Calculus II 2021 Fall Midterm Solution

1. Let 
   〈
  〉 and 
   〈 
 〉 and let 
  be the vector
∞
projection of 
   onto 
   for  ≥ . Find the value of     .



(sol) The angle  between 

   and 
   is same as that between

 and 
 .

 ∙  
  
 

⇒ cos         .
    × 

And 
  comp 
 
   



 ∙ 
 
  
 
   

  
  cos
 

 


    ≥

∞ ∞
∴  
  
    

 

  

 


    
2. Find the volume of the tetrahedron with vertices as      ,
     ,      , and      .

(sol) 
  〈   〉, 
  〈   〉 and 
  〈     〉.




 
Then 
∙  
 × 
    
  

       


∴ The volume of the tetrahedron is
 
   
∙  
 × 
   ,
 
3. (4 points) Find the parametric equation of the line that passes
through the point       and intersects perpendicularly with
    
the line      .
  

(sol) Let      be the intersection point between the line

   
     and the wanted line.
  
Since the direction vector 
 〈  〉 of the line
   
     and    〈        〉, we have
  

 ∙ 
                          .
   
Since      lies on the line      , we have
  
   
       
  
⇒               
⇒                        

⇒   .


 
⇒      
    and so the direction vector of the wanted

line is  〈
  
       
   〉 〈   〉.
∴ The parametric equation of the line is
     
     
      ∈ℝ
4. Let  be the curve with vector function 
   〈
    〉.


(a) (2 points) Find the point on the curve  at which the curvature
is a maximum.
(b) (2 points) Find the osculating plane of the curve  at the point
of (a).
(c) (3 points) Find the center of the osculating circle of the curve 
at the point of (a).
(d) (1 points) Find the equations of the osculating circle of the curve
 at the point of (a).
(e) (2 points) Find the torsion of the curve  at the point of (a).

(sol) (a)  ′    〈      〉 and  ″    〈   〉.
 

  

⇒  ′   × 

′′    


      〈  
  
     〉

⇒  ′                       and

 ′   × ′′    
              .
′
   × ″         

∴ The curvature is          .
′     
     
    



So the maximum of the curvature    is  where    .

Then the wanted point is      .
(b) The binormal vector 
  is
′
   × ″   〈      

       
 ′   ×  ″  
   
〉
  〈
  
    .
  〉
∴ The equation of the osculating plane is
   
                  
  
⇒      
(c) The unit normal vector    is

      ×  
  

 











 












〈
    
 
  〉
∴ The center of the osculating circle is
 

   


  〈  〉 
〈


   
 〉


 〈  〉
(d) The equation of the osculating circle is
                     .
   
(e)  ″ ′    〈     〉 ⇒  ″ ′    〈   〉.
∴ The torsion is
 ′
   × ″    ∙ ″ ′   
        .
 ′
   × ″    
   
5. (4 points) Find lim    if it exists.
 →        

   
(sol) lim   
 lim   
 →          →    

 lim   
 →   

 lim   


 →
 
  
6. (5 points) Find  if the equation
 
  ln  
defines  as a function of the two independent variables  and 
and the second partial derivative exists.
(sol) Let         ln    .
       
⇒       
         
 

        
       .
         
 

 
∴    
 
 
   

    
   



 

  

         

   

   

 
   
 
   
  
 
   
    
 
   
7. (4 points) Given that  is a differentiable function with       ,
      and       , find the linearization of  at   
and use a linear approximation to estimate     .
(sol) The linearization of  at    is
                        
           
  
and linear approximation is
    ≈     
∴     ≈       
8. (4 points) The directional derivative of     at     in the
direction of    is   and in the direction of   is  . In
what direction does of  have the maximum rate of change at  ?
What is this maximum rate of change at  ?
(sol) Let ∇     〈 〉 and let     and   .


⇒       ∇    ∙ 

〈 〉
 〈 〉∙ 
 

     

  
and

      ∇    ∙ 

〈  〉
 〈 〉∙ 

 
 
⇒      
∴ ∇     〈 〉.
⇒ The maximum rate of change of  at    is
 ∇     
    

and  increases fastest in the direction of the gradient vector
∇     〈 〉.