICAL tetrahedral void the size of void is

fixed
lie
• when
cgas present during
are
in void called
formation pome gas trapped
clathrate formation :
: Due to small size of ikte & Me
they
do
clathrate with ice

not form
°
. Due to vacant void
space
the
density of
is
ice lower than
density of water .
^
CHEMICAL d
÷ > +
C) Before 40 C .
No H Bonds will be More the

of
-
.
tetrahedral void will be more

means
No ☒
f
more vacant
space
means
density :
Iii) above ÷ on
increasing temperature expansion
take
place which reduces
density :
similar as Deulrium also form
hydrogen
CHEMICAL also form
hydrogen
Bond :

order
of density of 0°C .
1720151 .
H2O / e) ,
☐
20 / s ) 1320 / e )
1320 / e ) > ☐ 201st 7 H2O / e) > H2O IS )
Q select true statement :

: the
/ False
"
1) Dzols ) sink in 1320 / e) False
in 42014 True
lid 13201s ) sink
sink
1in H2O / e) False
iiij throes )
1in 020 / e) True
in Hzols )
float
tho
Ex H Bond
strength HF Us .
119J )
CHEMICAL wui be ? H - - -
BONDING CHEMICAL
H >-
H2O
BONDING
F
H -
- -
0 ( 12J )
Ex : H -
Bond Extent HF vs H2O ?
H2O 7 HF
is H2O
strength greater
Ex HF than
HE : the H Bord
is while HF is 39°C
but
Boiling point tho tho look
H2O MHz
⑤ MHz HF > >
CHEMICAL ( estrength)
CHEMICAL BONDING
-
BONDING ' r
' ' -
' '
'
-
n
.
n
.
④⇐,n
H
-
N
-
- - - -
- -
- -
-
N n . . .
\H
- -
H -
-
-
-
.
.
-
.
- .
-
-
.
.
•
One MHz form 4 H -
Bond .
i in ?
¥1 n-ge-i.LU
n n
Note :
d-
✓
¥-0 -
'
*
n
.
"
,
nain ,
bond
form hydrogen
:
do not
R - OH . [ EX .
c2H50H ]
CHEMICAL
qCHEMICAL BONDING n
to
-
BONDING q
h H
- -
- -
- - . -
- - - - - -
-
-
Cz Hs GHS C2H5
Acetic Acid
potarsovent
:
1- H -1
-
CH
}
COOH F- Chzcoo
dinner is formed
i
Nonpotarsovent :
M -
O
go
- - - -
-
c -
CH
}
tyc
- c
- o - n -
-1
CHEMICAL
BONDING
BenzoicaciCHEMICAL
d.LI/-dIo-n BONDING
Boric Acid : B@ H )}
CHEMICAL
BONDING B. CHEMICAL
(0h13 199 ).
I BONDING
g- BCOH ) + H #
=
]
BCOH ) ] + H2O pH
you
Legion
"
Ñ"° B
no -07 on
is
it is ✗ ewis
is not Athenian acid a
131041 ,
an
pair
water
acid as it takes lone from oñ
of
water
and produce @
+
from )
B. ( OH )z IS ) :
CHEMICAL
: total Number of
H - Bond formed by
it molecule = 6
boric
:
structure of
acid is
hexagonal
structure
layered
layers
are
e. two
Vanderwaal
by
bonded
forces .
:
Bond is absent
special case
of 1=0--14
:
H -
.
CHEMICAL
BONDING * CHEMICAL
chloroform-n.CH UzBONDING
ai
R
( Ether )
+ re
charge on
o-u-g.gs µ . . -
. .
.
'
. .
C atom increases : R
8-1
u
which increases
8-
Electronegativity
u
o=É
"
,
H
--
- -
( Acetone)
\oHz
-- -
u
ye
-
-
-
u
•
orthochlorop-h.nl :
o- H ,
CHEMICAL
1¥
,

spa ( ENT )
Ethyne
•
:
H -
CIC -
h - - - - -
09 ?
t ,
sp ( EMP )
ch1 drate CUZCH @ Hk :
•
CHEMICAL
--
-
- H -
a- o
U
-
f-
°
n
- -
-
-
n -
•
DNAecule :
15
double hexisx structure of DNA N - n - - -
o=c
bond
due to
hydrogen :
H Bond
Examples of intramolecular ¥
-
.
CHEMICAL
BONDING •
o-nitopneno.IE#Ii i Ioy0Hi=o
CHEMICAL BONDING
1_
"
benzoic acid
0
hydroxy
-
•
csalcylic Acid )
"
•
0 -
hydroxy benzaldehyde in
salqldehyde
turmeric Acid :
r*aleicacid_
CHEMICAL
BONDING CHEMICAL
COOH BONDING
Coon ' 00h
\ = ,
/
[ = ,
/
/
\H / 1h
00C n
µ
% 11.* ,
i
.
Coon
o=g_é÷
__q÷=o
n + -
=
C ,
-
o_0 C
In c + Ht
-
H
acid than
first Acid Nature ( Ka
, ) for malic
greater
turmeric acid :
CHEMICAL It 11
-
-
°°%=cfµ
" Coo
Coo
n
+
+
I -
+ Ht
C __ e
-
ooc
-
in £
U -1-0
µ=o
/
the 2nd Acidic Nature ( Kaz ) is

greater for
maleic acid :
acid than
foment
i. Acidic Nature
of different hydrogen of
CHEMICAL 17250 -5
:

i i
s Ht
kn-0-ot-t-1-i.I.co
+
→ -
l⑨
first Acid Nature ( Kal ) 2nd Acid nature Kaz
y
for 172505
Bond A- EN
strength of H ✗
• -
CHEMICAL H Bond ✗ No
of H - Bond
Extent of
CHEMICAL BONDING
-
•
BONDING
1
Melting point
CHEMICAL
BONDING which CHEMICAL
/
fermionic BONDING co valent
comp
Ert
- .
5- Block d-Block P Block P Block

-
( cation )
8
LE Must
Mp ✗ •
Molecular size
mpxt
•
polarisation • polar nature
:
hydrogen
Bond .
for
melting point following
the
•
compare :
CHEMICAL 113 sing < Getty < 5h44 < Pb 414

BONDING
Chp
CHEMICAL BONDING
<
< HI
H Br
HF < HU f
Ii)
1-I
H Br < H F < HE
HU G
iii )
④ < Has s Hase < Hates
-
Hzsf Horse { Hate { H2O
MHz<pHzfAsHzSSbH3sBiHsfµ
IV)
V) Fz ( Uz f Brz < Iz
CHEMICAL
BONDING vis Cht CHEMICAL
< Cdg BONDING
Me ( Ar ( Kr C Xe
Vii ) He <
8+8 .
IU
Hiii ) Bvz <
ill -1-0
U=u
"
" "
"
ice
in
ul
i. =L ? X
L
'
n
in in
•
Branding aliphatic chain
CHEMICAL carbon compound reduces

melting point
CH } CH CH }
cH3
-
cha Chez Chez >

-
- -
↳
n butane isobutane
and Siu
Ex :
Compare boiling point of cut ?
•
the
o:
÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
or -
d-
"
< 8
d- E 1.6
EM = 0.6 8 =
Ex .
Explain why ethio has

higher boiling
CHEMICAL
BONDING
point than Cffio though
CHEMICAL BONDING
even 14170
higher molecular
has mass :
CHEMICAL
:
Viscosity ✗ of Bonding
Extent n -
Ex :
Arrange
the
Following
in
mcieasing order
of viscosity
:
OH
cuz -
( H2 -0h
CHZ -0h < the OH
{ thy oh
ttkOH
CHEMICAL
point
Bolting
which form ionic
co valent
-
comp .
• I
5- Block d-Block P Block P Block
-
✗ 1- Moot
mp •
polarisation 1-
massi.
Mp ✗
polarisation • polar nature
:
hydrogen
Bond .
CHEMICAL MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY (MOT)
Drawbacks of VBT :-
(i) It could not explain magnetic behaviour of some diatomic species
(Para magnetism of O2)
(ii) It could not explain fractional bond order in diatomic species.
0=1%7-1 (iii) It could not explain existence/non existence of some diatomic species.
t€ Existence odd electron

o= :
of
species
not explained by
0=0
VBT .
paired
9T should be
diamagnetic
it
but was
paramagnetic
Molecular orbital
theory :( MOT )
CHEMICAL : Electrons in molecule resides in

BONDING CHEMICAL
Molecular orbital BONDING .
formed
molecular orbitals are
by
"
Atomic orbital CLCAO )

turieas combination of
Atomic orbital CLCAO ) :
Linear combination of
• In LCAO Atomic orbitals are treated as a
wave function and LCAO is combination of

wave function :
As the result
of LCAO two
types
°
CHEMICAL Molecular orbital formed :

orbital
1) molecular (131×10)
Bonding
%) molecular orbital CAB Mo
)
Antibonding ☒
"
#
¥ÉY☐ A Biao
43
~ 1--2
-
=4A+YB
#
(131×10)
E
y→Y*=
☒
14A -4131
CHEMICAL A- BMO
BONDING ¥; CHEMICAL BONDING

-4ps
.
g-
*
. - -
. .
•
- -
4=14-+413
¥0
→
BMO
for orbital BMO S AO < A BMO

given
a
④
A§ MO ( H2 )
A- 0
Ex .
1st
I
/ Is
't
a- Is
Condition for LCAO :
CHEMICAL
undergoing
Leko
Atomic orbitals
CHEMICAL BONDING
•
BONDING must have same or

nearly same
energy
.
and
• Number
of orbital before After LCAO
must be game .
should
undergoing
•
orbital LCAO have
same
symmetry :( overlaying
zero case
in not considered )
Node
:
order
.
Energy
CHEMICAL 43140 { 11-0 < 1713140
gf is lowered
After LCAO
energy
•
then
only formation of bond occurs :
④ A AMO
° H2C2 ) AO
lowered
Energy
:
= - c- E) =
-
one
✗ GET
t☒-- gained : •
IIF Energy
- - - - -
-
-
- -
-
-
-
.
= 0
,s , -
- - - -
- - .
-4¥ Net
Energy = - 2E
exist
)
A
Ao AM 0
CHEMICAL He
[ He)z Ao
-4
-
- - - - -
-☒-
-¥
- -
"
- - - -
1T¥; - - .
lowered
Energy C- E)
= 2 = -2 E
-12 E
2 ( +
E)
=
gains
=
Energy
Net He)a Does not
energy
= 0
exist
LCAO of different orbital : :-(NP)
i
CHEMICAL "
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING r¥s d- BMO
+
±
-
s s
\
is BMO
#A
[
is
is✗ - AB
r*P×
E- - Px
BMO
CHEMICAL
-18/81-8
8-CHEMICAL
w*
'
±
BONDING BONDING
→
ITPY
Electronic
configuration of molecules :
⑨
2>-14 :
tis < 0*15 { T2 s

go.it 2s g - zpz f iTP×=1T2Py ( 7*2 Py =
1T*2Py
*
< a- 2Pz G - 3s { 0*35 .
✓
Yi) 2£14
CHEMICAL
'
IT
zpy
-
IS IS < a- ☒ 2s < IT 2P× =

• • 2s <
{ IF
?Pz 4 IT ☒
2p✗=1T☒2Py { +*
zpz 4035 4*35
I. Reason for two different electronic

configuration :
④
differ from 02 :
why diagram of
: Mo Mz
not allowed
sp
mixing allowed sp mixing
.
Z£ 2p
271
2P
↳
zp
1¥'s
's
"
ni µ+ asap as d- o
- S
S S
p -
p
p p
Sp # I
-
sp Ps
Gt due to b/w
• is
separation energy 2s
orbital
CHEMICAL and
2p
•
9T is less in
Nitrogen case
due to this
intermixing 2s
zp are
-
allowed and 2Pa

of nitrogen
other can't
=←--⑤ be
neglected
to 2Pa orbital move
•
due
sp mixing
upward
i.
displacement nitrogen :
NOI : :
Effective No
of bonds between two atom
CHEMICAL
BONDING
= B. 0
Nb-N÷
CHEMICAL BONDING
=
1in BMO
Nb → No
of e-
No in d- BMO
Ma
of
→
e-
molecule does not exist

is
.
•
if Bond zero
lion Weil
order fractional molecule /
•
if Bond
paramagnetic
will
diamagnetic
'
integral
is molecule
Bond
•
if
except ( Bz and Oz )
Bond
Length ✗ ¥0
CHEMICAL
BONDING CHEMICAL
Bond ✗
BONDING
B. 0
energy
then
is identical for two
species
*
Gf bond
electrons AB Mo
will
species having
more Mo
of
bond
energy
:
have less
Bond energy
✗
¥
molecule
brings unstability
electrons in A- Bmo in :
HOMO :[ Highest occupied Molecular orbital ]
CHEMICAL IT orbital where last electron is

filled
BONDING LUMI :
CHEMICAL
Lowest BONDING
Unoccupied molecular orbital
1in
:
first vacant orbital present
Molecule :
symmetrical
which
:
Gera de orbital : orbital are
called orbitals :[ having centre of symmetry )

are
gerade
offs
- s
-
2Pz
die
o-2pz.IT#2Px.lT*2Py) gera
→ .
,
* ""
CHEMICAL
not called
orbital which
symmetrical
are
•
are
orbitals
Ungerade
.
Ex Us ltpx
ITPY
*
.
,
- Zpz , ,
Ex : draw the 140
degrom of Hz , HI , Hat and
their and
compare Bond strength Bond
length
CHEMICAL
.
Nature ?
magnetic also tells about Homo or
BONDING Lui Mo CHEMICAL

care they BONDING
operate ungerade ) or
(2) EC : 152 , * Iso

H2 - a-
-
Nb
-
2
.
MO Ho Na = o
Ao
B. 0
2-21=1
=
H
H
-
"
a-
* Iso
'
i.
Diamagnetic
-
-
-
☒ " 110190=01
☒ i. '
1st
,
-
gerade
1st
"
" '
"
'
^
-
-
, LUMO THIS
FF
- =
-
0152
ungerade
1-12-121 EC : -1-52,0*-151 -25°
CHEMICAL .
,
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDINGNb ^^ ° * °

= 2
Ao
Ma = I
H
H
"¥
2¥
'
BO =
→ .
151
,☒
- ☒
a-
-
- = Oo -5
- "
' s'
'
paramagnetic
-
1st
"
" ,
"
,
^
,
HOMO -S
-
, =
.f☒
-
ungerade
0152
• 2s
Longo =
H2 + e- → HE -
gerade
µ= TÉ21=T3
CHEMICAL 't r*I0
1-12+111 CHEMICAL BONDING
Ec :
Is
BONDING .
Hb = I
MO Ho
Ao O
Na =
H
H
"
B. 0 =
1--20--0.5
" "
152 "
Paramagnetic
' *
a-
' -
-
-
-1€ "
☒ =
, "
""
'
' " H 01×10=215

1st
'
- ' d
gerade
.
-
.
i
,
,
.gg
.
- oils
LUMO
0152 6
Ha →
-
HI + e- ungerade
BO =
Mi =
HI { Hz
CHEMICAL
112+7 HI
BONDING
BE =
CHEMICAL BONDING
Hz 7
Hi
magnetic
hall
Nature Ha < __
V3 4-3
M=o
=)
Ex : driaw the 140
degrom of Hei , H.es Hei
,
and
their and
CHEMICAL compare Bond strength . Bond
length
Nature ?
magnetic also tells about Homo or
BONDING Lui Mo
CHEMICAL
care they BONDING
grenade ungerade ) or
( He )2 He
He too : old , → 15 -25
e) 2 ,
← a
Nb = 2 -
•
Ma = 2
250
B. 0=2-2 # 250
☐
= 0 • 250
⑨
#
Molecule does
not exist -
,☒ ☒
152
☒ # 152
- 152
(Heat ) ( Heb -
Heli
( + e-
CHEMICAL
( He )2 1
" "
Yeti ☐
-
*
2S÷
Nb = 2
zso
* .
250
2-2-1=0
B. 0 =
. -5 025°
Paramagnetic
.
" "" o -
ans
*
ungerade 152
LUMO = of 26 -152
A
gerade
CHE)j
CHEMICAL
( He )2
He too : old , ☒
-
,
,r*z¥
15 -2¥
Nb =3 IT
2S÷
÷€☐
-
*
Na = 2
"
3--22--0.5
÷
B. 0 =
.
Paramagnetic -25
,☒y
2s
HOMO = a-
KUMO = 0*25
is '
I ?_?
0152 0*152 , 0252,0*252
(Cz ) : EC : ,
,
lP✗1=tTPy2 ,
- Pzo
÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
CHEMICAL
BONDING ②
1I②
CHEMICAL BONDING
IECC )
t2Pz° zpL
Nb = 8
apt I E ( Cz )
Na 4
Pyd
=
ITPXZ IT
or
B. 0 =
8-2-4--2 → 252
IE(kE(C1
Diamagnetic 252
252
Bond : Tpx and

ITPY
☒
HOMO :
ttpxortpy
☒
Lumo - Pz
152
☒
- 152
KK 012521 0*252 >1TPy2,==lTPy2 spat
Nz ! ( IU ) =
, , ,
c-
¥
CHEMICAL Me
④ ④
☐
¥.
→
2132
Nb= 10
€T☒ ←¥ *
Na = 4
B.
0=10-2-4--3 zpz
2ps
tf
Diamagnetic ""
IElNH
IECN )
1401×10 ! • Zpz
↳
grenade II Migs
,
IElND7tElN)
↳ Mo
tihrpxortizpyasz
↳
grade
2
154 -252 , 254 grzpz? 1TJPY , 11-2%2
:#
02 ! • is ,
and ok
1TJPY ' 't

1TJPY
CHEMICAL
, =
02
BONDING o CHEMICAL BONDING
O
,
¥¥¥¥y,
Mb = 10
-*
2pz2
IE lol
Mb = G
IE ( Oz )
B. 0 =
1%6 = 2
&
¥t¥
Paramagnetic apt
""
IE
10274 IE
lol
u=f- =p-8
HOMO ITIPX ITEPY
Tzpz2
= or
LUNA u = →
2ps
and find the
Diagram
Draw the 1×10
Nature
CHEMICAL B. Nb
0 Na
,
magnetic
, ,
,
BONDING MOMO CHEMICAL

LUMO BONDING
Grenade
, Ungeratde →
or
Lia ,
Lei , NE , Bez .
Bei , Bei ,
B2 ,
BI , Bi
Fz , Ni , NI , Ci , Ci , OI , OI , OI ,
i. short cut :
CHEMICAL -
"
g) |
"
"" "
" "° " "
"" "¥ " " " " " "
Mb 6 8 9 $-0 10 10 10 10
5 7- 10 10
Fat ¢ + + * * s g z go
=
B. 0 0.5 I 1. 5 2 25 3 2.5 2 I -5 I 0.50
Ex the BL for Mz Mi Mi
:
compare , ,
15
14 13
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL BONDING
10 s
9--1
-
BONDING 10-4
2-
Bl ✗
¥0 =
3 2- 5 2- 5
-
Mi ME 7^122
BI >
Ex :
compare
bond
strength of B. s ✗ B. 0
02 02-1 Oi , of
02+702702-705
,
15 17 18
16
1%-6=2 10--25=25 10-27=1.5 10=-8--1

order
iii )
compare
the Bond of
CHEMICAL Not NO ,
NO
CHEMICAL BONDING
,
BONDING 14 6 1 15
I 10-5
10--42=3 ⇐ 2
-2
= 2-5
Not
-
> NO > NO
-1
Cai
iii)
compare
the BL
of CM .
,
CN
13 14 12
'
10-4
9=-4 8¥
'
BL ✗
to -2
3 2
=
2.5
-1
cat > em > CN
-
select
paramagnetic species
Ex the :
:
CHEMICAL ¥142
"
, Mi , MI ,
BI ,
B_ , 02-1 ,
0<-2 , MI
BONDING MI CO2CHEMICAL
Koz
BONDING
14204 Man
"
te -13
CI
'
, ,
, , ,
-
a
I -314
co : kt , 05
-
=
cold
Ex :
Compare BL
Of
-
the co ,
co 1
9¥
B_L :
co co
-1
CO
-
Electron
' is remove
"
co
-
> co > co
-1 % 1%5 from 1413M€
i = 2-5 &
=3
Bo increased amount
due
by
•
some
3-1
(
BONDING CHEMICAL
Important Postulates of MOT :- BONDING
(i) As electrons of an atom are present in its atomic orbitals similarly electrons of a molecule are
present in its molecular orbitals.
(ii) When two atoms combine through covalent bond then their atomic orbitals of almost same
energy and same symmetry get combined and molecular orbitals are formed.
(iii) The number of molecular orbitals = number of combining atomic orbitals

BONDING CHEMICAL
Important Postulates of MOT :-
BONDING
(iv) On the basis of combination of wave function of electrons present
in atomic orbitals, two types of molecular orbitals are formed
(A) Bonding molecular orbital (BMO)

(B) Antibonding molecular orbital (ABMO)
A.O. + A.O.
ABMO
BMO
Comparison between Bonding molecular orbital and Anti bonding molecular orbitals :-
Bonding molecular orbital Anti Bonding molecular orbital
more
Molecular orbital diagram of a molecule

BONDING Representation of different molecular orbitals :-
Let Z axis is assumed to be internuclear axis
BONDING
p*2px(ABMO)
p2px(BMO)
Filling of electrons in molecular orbitals of a homodiatomic molecule :-
Electrons are filled in molecular orbitals according to Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion
principle and Hund’s rule.
[more than 14 e—]
[less than or equal to 14 e—]
Remember :- in molecules having atomic no ≤ 7 energy of s 2pz orbitals is higher than p 2px &
p 2py orbitals due to s-p mixing.
Energy level diagram:-
2p 2p
For the species having electrons

greater than 14
2s 2s
1s 1s
Energy level diagram:-
2p 2p
For the species having electrons less

than or equal to 14
2s 2s
1s 1s
Bond order :- It represent the number of bonds between two atoms.
1
Bondorder: - Nb – Na
2
where
Nb = Total number of bonding electron
Na = Total number of antibonding electron
If Nb > Na Bond order 0, Molecule exists

If Nb =Na Bond order = 0, Molecule does not exist
Remember :- Whenever bond order is positive then molecule will exist but if bond order
is zero or negative then molecule does not exist.
BONDING CHEMICAL
Applications of bond order :-
BONDING
𝟏
(B.O. B.S. B.E. Stability )
𝑩.𝑳.
e.g. F2 O2 N2
F–F O=O N N
(1) (2) (3)
Magnetic properties:-
(a) When electrons in MO are paired, molecule will be diamagnetic

(b) When electrons in MO are unpaired, molecule will be paramagnetic
Remember:- for isoelectronic molecular species value of bond order and magnetic nature
generally remains same.
BONDING Q. Write electronic configuration of O2 and explain its paramagnetic nature :-
2p 2p
2s 2s
1s 1s
BONDING Q. Write electronic configuration of O2 and explain its paramagnetic nature :-
BONDING Q. Compare Bond order, bond length, bond strength of O2 , 𝐎− −𝟐
𝟐 , 𝐎𝟐 .
Superoxide
Sol. O2 , O−
2 , O−2
2 Peroxide
No of e. 16 17 18
Bond order 2 1.5 1
Magnetic nature para para dia
Order of Bond order and bond strength :- O2 > O–2 > O−2
2
Order of Bond length :- O2 < O–2 < O−2

2
Which of the following molecule have only p bond ?
(1) N2 (2) F2 (3) O2 (4) C2
2p 2p
2s 2s
1s 1s B2 & C2 having net p bond

only
Remember :- If different molecular ions of a molecule having same bond order then the
molecular ion having less no of electrons in ABMO will be more stable.
Q. Compare stability of 𝐍𝟐 , 𝐍𝟐+ & 𝐍𝟐–
Ans. N2 > N2+ > N2–

In Which of the following pair of species both species do not exist ?
(1) Li2 , B2 (2) Be2 , He2
(3) CO, NO (4) 𝐇𝟐+ , 𝐇𝐞+
𝟐
Ans. (2)
Remember :- If total electrons are 4, 8 & 20 then B.O. is zero

and molecule doesn't exist.
Number of s and p bonds in compound CaC2 are respectively :-
(1) 2,1 (2) 1,3
(3) 1,2 (4) 2,2
Ans. (3)
CHEMICAL COORDINATE BOND / DATIVE BOND
BONDING •
CHEMICAL BONDING
Unlike covalent bond it is formed by unequal contribution of electrons between two atoms
.
• Shared electron pair is contributed by one atom only (donor-Lewis base).
• Other atom (acceptor-Lewis acid) only provides vacant orbital
• Necessary condition is that one atom should have lone pair while other atoms should
have vacant orbital.
BONDING Q.
CHEMICAL BONDING
Which of the following species does not have coordinate bond ?
(1) 𝐍𝐎−
𝟑
(2) 𝐈𝟑−
(3) 𝐂𝐎−𝟐
𝟑
(4) H3O+
Ans. (3)
Which of the following compound has ionic, covalent as well as
coordinate bond ?
(1) NaNO2
(2) HNO3
(3) NH4Cl
(4) KCl
Ans. (3)
CHEMICAL WEAK FORCES
Weak Forces
Vander Waals
Hydrogen Bond
force
Ion-Dipole force
Between Ion and Polar molecule
e.g. Na+ and H2O
• Ion-Induced dipole force
Between Ion and Non polar molecule
e.g. I— and I2
Li+ and Cl2
BONDING CHEMICAL
Vander Waals force :- BONDING
• Dipole-dipole (Keesome force)
Between polar and polar molecule

e.g. HCl and HCl
• Dipole-Induced dipole(Debye force)
Between polar and non polar molecule

e.g. HCl and Cl2
• Instantaneous Dipole-Induced dipole (London / Dispersion Force)
Between Non-polar and Non-polar molecule

Between atoms of an inert gas
e.g. Cl2 and Cl2
Xe and Xe
H2 and H2
CHEMICAL Question
BONDING CHEMICAL
Order of Strength :
BONDING
(Keesome > Debye > London / dispersion)
Q. Identify the type of weak force among the following pair of species.
(1) HCl – HCl
(2) H2S – H2S
(3) HCl – Cl2
(4) H2O – CCl4
(5) Xe – H2O
(6) C6H6 – C6H6
(7) NH3 – NH3
(8) Cl– – H2O
(9) Br– – Br2
(10) He – He
BONDING
VWF a Molecular Weight :-
Melting Point
Liquefaction Tendency
CHEMICAL HYDROGEN BOND
Hydrogen Bonding :-
When hydrogen is covalently bonded with a more electronegative atom like F,O,N then this
hydrogen atom is attached with an another more EN atom having lone pair on it through an
electrostatic attraction. this attraction is known as Hydrogen Bond.
BONDING
CHEMICAL Question
BONDING Q. Order of strength of hydrogen bond.
(a) F-H……F
(b) N-H……O
(c) N-H……N
(d) O-H……O
(e) O-H……N
CONCEPT: X-H……Y
First check X(more EN)
If X is same, then check Y(less EN)
Ans. a>e>d>c>b
TYPES OF HYDROGEN BOND:-
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bond :-
When hydrogen bond is formed between discrete molecules of same or different compound.
E.g.:-
(i) HF(s)
Zig - Zag
(ii) NH3(s)
Linear
(iii) Structure of Ice:
Ice has open cage like structure due to which distance between H2O molecules increases,
hence volume increases and density decreases. This is the reason why ice can float over
water. Water has maximum density at 40C.
BONDING (iv) Boric Acid(H3BO3): having 2D sheet like structure
(v) Acetic Acid(CH3COOH): exist in the form of dimer through Hydrogen bond in C 6H6.
(vi) Crystal Structure of KHCO3 & NaHCO3 :-
NaHCO3 exist in polymeric form while KHCO3 exist in dimer form
Other examples of intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding :-
(1) If two ice cubes are pressed together they stick due to Hydrogen Bonding.
(2) Attachment of ice-cream with a wooden stick is an example of Hydrogen Bonding.
(3) Urea ,DNA , p-Nitrophenol etc.

Intramolecular Hydrogen bond:
When hydrogen bond is formed with in a molecule.
E.g. : (1) o-nitrophenol (2) salicylaldehyde

(3) salicylic acid (4) chloral hydrate
CHEMICAL APPLICATION OF HYDROGEN BONDING
Application of Hydrogen Bonding :-
1. Hydrogen Bonding ↑ Solubility ↑
Melting Point ↑
2. Hydrogen Bonding ↑ Boiling Point ↑ Volatility ↓
Viscosity ↑ Vapour Pressure ↓
Surface Tension ↑
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bond
• Molecules are attached with • Molecules are attached with H-

Keesome force. bonds.
• Weak association of molecules. • Strong association of molecules.
• Low boiling point because it's easier • High boiling point because its not
to break VWF than H-bond . easy to break H-bond .
• Low Viscosity • High Viscosity
• Highly volatile • Less volatile
• Less soluble in water because to • More soluble in water
dissolve in water it has to make H-
bonds & no molecule is free to form
H-bonds
CHEMICAL Question
If Boiling point of o-nitro phenol is X and Boiling point of p-nitro phenol is Y
then:
(1) X > Y
(2) X < Y
(3) X = Y
(4) None
Ans. (2)
BONDING CHEMICAL
th th th
BONDING
Order of Boiling Point for 15 ,16 and 17 group hydride.
H-bond
H-bond
Weak H-bond
CHEMICAL Question
KHF2 is partially ionized, explain why?
KHF2 K+ + HF2—
HF2— is a stable entity due to hydrogen bonding
F–----- H-F(strong hydrogen bond formed between H and F– )
KHCl2, KHBr2, KHI2 are unstable
CHEMICAL Question
BONDING Q.
CHEMICAL BONDING
Acidic water may contains ?
(1) H3O+
(2) H5O2+
(3) H7O3+
(4) All
Ans. (4)
CHEMICAL Question
BONDING Q.
CHEMICAL BONDING
Which of the following order of Viscosity is correct?
(1) as no. of –OH group ↑

no. of H bonds ↑
so Viscosity ↑
(2) HNO3 < H2SO4 < H3PO4

(3) O-nitrophenol < p-nitrophenol
(4) All
CHEMICAL FORMAL CHARGE AND BOND ORDER
For Polyatomic Molecules:
Bond Order = Total no of bonds/Resonating structure

Formal Charge = Total (–) ve charge/no of oxygen in resonance
E.g.:- CO3–2
CHEMICAL FORMAL CHARGE & BOND ORDER
Bond Order = 4/3 = 1.33
Formal Charge = –2/3 = – 0.67
E.g.:- SO4–2
Bond Order = 6/4 =3/2 = 1.5
Formal Charge = –2/4 = –1/2= – 0.5

CHEMICAL FORMAL CHARGE & BOND ORDER
E.g.:- ClO4–
Bond Order =7/4=1.75
Formal Charge = 1/4=-0.25
E.g.:- PO4–3
Bond Order = 5/4 = 1.25
Formal Charge = –3/4 = – 0.75

CHEMICAL Question
BONDING Q.
CHEMICAL
Compare Bond strength?
BONDING
ClO4– > SO4–2 > PO4–3
CHEMICAL Question
BONDING Q.
CHEMICAL
Compare Bond length ?
BONDING
ClO4– < ClO3 – < ClO2 – < ClO –
CHEMICAL Question
BONDING Q.
CHEMICAL
Compare C-O Bond strength?
BONDING
CO > CO2 > CO3–2
CHEMICAL Question
BONDING Q. Compare O-O Bond length?
H2O2 > O3 > O2
Miscellaneous
concept
CHEMICAL
oxi-EDR-edunyre.gas.ph#ae
BONDING •
CHEMICAL BONDING
: →
Hsub .
( IE)
Miss -
Meg , - mtcg , + e-
[ In gas phase ]
Reducing
Nature :X ÷÷E
k <
Rb ( Cs [ gas phase ]
Li
g
Na s
>
A- Hswb t.IE to
tt-q.pe
:
CHEMICAL
Mtig Mtcaq )
Mcg ,
→ -
Mls ) ,
.
HE
A- Hsub IE
w
.
exothermic
Endothermic
✗ 1- CHE )
Reducing
+
Nature :
=
I Hswb + IE
data
Experimental :
Li > K B Sr 7 Ca Ma > At 7 Man Fe

>
? > >
Mg 7 > eh > Cr > > Cd
> H Lu 7 Pt > An
co > Ali 7 Sh 7 Pb 7 Hg y Ag 7
Ilonmetals
:
CHEMICAL Reduced ) they

-
✗ e- X C means
CHEMICAL BONDING
+ →
BONDING
oxidising agent
are :
Gasptnase
*
algi →
xcg ,
>
5cg )
EA
(X -
X) (BDE )
oxidising Nature ✗
¥E (EA )
'
phase
for aqueous
☒ A
✗
21g ) - ✗ (g) > 5cg , -
Flag .
)
HE
oxidising Nature :X Et EA + HE
Hatogens
!
CHEMICAL *
BONDING Fz
-
CHEMICAL
Uz
-
BnzBONDING
Iz
.
BIE : 42 > Bra > Fz > Iz }

EA ! U > F > Br > I
{
"
'
HE
'
.
F- > Li > Bi > I
=
due to
E
oxidising agent
is :
good
:
Hydration energy
Bond dissociation is low
energy
:
i. Metallic Bond :
CHEMICAL bonded
BONDING
the atoms
of
CHEMICAL BONDING
a metal
by a
late
that
form metallic solid (
force to
bond !
metallic
known
is as
force
: Electron sea Model
: Band
theory
i Electron sea model
)
-
Atom : ( kernel + v.
e)
electrons
According to this model valence
CHEMICAL metals form ( Electron cloud ) Sea and
of
BONDING kernel
CHEMICAL
floats
in BONDING
that sea :
Electron cloud Nats )

a 21
Kernel
i
I ↳ Nat +
E
- *
I
i +
; +
'
↳
malleability
↳
- -
T
-
-
-
-
-
t
,
+ + + + lusturous
, ,
,
-1 ↳ ductile
1-
f
- -
-
- -
,
-
+
I + I + i
+
É
Force Electrostatic force attraction between
:
of
Kessel and v. e :
K9k÷-
qk = * ne
F =
CHEMICAL qe =
←
he
BONDING CHEMICAL
force
BONDING
Nature force
Singh of represents of
extent
force represent
:
Magnitude of
'
v. e 9 depends on n
of
no :
: where in is
E- ☒ No
of valence Electrons ( dominating ,
✓
[ Element of group ]
same
If Noot v. e are same
¥Éeme1
* ☒
between
cohesive fore : the attraction
CHEMICAL ☒ amie
'
metal
'
-
atom :

Adhesion Adhesive fore force attraction
/ : the
metal
two different
.
between atoms
of
Hg H2O
⑥
IT Glass
7-
|
Cohesion > Addhession Cohesion < Adhesion
force force force force
EI: Arrange
the
following
in
increasing order
CHEMICAL :/ Hardness /
strength BONDING
bond M.p
of
.
BONDING CHEMICAL "
F ✗ No
of V. e
'
Alls )
1)
My 1st (
( Alls )
il ) Macs )
K 's )
Iii ) This , y
.
µ
,
Sc 's ) > Yes ) > Lacs ) ( same group
Macs ) 7 KLS ) > Rbis ) > ( scs )

V7 Lies , >
vi ) kits , < Bees )

Vii) Cy is ) Ents )
{
CHEMICAL
BONDING Viii ) CHEMICAL
Beesly Mglsiy BONDING
Lacs )
y
Srcs ) > Bats )
metal
Ex :
which
of following pair contains softer
fist :
A) (Naik)
B) ( Mg , Cal
¥) ( Mg ,
Be)
(D) ( Li ,
Ma )
properties
which can be explained by
CHEMICAL
BONDING
theory CHEMICAL BONDING
!
I
) Electrical
conductivity
iij thermal
conductivity
ing ductility
in
malleability
V
) lustrums nature :
HI
why
while d- Block
Block metals
soft
s -
are
metals are Hard ?

:Bandthy
:
CHEMICAL is based on MOT

in this
theory
.
Band
CHEMICAL BONDING
•
BONDING LCAO
theory
atoms
undergoes
.
many
closely
Moss
tto form space
simultaneously
.
called
collectively of
Mo 's
having nearly equal energy
BMO
Bands .
> 1=-7-7 't

A
{
^
conduction
Band
t.r.bi.d.d.enefnergygap.ES
LCAO
☒
e
s Bigos
atoms
nnoof
.
Madame band
?⃝
Explains :
CHEMICAL :( conductors
BONDING
:
semiconductor
CHEMICAL BONDING :
:
nonconductor
¥3
e-☒
"
1--1 CB
t.HN/Eg1-sevEg--o
V13 •
:[
Eg
all electrons ←é
M
Means
V. B are at
in temp
present room .
in CB Nonconductor
dzresent do not
e. at high temp .
conduct
Means at room
temp .
at
electricity conducted :
conductor
electricity
any temperature .
CHEMICAL
Pictorial
Representation
CH}
CHEMICAL BONDING
-
BONDING Chia :
Sps
C : :
"
Methane : H : is
Tnelhyl
i
't
n
as is
n!¥⇐•ñ
Is
:
plane containing
4 H3
3
hydrogen -_
*
No of planes containing
g
3 atom :
5,413 ) ( 5113 ) ( 51312 )

( 114,3 ) ( 2,314 ) (
(1/213) f 1/2,4 )
: 10
( 511,2 ) ( 5124) ( 5,114 )
?⃝
C !
:
Cztb Sps H : Is
cays
.
CHEMICAL C : sps
Ethane
CHEMICAL BONDING Ethyl
BONDING
n¥É
①
"
"
"
I ←
'
180
y
conformers
conformational isomer
^
: .
I
?⃝
spa
CzI4
:
C : is
H :
CHEMICAL C : spa
Ethene CHEMICAL BONDING
BONDING
⑤ e-0
↳
④
→ Molecular plane :( ✗ 121
bond in
Modal plane of IT
Ethene is molecular plane :

czna
Ethyne
: :
g. §;
M= 's
CHEMICAL linear :
↳
⑦
"
#
""
in n "
⇐ *
A- Ilene structure :
CHEMICAL
BONDING CHEMICAL
f.
sp
BONDING
→ ☒ =c=É←sp §=c=c=c( ,
spa 4C - allure
3C - allure :
§=c=c=c=cf
3C : alle ne :
¥
" "'
CHEMICAL ,
" "
→
( % Pxj +s ÷ s
, ( NP : Y 2)
contains of IT bond
gf allure even no
I
CHEMICAL then terminal hydrogen perpendicular are
BONDING to
CHEMICAL
each other :[
BONDING
odd ] C :
: gf allene Contain odd no

of IT bonds
terminal atoms will be one

then
[ C ! even ]
same
plane :
HI Cathy C. 544 , cH2=c=0 ,
-
④ Hydrolysis :$ 0
CHEMICAL ionic
Cag p
A
-1
.
) + B- 199 .
)
aq .
①
☒§ Hydration
Halide A+
⑤
\
tonic
✓
Co valent
-
di d-
Halide
QA -}^B
'
'
> HOH 1- HB
9-
( Ii -39in )
Hydrolysis
⑦ ÷ so
hydrolysis means reaction
of substance with
-1
water : cation gets on while Anion gets H
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
⑦
;÷±
CHEMICAL ie → " " +
¥"
\ OH
/
BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING 40

U
d-
① TCH -1+04-7
orbital
No
vacant
U
I
€ hydrolysis
ii.
No
a- ( Ht -10h
-
u ⑧ -
Seven sister
concept
CHEMICAL É> Mrs
( HT
CHEMICAL
Hydride BONDING
{
is
BONDING → 10h
-
ii ) oxide (0-2)
MHz
Nitride ( mis)
-
Iii )
" → PH3
' v ) phosphide (10-3)
¥4
" → CzH2
cut
v1 Carbide I →
*
g- →
Cz Mt
*
* V1 ) Halide → tea
Arsenide Asks
viij -
:HydÉ
:
is
CHEMICAL and
for p Block
CHEMICAL BONDING
hydrolysis
observed -
BONDING : No
hydride generally
:
d- Block :
:|ÉionicT
- -
-
H☒
-7 1410117×-1 Hat
M +
aq .
(WH++iñ )
# Polymer )
E✗ " Beltz (
Man NaOH -1142
+
aq . →
hymen
mg
M2
HoH
+
kn +
aq →
No hydrolysis
.
hY# ← Cana +
aq . → cacottla -142T
②
CHEMICAL
Bide
5- Block
%"pdziock
+a +a
1420 M ( )✗ Ezox tag → HXEOY

✗
tag . → OH .
oxyacid
$83
Ex :
Mazo
Hzs%q
tag . → NaOH
-1 H2o →
Cao +
ag .
- Ca ( 0h12 Ñzos + H2o →
HsÑÉ$
1- 5-
Mos + the → HÑÉz

HÑPOZ
+3
14203 -109 .
→
③ INdñI
CHEMICAL AIN ete
BONDING group 13 :
CHEMICAL BONDING
BN ,
*
-
£-1310k : : covalent Network structure :

Nohydnlysis
31410M ) NH ]
Mz Mx tag .
→
✗ + ✗
EI:
3 NaOH -1 MHz
:
Magni + H2O →
3 Lion 1- MHz
: 4.3N + H2O -
H2o -
3 CACOH )z -1MHz
Caz Nz +
'
1- H2O -→ A1( 0h13 -1MHz

Al Al
④ 150
/ A- $-3
CHEMICAL I Phosphide :( 1531
PH } ( phosphene gas
-
evolved ) / ASH,
4- rsene
gas
Mzpp✗ tag .
→ 3^9104 ) ✗ t.PH }
3NaoH tip Hz
I Nagp + H2O →
3 Lion + PH }
4. zp + H2O -
%
H2o -
3 CACOH )z -1 P' Hz
I Cazpz -1
H2O _→ A1( 0h13 +

ptlz
: AIP 1-
carbide
:[-
CHEMICAL "
Bat? Nat K+ Rbt , est
cat ? Sr
CIZ CHEMICAL BONDING
,
: ,
BONDING ,
CzH2
[ 4 : Beth ,
Al -13
cj
"
: mg
Ex : Cafz + H2O 7 GHz + Ca ( 0h12 ( Ethyne )
-
A-lqcz 1- H2O → A) ( OH)z + CH

( methane ,
Hb + ↳ Ht (
Mgzcz
1- H2o -
Mg propyne
,
H2O →
13910412 + GHz ( Ethyne )
Baez +
+a +a
: M '
CHEMICAL E. ☒ nn > Hn Eom + NHI

U Bri I. oxyacid
t.ua#ie:-3:PUz-ag
✗ : ,
.
→ HzÑÉz 1- HU
+5
:P Us - 1-
aq .
- HzÑo¢ 1- HU
-13
1343 tag . - HzÑÉz + 3 tell
✗
044 tag
-
.
CHEMICAL
BONDING
YAI I o tn-pesi
CHEMICAL BONDING
. I T
i. Carbon :
s o
Amorphous :
crystalline
1- I
I 1 1 17
Black
Dimond graphite Coal Charcot
carbon
Allotropes of Carbon
Crystalline Amorphous .
Diamond
graphite charcoal
coal Lamp
Black
Diamond
thermal conductivity : dimond >
'
graphite
9T Lattice
has
crystalline
••
•
SP
••
Each carbon is
sp3 hybridised
structure to tetrahedral 3D network
←
••
•
to break extended
•
• 9T is difficult
•⑥•µ co -
valent
bonding therefore is
Hardest substance
• •
• brilliance due to
• • • •
Extraordinary
• •
•
teighreffr active index .
g. • •
Nonconductor of electricity
• # •
conductor of Heat .c good
)
• o ⑥ c- e Bond length 154PM
structure held
Graphite "
•
Graphite has
layered by
SP Vanderwaal forces
III. 5 pm
layer
•
distance between two 34012m

•
• →
•
• → • ••
!
•
! !
•
i •
•
•
• •
•
I I
•
I 1 •
'
§ ⑥
Each
1 '
layer is
composed of planer
•
, • l
a- : it
l l
l
1
l
I 1 •
l l I
☒
l 1
I
1
I
' 1 ! ! 1
hexagonal ring
'
m ' 1 '
'
i
( BL 1415pm )
' '
C
I
1 i • • '
-
C =
q
, ' •
•!
I
& '
• •
, ,
I •t
i•;•¥É• ! is
! • I
1 I 1
i. I:& • Each carbon in

hexagonal ring
and
I 1 I 1 1
1
1
'd and 30
hybridise
'
make
' '
'
2
Sp
11 ' ' .
! •1• ! I
,
•i•! !•i••
-
:*
•I
⑥ "
I
•
•1
i. •
• •
Edt bond
• •
• •
•
•
Electrons are delocalised in whole
layer .
• that make graphite conductor of electricity .
the
layer and Semiconductor
St conductor
along
•
across the
Layer
.
Lubricant
• Gt is soft and
slippery so used as
dry
in machine
thermal conductivity
and density
•
graphite tower ,
than diamond .
stable than Dia

•
graphite is thermodynamically more
mm
.
I 600°C
Dimond AHI
Graphite gum
.
soooo
Fullerenes spa fullerenes constitute family
•
of structures .
t.in which carbon atom

arranged spherical or
-
Eiffel structure .
Fullerenes are made

by heating graphite
•
in electric in inert
presence of
arc
atmosphere .
CHE . Ariete )
sooty material is
formed condensation
by of vapour
• Small molecule consist
mainly Go
carbon be
smaller
quantity upto
can
of ego or ↳ so
these
•
are
cage like molecules .
Pentagonal ,
&
hexagonal
ring
like
shape
buckminsterfullerene
• Ceo has soccer ball called
9¥
• C -
C bond
Length =
1437pm
•
C=c bond
Length
= 138 •
3pm Pentagonal -12
hexagonal
-
-35-10
**
=
25
Mo
of pentagonal Rings
•
= 12
No
of hexagonal
•
Rings 2- -10
=
For CGO
12
pentagonal songs
÷ -10--20
→
2100
hexagonal rings .
•
Aromatic due to de localisation of e-
d
Carbon is
sp2 hybridise Nonpolar solvent
'
•
to
Go and Cao are soluble in toe and
give
•
,
Dunkle and colour solution

ozEzge
.
• Fullerenes are
pure form of
carbon as
they
Bonds
have simoom structure without
dangling
.
Carbon Black
• All other forms of carbon are .
.
Coke . Charcot ,
all are
impure form
Uses of Allotropes of carbon • Coal → As a
fuel
in and waterfilters
Used
absorbing gases
.
• → .
Carbon Black Black Ink and filler in automobile

making
•
→
.
.
-
tyres .
•
Cotes →
Very good reducing agent ,
used in metal extraction
Diamond -0 Abrasive for sharpening tools

making
•
,
Ilya manufacturing
,
of tongs ton filament ,
ywellary
carat is I
200mg
.
•
Graphite dry
.
lubricant ,
graphite Crucible in labs for
Acid base Electrodes in battery graphite fibres
.
. ,
,
Allotropes of phosphorous
is Ptcsi white / yellow phosphorous :
B. A 60
( 109° 2811
-p
sp3 ,
t to
:
: due
Angular
:p strain
unstable
highly
:
highly
:
.
reactive
-
: stored in water
: Least stable
1
Red phosphorous :
p/µp_
-
pp)p
¥:p
- . . . .
-
P
:-/ i - -
÷
. - . -
: 9T Linear chain for :
strain is reduced
: some
Angular
i. becomes more stable than white phosphorous .
: Less reactive due to stability .

:B1ackphosths
^
.
Most stable .
: Leas reactive .
's
•
←sp
✓
n 7/3
% :
i. ⑧
"
sizoci ):
-
€¥E¥±÷ ⇐ 059m
to
single chain silicate :

Double chain silicates
n±
i)n
. .
" .
.
Csis )n
"
n -7,3
cyclists
'
÷¥÷É÷¥¥¥¥i
:
sizoq
-6
( Sip 0,58 )
network
!o#
: 3D -
1 Solid
,
i.
O G O
3D-sie
l l l *
shape
selective
,
,
.co/Tio/sf1o/F0----- catalyst
i
.
1
9 : structure
is like
'
i ! :
! Honeycomb .
: ZSM -
s used to convert alcohol
to
gasoline :
oxygen shared
to
silicate
Tac
Isms
← .
HI :
sheet-siie.to
Boiff :
:cod :
↳ Unpaired electrons
↳ d- a transition
↳ Homo Lumo transition
( LMC -1
transfer
Ligand to metal
charge
* unpairedekctrons
:I
"
Mmm.→
Energy
lost
in form
of agist
( colour)
: 1402 ,
NO , 403 ,
Ninth
② d-dtran-s.tn :
viii. %
°¥Eg
:
" in ,
degenerate
orbital
ITE
dxydxzdyz
③ HOMO-LUMotra-nsit.cm
- P
bgÉÉÉ Toilet
Fz 42 Brz Iz
&
cream brow
"
Ba
Bait : Tetlow : →
no unpaired e-
↳ at 6
-
it releases
jimmy
E :
Cr
0=1*1
0
¥-1 :
E
Minas ing
←
(Energy) Tncomplementary .
colour
YO
° absorbed :
yellow
15
?_? % ]
Hw →
Race : 11 -
raodue : chemical
bonding :
I
\ All excessive
, ,
{
,
example
⑧•
•
Examples
¥
.
worksheet
10 ,
13
: NCERT !
a -
bank
→
Question

Chemical Bonding Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemical Bonding Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHEMICAL

Cause of Chemical Combination:-

Strength of chemical bond ∝ Bond Energy

BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING

off attractive forces overcome

Potential decreases and when a minimum PE

BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING

÷ KOSSEL AND LEWIS CONCEPT ÷

pictured the atom in term of

• Lewis found that octet

particle stable electronic

Electronic configuration atom looses share

electrons with other atoms .

kernel removed all electrons from valence

Fix write Lewis for

How to attain noble

decrease PE and also attain noble together to decrease

(b) Atoms loose ,gain or share electrons to complete octet.

(c) H & Li completes its duplet (ns2).

• Atoms Complete their octet:-

( K+) l (Na'T Ili )

(2,818 ] [21818] ( 218) (2/8,8)

is called electro that element

BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING

A co valent bond is formed

pairs are called

BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING

which shared electron electrons from

one atom called donor atom and other is called acceptor

BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING

BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING

covalent bond [ bond ]

(iii) By unequal contribution(sharing) of electrons:- Coordinate bond is formed.

• Total number of electron lost or gained is called electro valency.

218,8 2,818 -21818

CHEMICAL Ionic Bond

CHEMICAL of loins ( Cation / Anion ) called Lattice

BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING

is its ions amount

BONDING is converted CHEMICAL

Energy required is called = LECNAF)

absorbed LELA/ 20351

CHEMICAL (2) 19cL eneieases lattice increases

⑦ era increases Lattice decreases

# (6) A increases lattice

Ex ' " Nats ] +

enthalpy of formation .¢NaUcsD

Energy released win be

7mg Fzls '

CHEMICAL MGFZ , Alf} ,

BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING 0=0

3-2 A- HBD (0--0)

GlIEz f#Heg Hegztdltegs)

• Ionic compound do not form molecule they

{ Same charged ions come closer. So they repel each other.}

I Electronic (2,8) (2,8) (2,8) (2,8)

BONDING Na¥g , CHEMICAL

when lion is dissolved in a

ion become stable • which release some amount

BONDING known as CHEMICAL BONDING

gaseous ion Hydrated ion

BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING increases HE

EI compare ionic mobility of ions in

1) Kale ) Maule ) Adnniionn iss same