CIRCLES AND ITS

EQUATIONS
 3

A circle is a path or locus of points equidistant from a

center point.

The distance between each point on the circumference

and the center is called the radius.

Using this definition, we find the equation of a circle once

we know the coordinates of the center and the measure
of the radius.
 The Circle Center (0, 0)

 Represent any point P by (x, y)

and write an algebraic statement
that says that:
 the square of the distance
from (x, y) to (0, 0) equals the
square of the radius measure.

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The equation of the circle center (0,
0), radius r is

x2 + y2 = r2

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 The Circle Center (h, k)

 Find the equation of the circle with

center (2, 3) and radius 4 then
generalize the equation we find to
apply to a circle with center (h,
k) and radius r.
 Write an equation that states that
the square of the distance between The equation of the circle is:
(x, y) and (2, 3) equals the square (x - 2) 2 + (y - 3) 2 = 4 2 or
of the radius (4). (x - 2) 2 + (y - 3) 2 = 16

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The standard form of the equation
of the circle with center (h, k) and
radius = r is

(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2

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The General Form of the Equation of a Circle

x 2 + y 2 -2hx -2ky + h 2 + k 2 -r2

=0

• Every binomial squared has been

multiplied out.
• Every term is on the left side, equal to
0.
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Converting from General to Standard
1. Move the x terms together and the y
terms together.
2. Complete the square (as needed) for x.
3. Complete the square(as needed) for y.
4. Factor the left & simplify the right

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Example: Write the standard equation of
the circle. State the center & radius.

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Example: Write the standard equation of
the circle. State the center & radius.

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Converting from Standard to General
1. Foil both trinomial squares (as needed)
2. Move the radius to the left side of the
equation.
3. Simplify the constants.
4. Write the equation in general form.

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Example: Write the general form of the
equation of the circle.

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Example: Write the general form of the
equation of the circle.

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Ellipse
 Ellipse
When the plane figure is tilted
and cut only one cone to form
a bounded curve then it
generates an ELLIPSE. It
implies that the distance of
segments from the foci to any
points on the ellipse is equal
to the length of the major axis.
Parts of the Ellipse
Parts of the Ellipse
• Center C- This can be at the origin or (h, k).
This is the middle innermost part of an ellipse.
• Vertices- The vertices are the parts on the
ellipse, collinear with center and foci. Each
vertex is a unit/s away from the center. The
length of the endpoints of the vertices is called
the major axis.
• Co-Vertices- Each co-vertex is b unit/s away
from the center. The length of the endpoints of
the co-vertices is called the minor axis.
• Foci- Each focus is c unit/s away from the
center.
 Patterns in Finding the Parts of an Ellipse

ORIENTATION: HORIZONTAL ORIENTATION: VERTICAL

Example
F i n d t h e c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e c e n t e r, v e r t i c e s , c o - v e r t i c e s a n d f o c i
of the given equation.
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ = 𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟗

Center: (0,0)
The principal axis is horizontal.

𝑎2 = 25 𝑏2 = 9 𝑐 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
𝑎 = 25 𝑏 = 9 𝑐 = 25 − 9
𝑎 = 5 𝑏 = 3 𝑐 = 16
𝑐 = 4
 Standard and
General Form of
the Equation.
 General Form of the Equation of an Ellipse:
• Write the standard form of the equation of an ellipse.
• Multiply the equation by the LCD.
• Use Addition Property of Equality.

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =1
𝟐𝟓 𝟗
𝑥2 𝑦2
225 + =1
25 9
9𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 = 225
9𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 − 225 = 0
 Standard Form of the Equation of an Ellipse:
• Write the standard form of the equation.
• Use Addition Property of Equality
• Use Multiplication Property of Equality.
• Simplify 2 2
9𝑥 + 25𝑦 − 225 = 0
9𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 = 225
1
9𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 = 225
225
9𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 = 225
225
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
25 9
PARABOLA
Derive the formula of the standard form of the equation
of the parabola which opens upward. Apply the
distance formula based on illustration FP is equidistant
to PD.
 Parabola is locus of points such that the
distance from a point to a focus is equal
to the distance from the same point and
the directrix.
Based on the illustration, Point F
has coordinates (0, p) while point P
has coordinates (x, y). point D has
coordinates (x, -p)

find the distance between:

f and p
p and d
standard form of the equation of the parabola
opens upward
whose vertex is at the origin
Here are other formulas of the parabola.
Bod
y
• Vertex -sharpest turn point of the parabola (represented by V).
• Focus- a point which is used to determine or define the parabola
(represented by F). The distance of focus to the vertex is always
determined by p.
• Latus Rectum- a line passing through the focus, perpendicular to the
axis of symmetry, and it has two end points. The distance of endpoints of
latus rectum is always determined by 4p.
• Axis of Symmetry-a line that divides the parabola in half.
• Directrix- a line perpendicular to axis of symmetry (represented by D).
Patterns in Finding Parts of a Parabola
Patterns in Finding Parts of a Parabola
Example
I. Vertex at the Origin
Direction: Identify the parts of the given standard form or general form of the
equation of the parabola and specific conditions.
1.

Solution
Opening: Right – since it follows y^2 = 4px
By observation, p = 7 since 28x = 4px (divide both sides by 4x, you can get
the value of p).
Since the value of p = 7, therefore by substituting this to the given pattern we
can identify the parts of a parabola.
II. Vertex at (h, k)

1. y^2 – 12y – 4x + 28 = 0

Solution
Transform the general form of the equation of the parabola to its standard
form.
y^2 – 12y = 4x – 28
(y^2–12y +36) = 4x–28+36 Completing the square for y^2—12y
(y – 6)^2 = 4(x + 2) Factor the right side using perfect square trinomial and
the left side using common monomial factor
Opening: to the right – since it follows (y- k)^2 = 4p(x – h)

By observation, p = 1 since 4 = 4p (divide both sides by 4, you can get the

value of p). Moreover, the value of h and k are h =-2 (since h is always the
number beside x) and k = 6 (since k is always the number beside y). Since
the value of p = 1, h = -2 and k = 6,

therefore by substituting this to the given pattern we can identify the parts of a
parabola.
HYPERBOLA
 WHAT IS HYPERBOLA?

A hyperbola is a curve that occurs at the

intersection of a cone and a plane. It is also the
set of all points in the plane such that the
difference of their distances from two fixed
points (foci) is constant.
EXPLORATION:
PARTS OF A HYPERBOLA

• Center C- This can be at the origin or (h, k). This is

the middle inner most part of hyperbola.
• Vertices (V1 & V2)-Each vertex is a unit from the
center. Moreover, the transverse axis has length 2a.
• Endpoints of Conjugate Axis (W1 & W2)- Each
endpoint of conjugate axis is b units from the center.
Moreover, the length of conjugate axis is 2b.
• Foci (F1 & F2) -Each focus is c units from the center
and collinear to the vertices.
• Asymptotes- These are the two lines that intersect
at the center.
PATTERNS IN
FINDING PARTS
OF HYPERBOLA