Conic

Sectio
n
 CONI
C
SECTI
A conic section is the
ON
intersection of a plane
and a double right
circular cone.
Review
Conic
Section
 The General
Formof the form:
The graph of every equation

𝐴𝑥2 + 𝐵𝑦2 + 𝐶𝑥+ 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0

where A, B, C, D, and E are constants can either be :
• a conic (circle, parabola, ellipse, hyperbola); or
• a degenerate conic (point, line or intersecting lines).
 CIRC
LE
Learning Objectives:
• Define and illustrate a circle.
• Derive equations of circles in general and standard forms given
some geometric conditions.
Recall: Distance
Formula
• The distance 𝑑 between any two points,
(𝑥1, 𝑦1) and (𝑥2, 𝑦2), is given by

𝒅= (𝒙𝟐− 𝒙𝟏)𝟐+(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏)𝟐

Recall: Midpoint
Formula
• The coordinates of the midpoint of a line
segment 𝐴𝐵 with endpoints A(𝑥1, 𝑦1) and
B(𝑥2, 𝑦2), is given by

𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏+ 𝒚𝟐
,
𝟐 𝟐
Distance and Midpoint
Formulas
Example: Find the distance between the given
points, and determine the midpoint of the
segment joining them.
1. (−1, 4) and (3, 0)

2. (−3, −1) and (−7, 2)

3. 1
,
7 and 9
,−
2

5 3 5 3
 Definition of a
A circle isCircle
the set of all points on a plane that are at
a fixed distance from a fixed point on the plane.
 Parts of a Circle
Center is the fixed point (not on the curve of a circle) equidistant
from any point on the circle.

Radius is the constant distance (segment connecting the center and

any point on the circle).

Circumference the distance around a circle. It is also the perimeter of

the circle.

Diameter is the longest chord of a circle, that is, one is connecting any
two points of a circle and passing through the center.
 Parts of a Circle
Chord - A chord is a straight line joining two points on the circumference.
The longest chord in a called a diameter. The diameter passed through
the centre.

Segment - A segment of a circle is the region enclosed by a chord and an

arc of the circle.

Tangent Line- is a line that touches the circle at exactly one point called
the point of tangency.

Secant Line- is a line that intersects the circle at two points.

Consider a circle with center at 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) and radius 𝑟. Let
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on the circle.
y
Find the length of the radius.
We can compute for 𝑟using the
P(x, y)
distance formula:
r 𝑟= (𝑥 − ℎ)2+(𝑦 −
C(h, k) 𝑘)2
x
Squaring both sides:
𝑟2 = (𝑥 − ℎ)2+(𝑦 − 𝑘)2
Standard Form of the equation of a
Circle
A circle with center at 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) and radius 𝑟
has a standard equation :

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐+(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐= 𝒓𝟐
where 𝑟 > 0.
 General Form of the Equation of a
Circle
Every circle can be represented in the general form:

𝒙𝟐+ 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫𝒚 + 𝑬 = 𝟎
 Equation of a Circle
 Center-radius form or the Standard form:
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 Center at (h, k)
x2 + y2 = r2 Center at the origin

General Equation:
x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 or Ax2 + Ay2 + Dx + Ey + F= 0 , A

Where: D = 2h E = 2k F = h2 + k2 - r2
 Equation of a Circle
 Nature of the graph
1. If , there is a graph and it is a circle.
2. If , the graph is a single point sometimes called a point-circle (but not a
circle).
3. If , there is no graph since r is imaginary.
Example 1:
Find the standard form of the equation of the circle
with radius 4 and center 3, −2 and sketch the graph.
Given:
h k

𝑟= 4 and (3, −2)

Standard form: C 3, −2
𝑟= 4
(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐+(𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐= 𝟏𝟔
Example
2:
Give the general form of the equation of the circle given by:

(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐+(𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐= 𝟏𝟔
Solution:
Expand the equation: 𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦2 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 16
Combine like terms: 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 9 + 4 − 16 = 0
General 𝒙𝟐+ 𝒚𝟐− 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
form:
Example
3:
Write the equation 𝒙𝟐+ 𝒚𝟐− 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎 in
standard form and identify the center and radius.
Solution:
By completing the square:
𝒙𝟐− 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐+ 𝟔𝒚 = −𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝟐− 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓 + 𝒚𝟐+ 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟗 = −𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟗
Standard Form: (𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐+(𝒚 + 𝟑)𝟐= 𝟏𝟐

Center: (5, −3)

12 𝑜𝑟2
Radius:
Example
4:
Write the equation 𝒙𝟐+ 𝒚𝟐+ 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎 in
standard form and identify the center and radius.
Solution:
By completing the square:
𝒙𝟐+ 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐− 𝟔𝒚 = −𝟏𝟑
𝒙𝟐+ 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒 + 𝒚𝟐− 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟗 = −𝟏𝟑 + 𝟒 + 𝟗
Standard Form: (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐+(𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐= 𝟎

If radius is 0, then this the graph is a point instead

given by −2,
3 of a circle.
Example
5:Write an equation for a circle with center (-4, -3) that is
tangent to the x-axis.

A radius is always
-5 perpendicular to the
tangent line.
r=3 -2

(-4, -3) Answer:

-4

(x + 4)2 + (y + 3)2 =
-6 9
Example
6:
Write the equation 𝒙𝟐+ 𝒚𝟐+ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟏𝟗 = 𝟎 in standard form and
identify the center and radius.
Solution:
By completing the square:
𝒙𝟐+ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐+ 𝟖𝒚 = −𝟏𝟗
𝒙𝟐+ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐+ 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟏𝟔 = −𝟏𝟗 + 𝟏 + 𝟏𝟔
Standard Form: (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐+(𝒚 + 𝟒)𝟐= −𝟐

If radius < 0, then the equation has no graph.

Example
7:
The point (1,11) lies on a circle centered at (−5,3). Find the
equation of the circle in general form.
Solution:
Since the center is given, the equation of the
Standard form:
circle would be:
(𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟐+(𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐= 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟐+(𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐= 𝒓𝟐
To find the radius, substitute point (1,11) to To General Form:
the equation. So,
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟗 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(𝟏 + 𝟓)𝟐+(𝟏𝟏 − 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟗 + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(𝟔)𝟐+(𝟖)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
𝒙𝟐+ 𝒚𝟐+ 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟔𝟔 = 𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎

= 𝒓𝟐
Try this! Example
8:
Write the equation of the circle, in standard form, whose
diameter has endpoints at (−3,5) and (2,4).
Solution:
Note that the midpoint of the To find the radius, substitute point
diameter gives the center of the circle. (−3,5) to the equation.
2
So, 2
9
So, the center is at:
−3 + 12 + 5−
2
=
𝑟2
−3 + 2 5 + 4 −1 9 25 1 2
, = , 4 + 4 = 𝑟
2 2 2 2 26 2
4 = 𝑟
Hence, the equation is given by
2 9 2 𝟏 𝟐 𝟗 𝟐 𝟐𝟔 𝟏𝟑
𝑥+ 1
+ 𝑦− = 𝒙+ 𝟐
+ 𝒚− 𝟐
= =
2 2 𝟒 𝟐
𝑟2
 Exercise 2:
1. Write the equation of the circle described in standard and general
form.
a) Center at (−2,3) and passing through (3,7).
b) (0, −7) and (−4, −5) are endpoints of the diameter.
c) Radius is 5; in the fourth quadrant and tangent to both axes.

2. Express the equation in standard form and indicate the center and
radius, if the graph is a circle.
a) 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 10𝑥 − 14𝑦 − 7 = 0
b) 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 28 = 0