Where the (h, k) are the coordinates of the
THE CONIC SECTIONS
The graph of an equation formed by a
second degree order or also called
Quadratic Equation,
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 +Dx + Ey + F = 0.
This equation is graphically represented
by a curve or most popularly known as
Conic such as Circle, Ellipse, Parabola
and Hyperbola.
A Conic section is defined as a set of
curves formed from dividing or cutting a
right circular cone of two nappes with a
plane
CIRCLE
- is a set of all points that are equidistant
from a fixed point called “center”
The fixed point is called Center which is
located inside the circle, while the fixed
distance is the radius.
To clarify, we will have the coordinates of
the center as (h, k) and the points
coordinates are (x, y).
The standard form of a circle is
expressed by the equation,
circle and r as the radius. While the x and
y are the variables of the equation of the
circle.
The General Form of Circle
From the simplification of the circle’s
standard form, we can obtain the general
equation of the circle which expressed in a
form of
where the Ax2 and Cy2 are the quadratic
terms : A and C are always equal. While
the Dx and Ey are the linear term and the
F is any constant.
If the value of radius isn’t given, apply the
DISTANCE FORMULA
PARABOLA
- is a set of all points that are equidistant
from a fixed point called focus and from a
fixed line called directrix
Equations:
1. x^2 = 4ay
2. (x-h)^2 = 4a (y-k)
3. y^2 = 4ay
4. (y-k)^2 = 4a (x-h)
PARTS OF A PARABOLA

1. Vertex (V) - It is the main point of the

parabola which lies at the middle portion
of the curve. It is also the midpoint of the
fixed point of the curve and the given line.

2. Focus (F) - It is another important point

of the parabola that is located inside of the
curve. The focus is also known as the
fixed point of the parabola.

3. Focal Distance (a) - This is the length

of space from the focus to the vertex. It is
also the distance between the directrix line
OPENING OF A PARABOLA
and the vertex.
If x^2 is present ;
4. Directrix line (D.L) -It is a line which is
– upward (+)4a
outside and parallel to the parabola curve.
– downward (-)4a
5. Latus Rectum (LR) - This is a chord
If y^2 is present ;
that is parallel to the directrix line and
– to the right (+)4a
intersecting the parabola at the point of
– to the left (-)4a
focus. The end points of the latus rectum
are defined as R1 and R2. The length of
the latus rectum is always twice of the
focal distance. The half of the latus rectum
is called the semilatus rectum.
ELLIPSES
6. Axis of Parabola - It is also known as
It is a conic section whose 1 < e < 0.
axis of symmetry because it is the line that
Ellipse is formed by a locus of points
divides the parabola into two equal parts.
whose sum of the distance from the two
The axis of the parabola passes through
fixed points is constant (2a).
the points of Vertex and Focus; and this
line is perpendicular to the diretrix and the This is the second type of conic section;
latus rectum. unlike the parabola ellipse is a closed
figure. Circle is a special type of ellipse,
7. Eccentricity (e) - This is the ratio of the
with eccentricity value closer to zero. The
distances from a fixed point to one of the
shape of the ellipse is elongated sphere
points of the curve and from this point to
similar to the shape of the orbit of the
the directrix line. Eccentricity value
earth in the solar system.
expresses the degree of roundness of the
given curve. For a parabola, eccentricity
value is always equal to 1.
PARTS OF AN ELLIPSE

1. Center - It is the midpoint inside of the

ellipse curve and denoted by the symbol
C.
2. Vertices - These are the main points of 4.The sum of the distances from any point
the curve expressed by the symbols V. on the ellipse to focus is constant and
equal to the length of the major axis.
3. Foci - These are the fixed points of the
Ellipse and it is the plural form of focus.
This point is located between the center
and the vertices. They are represented by
the symbols F1 and F2.

4. Directrix lines - They are also called

directrices. These are the lines which are
located outside of the ellipse.

5. Minor Axis - It divides the curve into

two symmetrical parts. The end points of
this axis are called intercepts. The length
of the minor axis is 2b.

6. Principal Axis - It is another

symmetrical axis in the ellipse but always
longer in length compare to minor axis.
The endpoints of the Principal or major
axis are the vertices. The length of this
axis is 2a.

7. Focal Distance - This is the distance

between the one of the focus to the
Center. It is denoted by the symbol c.

8. Latera Recta - it is the plural form of

the latus rectum. The length of the lateral
rectum is 2b^2/a

9. Eccentricity - This is the ratio of the

distances from the fixed point to the point
P and from point P to the directrix line.
The value of the eccentricity can be
obtained from the formula of c/a

PROPERTY OF AN ELLIPSE

1.It has closed and symmetrical figure.

2.It has two sets of foci, directrices, latus

recta and symmetrical axes.

3.It has two vertices and two co-vertices.

 axes and the asymptotic line of hyperbola
intersects.

2. Vertex (V) – It is the main point of the

hyperbola. There are two vertices in this
curve. This point is located nearer to the
center of the curve than to the foci.

3. Foci (F) – These are the points located

inside of the hyperbola. The foci are
located next to the vertices .

4. Transverse Axis – It is the line that

joining the two vertices and passes
through the center and foci. This is the
counter part of the major axis in the ellipse
and it length measures as 2a.

5. Conjugate Axis – This is a shorter line

that connects the points b1 and b2. It also
passes through the center of the
hyperbola.

6. Directrix lines - These are the lines

that is drawn in between of the curves of
the hyperbola and parallel to the curves.

7. Asymptotes lines - These are the two

lines that intersect the center of the
hyperbola and they are asymptotic to the
two curves.

8. Latera Recta – These are chords that

HYPERBOLA pass through the foci.
This is the last type of conic section. It is
defined as a locus of points such that the
difference of the distances from any points GRAPH OF HYPERBOLA
of the curve to the fixed points is constant.

Hyperbola is composed of pairs of

parabolas whose openings are in opposite
direction and its shape is dependent on
the value of eccentricity which is always
greater than one (e> 1).

PARTS OF HYPERBOLA

1. Center (C) – It is the point in the middle

of the hyperbola. This is where the two