PRE CALCULUS

LESSON 1 : KNOWING THE CONIC SECTIONS

Conic sections are formed on a plane when that plane slices through the edge of one or both of a pair
of right circular cones stacked tip to tip. Whether the result is a circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola
depends only upon the angle at which the plane slices through. Conic sections are described
mathematically by quadratic equations—some of which contain more than one variable.

When the edge of a single or stacked pair of right circular cones is sliced by a plane, the curved cross
section formed by the plane and cone is called a conic section. The four main conic sections are the
circle, the parabola, the ellipse, and the hyperbola.

What are Conic Sections? | Don't Memorise

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 LESSON 2 : UNDEFINED TERMS

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In Geometry, we have several undefined terms: point, line and plane. From these three undefined
terms, all other terms in Geometry can be defined. In Geometry, we define a point as a location and no
size. A line is defined as something that extends infinitely in either direction but has no width and is one
dimensional while a plane extends infinitely in two dimensions.

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 LESSON 3 : DISTANCE FORMULA

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Using what we know about the Pythagorean theorem, we are able to derive the distance formula which
is used to find the straight distance between two points in a coordinate plane. The distance formula is a
standard formula that allows us to plug a set of coordinates into the formula and easily calculate the
distance between the two.

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 LESSON 4 : MIDPOINT FORMULA

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When working with circle conic sections, we can derive the equation of a circle by using coordinates
and the distance formula. The equation of a circle is (x - h) ^2 + (y - k)^2 = r^2 where r is equal to the
radius, and the coordinates (x,y) are equal to the circle center. The variables h and k represent horizontal
or vertical shifts in the circle graph.

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 LESSON 5 : SLOPE OF A LINE

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One of the most important things to understand about lines is the definition of slope. Slope is the
'steepness' of the line, also commonly known as rise over run. We can calculate slope by dividing the
change in the y-value between two points over the change in the x-value. In order to understand the
importance of the definition of slope, one should understand how to interpret graphs and how to write an
equation.

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 LESSON 6 : CIRCLES

Standard Equation of Circle | Conic Sections | Don't Memorise

Pre-Calculus - Conic Sections : CIRCLE

Pre-Calculus - Circle - Transforming Standard Form into General Form I Señor Pablo TV

Pre-Calculus - Circle : Transforming General Form into Standard Form I Señor Pablo TV

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 LESSON 7 : ELLIPSE

Ellipse

- An ellipse looks like a squashed circle where it's composed of the set of all points in a plane
whose distance from two fixed points sums up to a constant.

The Best Explanation of the Equation of an Ellipse

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More Properties of Ellipse

Some ellipses have their foci aligned vertically, and some have centers not at the origin. Their standard
equations and properties are given in the box. The derivations are more involved, but are similar to the
one above, and so are not shown anymore.

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 What is Ellipse? | Don't Memorise

Pre-Calculus : Conic Sections - ELLIPSE

Pre-Calculus - Ellipse : Transforming Standard Form to General Form of Ellipse

Pre-Calculus - Ellipse : Transforming General Form of Ellipse to Standard Form

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 LESSON 8 : PARABOLA

Parabola

- Parabola is a locus of all points P(x,y) in the plane such that they are always equidistant from the
fixed point and the fixed line. The fixed point of a parabola is called the focus. The fixed line of a
parabola is known as the directrix.

- The distance from the vertex to the focus or the distance from the vertex to the directrix is
denoted as a. The line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the axis of symmetry is
called the latus rectum. The length of the latus rectum is 4a and the half length is 2a. Hence, the
distance from the focus to the endpoint of the latus rectum is denoted by 2a. The line passing
through the vertex and the focus and always perpendicular to the latus rectum is called the axis of
symmetry.

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Using the different properties of the parabola given above, we have graphed the equation y2=16x

Figure 4.7 - Graph of the Equation y2=16x

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 The graph of the equation x2=−12y is :

Figure 4.8 - The Graph of the Equation x2=−12y

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Figure 4.10 - Graph of the Equation x2−8x+10y−4=0

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Figure 4.11 - Graph of the Equation y2−12x−8y+88=0

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What is Parabola? | Conics | Don't Memorise

Pre-Calculus : Conic Section : Parabola

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 LESSON 9 : HYPERBOLA

Hyperbola (Part 1) | Conic Sections | Don't Memorise

Hyperbola

- A hyperbola is one of the conic sections that most students have not encountered formally before,
unlike circles and parabolas. Its graph consists of two unbounded branches that extend in
opposite directions. It is a misconception that each branch is a parabola. This is not true, as
parabolas and hyperbolas have very different features. An application of hyperbolas in basic
location and navigation schemes are presented in an example and some exercises.

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- The absolute value of the difference between their distances to F1 and F2 is equal to 6. There are
other points P such that |PF1 − PF2| = 6. The collection of all such points forms a shape called a
hyperbola, which consists of two disjoint branches. For points P on the left branch, PF2 − PF1 =
6; for those on the right branch, PF1 − PF2 = 6.

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More Properties of Hyperbola

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Pre-Calculus: Conic Section - HYPERBOLA

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