Elastic Behavior of RC Beams: Steps in Solving Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams

(Analysis Problem)
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams
b b
c = kd
d N.A. d N.A.
As
d – effective depth measured from the extreme
compression fiber to the centroid of the tension steel.
b – width of the beam.
c – location of the N.A. measured from the extreme
compression fiber.
As – Total area of the tension steel reinforcement.
k – ratio of c to d.
1. Solve for the effective depth, (d)
2. Compute the modular ratio, (n)
3. Total area of steel reinforcement, (As)
c = kd 4. Compute the steel ratio, (ρ), and (ρn)
5. Solve for the location of neutral axis, c=kd
6. Compute Itr. Use to solve for deflection and
nAs stresses.
7. Solve for the moment capacity, M, if the
allowable stress in concrete and steel are given.
The least value of M governs. If the loading in the
beam is given, solve for the stresses in concrete
and steel, fc and fs respectively.
Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beams
b b
As’ (2n-1)As’

𝒄 d' d'
c c
𝒌= = −𝝆𝒏 + √(𝝆𝒏)𝟐 + 𝟐𝝆𝒏
𝒅 N.A.
d N.A. d
𝑨𝒔
𝝆 = 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = As nAs
𝒃𝒅
𝑬𝒔 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝒏 = 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = =
𝑬𝒄 𝟒. 𝟕√𝒇𝒄 ′ d’ - distance from the extreme compression fiber to the
centroid of the compression steel.
Modular Ratio, n, must be rounded to the nearest whole
−𝑩 ± √𝑩𝟐 + 𝟒𝑨𝑪
number. The purpose of modular ratio is to convert the 𝒄=
𝟐𝑨
concrete non-homogeneous section into equivalent
Or go to mode 5+3
concrete homogeneous section by multiplying the steel
Where:
area, As, with the modular ratio, n. In a similar way, stress 𝒃
in steel can be determined by: A=
𝟐
𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒄 𝒏 𝑩 = (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨′𝒔 + 𝒏𝑨𝒔
𝑪 = (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨′𝒔 𝒅′ + 𝒏𝑨𝒔 𝒅
Moment of Inertia of the transformed section:
Moment of Inertia of the transformed section:
𝒃𝒄𝟑
𝑰𝒕𝒓 = + 𝒏𝑨𝒔 (𝒅 − 𝒄)𝟐 𝒃𝒄𝟑
𝟑 𝑰𝒕𝒓 = + 𝒏𝑨𝒔 (𝒅 − 𝒄)𝟐 + (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨′𝒔 (𝒄 − 𝒅′)𝟐
𝟑
Concrete Stress:
Compression Steel Stress:
𝑴𝒄
𝒇𝒄 = 𝑴(𝒄 − 𝒅′ )
𝑰𝒕𝒓 𝒇′𝒔 = (𝟐𝒏)
𝑰𝒕𝒓
Tensile Steel Stress:
𝑴(𝒅 − 𝒄)
𝒇𝒔 = 𝒏
𝑰𝒕𝒓
Steps in Solving Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beams
(Analysis Problem)
1. Solve for the effective depth, (d), and d’
2. Compute the modular ratio, (n)
3. Total area of tension steel reinforcement, (As),
and compression steel reinforcement, (As’).
Steps in Solving Irregular Beams (Analysis Problem)
4. Solve for the location of neutral axis, c
5. Compute Itr. Use to solve for deflection and
stresses.
6. Solve for the moment capacity, M, if the
allowable stress in concrete and steel are given.
The least value of M governs. If the loading in the
beam is given, solve for the stresses in concrete,
tensile steel, and compression steel, fc, fs, and fs’
respectively.
Irregular Sections
Case 1: The neutral axis falls on the top flange. Such
section is to be solved as singly reinforced beam.
N.A.
As
Case 2: The neutral axis falls on the web. Such
section is to be solved as follow:
b
Moment of Inertia of the transformed section:
𝟏 𝒕𝒇 𝟐
𝑰𝒕𝒓 = (𝒃 − 𝒃𝒘 )𝒕𝒇 𝟑 + (𝒃 − 𝒃𝒘 )(𝒕𝒇 ) (𝒄 − )
𝟏𝟐 𝟐
𝒃𝒘 𝒄𝟑
+ + 𝒏𝑨𝒔 (𝒅 − 𝒄)𝟐
𝟑
1. Solve for the effective depth, (d), and d’
2. Compute the modular ratio, (n)
3. Total area of tension steel reinforcement, (As)
and transform the steel area, (nAs).
4. Assume “c” is equal to “tf”. Solve for the moment
of the concrete area above the N.A. and moment
of the area of the transformed steel below the
N.A.
a. If MAbove>MBelow, follow the singly
reinforced beam procedure.
b. If MAbove<MBelow, proceed to the next
step below.
5. Solve for the location of neutral axis, c
6. Compute Itr. Use to solve for deflection and
stresses.
7. Solve for the moment capacity, M, if the
allowable stress in concrete and steel are given.
The least value of M governs. If the loading in the
beam is given, solve for the stresses in concrete
and steel, fc and fs respectively.
Use Strength of Materials by Singer for formulas on
deflection.

tf
c
N.A.
d
N.A.

As nAs

bw

−𝑩 + √𝑩𝟐 + 𝟒𝑨𝑪
𝒄=
𝟐𝑨
Or go to Mode 5+3
Where:
𝒃𝒘
𝑨= 𝟐
𝑩 = (𝒃 − 𝒃𝒘 )𝒕𝒇 + 𝒏𝑨𝒔
𝒃−𝒃𝒘 𝟐
𝑪= 𝟐
𝒕𝒇 + 𝒏𝑨𝒔 𝒅
Design of Beams - Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
Method:
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

b Strains Stresses Forces

εc = 0.003 0.85fc’
a/2
c a Cc = 0.85fc’ab
𝑎
d N.A. 𝑑−
2
As
εst Ts = Asfy
fy
𝑨𝒔
𝝆𝒂𝒄𝒕 ≡ 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝒃𝒅 𝒂
Maximum Steel Ratio, max Mn =  𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − )
𝟐
NSCP 2015: Steps for Design of a Singly Reinforced Rectangular
εst=0.004 (minimum) Beam
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝟑 Part A: Beam Section Design
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜷𝟏 ( )
𝒇𝒚 𝟕 1. Determine max and min.
For fc’≤28MPa: 2. Choose  It is recommended to use a  nearer
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 and just above min.
For fc’>28MPa: 3. Choose a “d/b” ratio. “d” is to be maximized in
𝟎.𝟎𝟓 order to optimize the design. The usual range for
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 − 𝟕
(𝒇𝒄′ − 𝟐𝟖)
“d/b” ratio is from 2 to 3. Let Rdb represent the
For fc’≥55MPa:
chosen “d/b” ratio.
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
4. Determine R using the chosen  in Step 2.
Minimum Steel Ratio, min
Resistance Factor, R
√𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝟏. 𝟒
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒚 𝑴𝒖
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚 𝑹 = 𝝆𝒇𝒚 (𝟏 − 𝝆 ′) =
𝟏. 𝟕𝒇𝒄 ∅𝒃𝒅𝟐
𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒓.
𝟏.𝟒
5. Determine the required bd2.
If 𝑓𝑐′ < 31.36𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝒇 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐠𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐧 𝑴𝒖
𝒚
𝒓𝒆𝒒′ 𝒅 𝒃𝒅𝟐 = 𝑺 =
If 𝑓𝑐′ > 31.36𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
√𝒇𝒄 ′
𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐠𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐧 ∅𝑹
𝒇𝒚 6. Determine the beam width round off to a nice
Steps for Analysis of a Singly Reinforced Rectangular round number (multiple of 50mm).
Beam
𝟑 𝑺
1. Determine max and min. 𝑹𝒆𝒒′ 𝒅 𝒃 = √
𝑹𝒅𝒃 𝟐
2. Determine act.
3. Compare the actual steel ratio act with max and 7. Determine the required effective depth using
min. the chosen “b” in Step 6.
a. If act > max then use  = max. 𝑺
3 𝑹𝒆𝒒′ 𝒅 𝒅 = √
b. If act < min then use  = 4
act. 𝒃
c. If max > act > min then use  = act. 8. Determine the beam height and round off to a
4. As = *bd using the valid  in Step 3 nice round number (multiple of 50mm).
5. Solve for “a” Req’d h = Req’d d + (Concrete cover + dbs + db/2)
𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 9. Determine the actual effective depth based on
𝒂=
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝒃 the chosen “h” in Step 8.
dactual = h - (Concrete cover + dbs + db/2)
6. Determine the moment capacity
Part B: Steel Reinforcement Concrete Cover:
a. Determine “X”. Use the actual “b” in Step 6 and Concrete Reinforcement Specified
actual “d” in Step 9. Exposure Cover, mm
𝑴𝒖 Cast against
𝑿=
∅𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒚 and
b. Determine “m”. permanently in All 75
𝒇𝒚 contact with
𝒎= ground
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′
c. Determine the req’d  Exposed to 20 mm  and
50
weather or in bigger
𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝟐𝒎𝑿
𝝆= contact with 16 mm  and
𝒎 40
𝟒
ground smaller
If req’d min, use 𝝆 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏 (𝟑 𝝆𝒓𝒆𝒒′ 𝒅 , 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 ) Not exposed to
If req’d >max, use 𝝆 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 weather or in
All 40
d. Determine the number or spacing of bars. contact with
𝑨𝒔 𝟒𝝆𝒃𝒅 ground
𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔, 𝑵 = =
𝑨𝒃 𝝅𝒅𝒃 𝟐
𝑨𝒃 𝝅𝒅𝒃 𝟐
𝒔= =
𝝆𝒅 𝟒𝝆𝒅

Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

b Strains Forces for Mn1 Forces for Mn2

As’ εc = 0.003 0.85fc’
εsc Cc d’ C
s
c a

d N.A. 𝑎 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑑−
2
As
εst Ts1 = As1fy Ts2 = As2fy

Steps for Analysis of a Doubly Reinforced Rectangular

Beam
1. Determine 1 and max. 4. Compare act - ’ with max and determine the
2. Determine act and compare with max. effective As.
a. If act < max then analyze the section as a. If act - ’ > max, then consider only the
a singly reinforced rectangular beam and amount of tension steel satisfying the
follow the procedure for “singly”. The code requirements.
compression bars are conservatively As = (max + ’)*bd.
neglected in the analysis since the b. Otherwise, As = act *bd.
tension force (T = As fy) does not change 5. Assume that the compression bar yields.
and only the lever arm is slightly changed 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 − 𝑨′ 𝒔 ∗ (𝒇𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝒇′𝒄 )
𝒂=
in determining the moment capacity. 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃
𝒂
b. If act > max then analyze as “doubly” 𝒄=𝜷
𝟏
(doubly reinforced rectangular beam) 6. Solve for fsc using Hooke’s Law and confirm that
and follow the steps discussed below. this exceed fy.
𝐴′ 𝑠 𝒄−𝒅′
3. Determine ’ = 𝒇𝒔𝒄 = ∗ 𝟔𝟎𝟎 > fy
𝑏𝑑 𝒄
 7. Moment Capacity
a. If compression bar yields Beams with Irregular Sections
Mn = 0.90*[(0.85*fc’*ab)(d – a/2) +
A’s(fy – 0.85fc’)(d – d’)]
b. If compression bar does not yield
𝑩+√𝑩𝟐 +𝟒𝑨𝑪
c= 𝟐𝑨
where:
A = 0.85fc’1b
B = Asfy – 600A’s + 0.85fc’A’s
C = 600A’sd’
𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝐟𝒔𝒄 = ∗ 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄
Mn = 0.90*[(0.85*fc’*ab)(d – a/2) +
A’s(fsc – 0.85fc’)(d – d’)].

Steps for Design of a Doubly Reinforced Rectangular

Beam
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒇𝒚 Effective Width “be” of T-Beams
𝑹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒇𝒚 (𝟏 − )
𝟏. 𝟕𝒇′ 𝒄 For interior beams, the effective width “be” should be the
least of the three values below:
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑹𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∗ ∅𝒃𝒅𝟐
1. bw + L/4,
2. bw + 16ts, and
If Mmax >Mu, then the section dimensions b and d
3. bw + sw or Average of the beam center to center
are enough to design the beam as “singly” and the design
spacing at both sides of the web.
procedure for “singly” is followed to determine the
required reinforcements As. ts be
Otherwise, when Mu > Mmax the beam will have
to be designed as “doubly” in order to cope with the
𝑀𝑢
excess moment ∅
− 𝑀𝑛1.
bw bw bw
1. Solve for As1.
sw sw
As1 = maxbd
2. Determine the required nominal moment Mn2. c-c spcg c-c spcg
𝑴𝒖
Mn1 = Rmaxbd2 and Mn2 = ∅
- Mn1
3. Determine the required amount of tension For exterior beams, the effective width “be” shall be
reinforcements As taken as the least among the three values listed:
𝑴𝒏𝟐
𝑨𝒔𝟐 = 1. bw + L/12,
𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝒅′ ) 2. bw + 6ts, and
As = As1 + As2 3. bw + sw/2 or bw/2 + c-c spcg/2
4. Determine the stress of the compression rebars.
𝑨𝒔𝟏 𝒇𝒚 be
𝐚= ts
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝒃
𝒂
𝒄=
𝜷𝟏
𝒄 − 𝒅′ bw
𝐟𝒔𝒄 = ∗ 𝟔𝟎𝟎 > 𝐟𝐲
𝒄 sw
5. Determine A’s bw/2 c-c spcg
𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝒇𝒚
𝑨′𝒔 =
(𝒇𝒔𝒄 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄 )
Steps for Analysis of Irregular Section Steps for Design of Irregular Section
1. Determine effective width “be”. 1. Solve for As, β1, ρmax
2. Assume “a” is equal to “ts”. 2. Assume “a” is equal to “ts”. Then solve for Mn.
T = As fy (Note that T is fixed value) and 𝑡𝑠
ϕ 𝑀n = ϕ [ 0.85 f𝑐 ' b𝑒 𝑡𝑠 (d- )]
C = 0.85 fc’ a be = 0.85 fc’ ts be. 2
a. If C > T, then “a” must be reduced in a. If Mu < øMn, then a < ts. In this case, the
order that C = T. Therefore, a < ts. design will follow the procedure for
single reinforced rectangular beam.
be b. If Mu > øMn, then a > ts. In this case,
C = 0.85fc’abe
a proceed with the following steps.
ts
3. Solve for Cf, Asf, Mf.
𝑪𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′(𝒃𝒆 − 𝒃𝒘 )𝒕𝒔
𝑪𝒇
T = Asfy 𝑨 𝒔𝒇 =
𝒇𝒚
𝒕𝒔
b. If C < T, then “a” must be increased in 𝑴𝒇 = 𝑪𝒇 (𝒅 − )
order that C = T. Therefore, a > ts. 𝟐
4. Get the value of Mw.
be 𝑀𝑢
C = 0.85fc’abe 𝑀𝑤 = ( ) - M𝑓
ts a
𝜙
5. Determine “X”.
𝑴𝒘
𝑿𝒘 =
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒚
T = Asfy 6. Determine “m”.
𝒇𝒚
3. Solve for 𝑪𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′(𝒃𝒆 − 𝒃𝒘 )𝒕𝒔 and 𝒎=
𝒕𝒔 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′
𝑴𝒇 = 𝑪𝒇 (𝒅 − 𝟐 )
7. Determine the req’d w
4. Solve for Asf = Cf / fy
𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝟐𝒎𝑿𝒘
5. Solve for Asw = As – Asf 𝒓𝒆𝒒′ 𝒅 𝝆𝒘 =
6. Solve for the steel ratio w 𝒎
8. Compare ρw and ρmax. Then solve for Asw.
𝑨𝒔𝒘
𝝆𝒘 = a. If ρw > ρmax
𝒃𝒘 𝒅
increase beam size bw,d
7. Solve for max.
a. If w < max b. If ρw < ρmax
=>Okay! No need to reduce Asw Req’d Asw = ρwbwd
If w > max 9. Solve for As = Asf + Asw
b.

=> Asw = maxbwd

8. Solve for a.
𝑨𝒔𝒘 𝒇𝒚
𝒂=
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′𝒃𝒘
9. Solve for Mw.
𝒂
𝐌𝐰 = 𝑨sw 𝒇y (d- )
𝟐
10. Solve for Mu.

Mu = (Mf + Mw)
One-Way Slab:
ACI Moment Coefficient Illustration
Three Spans:
𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2
𝑤𝐿2
14 11 16
16

𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2

24 10 11 11 10 11 11

(a) Slab integral with spandrel beam. (b) Slab unrestrained by spandrel beam.

Two Spans:
𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2
𝑤𝐿2
14 11 11
14

𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2

24 9 9 24 9 9

(a) Slab integral with spandrel beam. (b) Slab unrestrained by spandrel beam.

The moment coefficient for all negative moments is 1/12

if the clear spans of the slabs do not exceed 3.0m.

Minimum h: Concrete Cover for Slabs

Support Condition Minimum h [1] Concrete Reinforcement Reinforcement Specified
Simply supported 𝑙/20 Exposure Cover,
One end continuous 𝑙/24 mm
Cast against
Both ends continuous 𝑙/28
and All All 75
Cantilever 𝑙/10
[1] In this table, thicknesses are based in Grade 60
permanently
rebars. If the reinforcing bars used have lower grade in contact
(e.g. Grade 40), then the slab thickness or beam height with ground
shall be modified in the factor of (0.4 + fy/700)
Exposed to ≥ 20𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑏𝑢𝑡
50
weather or ≤ 58𝑚𝑚 ∅
in contact All
with the ≤ 16𝑚𝑚 ∅ 40
ground
40𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑
Slabs, joists, 40
58𝑚𝑚 ∅
Not and walls
≤ 36𝑚𝑚 ∅ 20
exposed to
weather or Primary
Beams,
in contact reinforcement,
columns,
with the stirrups, ties, 40
pedestals, and
ground spirals, and
tension ties
hoops
Steps for Design of One-Way Slab ACI Moment Coefficients
Part A: Slab Section Moment Location Condition 𝑀𝑈
1. Solve for clear span, ln. Discontinuous 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /14
2. Solve for h. end integral
Part B: Reinforcement with support
3. Compute for the design moments, Mu. End Span Discontinuous 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /11
Positive
4. Determine min. end
√𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝟏. 𝟒 unrestrained
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝒇𝒚
𝒐𝒓
𝒇𝒚
Interior All 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /16
Spans
𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒓.
𝟏.𝟒 Member built 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /24
If 𝑓𝑐′ < 31.36𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝒇 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐠𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐧 integrally
𝒚
√𝒇𝒄 ′ with
If 𝑓𝑐′ > 31.36𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒇𝒚
𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐠𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐧 supporting
Interior
5. Solve for 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 0.5𝑑𝑏 spandrel
face of
6. Determine “X”. beam
exterior
𝑴𝒖 Member built 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /16
𝑿= support
𝜙𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒚 integrally
7. Determine “m”. with
𝒇𝒚 supporting
𝒎= column
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′
Exterior Two spans 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /9
8. Determine the req’d 
face of More than 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /10
𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝟐𝒎𝑿 first
𝒓𝒆𝒒′ 𝒅 𝝆 = two spans
𝒎 interior
𝟒
If req’d min, use 𝝆 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏 (𝟑 𝝆𝒓𝒆𝒒′ 𝒅 , 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 ) Negative support
9. Determine the spacing of bars.
[1]
Face of All 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /11
𝑨𝒃 𝝅𝒅𝒃 𝟐 other
𝒔= = Supports
𝝆𝒅 𝟒𝝆𝒅
use 𝒔 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏(𝒔𝒓𝒆𝒒′ 𝒅 , 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 )
a) Slabs with
spans not
a. 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 450 𝑚𝑚
exceeding
b. 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3ℎ
3m. 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /12
𝐴 𝜋𝑑 2
c. 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌 𝑏ℎ = 4𝜌 𝑏ℎ b) Beams
𝑔 𝑔 Face of all
𝜌𝑔 = 0.0020 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 40)
where ratio of
supports
sum of
𝜌𝑔 = 0.0018 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 60) satisfying
column
Part C: Temperature Bars (a) or (b)
𝐴
stiffness to
10. 𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 = 𝜌 𝑏ℎ beam stiffness
𝑔

use 𝒔 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏(𝒔𝒓𝒆𝒒′ 𝒅 , 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 )

exceeds 8 at
each end of
a. 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 450 𝑚𝑚
span.
b. 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5ℎ 1]
To calculate negative moments, 𝑙𝑛 shall be the average of the adjacent
clear span length.
Two-Way Slab:
Steps for Design of Two-Way Slab 5. Solve for “m”, d, min.
1. Compute for fm. It is the average of f of the a. 𝒎 =
𝒇𝒚
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′
beams adjacent to the slab panel in
b. 𝒅 = 𝒉 − 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 − 𝟏. 𝟓𝒅𝒃
consideration.
√𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝟏.𝟒
a. Exterior Beam c. 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒇𝒚
𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒚
𝟑𝒃𝒘 𝒉𝟑 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒓.
𝜶𝒇 =
(𝑺+𝒃𝒘 )𝒕𝒔 𝟑 If 𝑓𝑐′
𝟏.𝟒
< 31.36𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝒇 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐠𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐧
𝒚
b. Interior Beam
√𝒇𝒄 ′
𝟐𝒃𝒘 𝒉𝟑 If 𝑓𝑐′ > 31.36𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐠𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐧
𝒇𝒚
𝜶𝒇 =
𝑺𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒔 𝟑 6. Solve for l1, l2, ln, Mo, l2/l1
Save is the average beam c-to-c spacing
ℓ1
for two adjacent slab panel.
2. Clear Spans, lnL and lnS. ℓ𝑛
𝑙
3. 𝛽 = 𝑙𝑛𝐿
𝑛𝑆
4. Minimum h: ℓ2
For Conventional Slab fm>2.0
Greater of:
𝒇𝒚
Direction of analysis
𝒍𝒏𝑳 (𝟎.𝟖+ )
𝟏,𝟒𝟎𝟎
a. 𝒉 = 𝒒𝒖 𝓵𝟐 𝓵𝟐𝒏
𝟑𝟔+𝟗𝜷
𝑴𝒐 = ; 𝒒𝒖 𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝑷𝒂
b. 90mm 𝟖
For Flat Plate and Flat Slab fm<0.2
7. Solve for Mu=Mo x DF x %Share
Without Drop Panel[3]
Interior Factored Moments in Column Strips
Exterior Panels
fy[2] Panel (%Share of Column Strip)
MPa Without Edge With Edge Interior Negative:
Beams Beams[4]
ℓ2 / ℓ1
280 ln/33 ln/36 ln/36 αf1 ℓ2 / ℓ1
420 ln/30 ln/33 ln/33 0.5 1.0 2.0
520 ln/28 ln/31 ln/31 0 0.75 0.75 0.75
With Drop Panel[3] ≥1.0 0.90 0.75 0.45
Interior Positive Moment:
fy[2] Exterior Panels
Panel
MPa ℓ2 / ℓ1
Without Edge With Edge αf1 ℓ2 / ℓ1
Beams Beams[4] 0.5 1.0 2.0
280 ln/36 ln/40 ln/40 0 0.60 0.60 0.60
420 ln/33 ln/36 ln/36 ≥1.0 0.90 0.75 0.45
520 ln/31 ln/34 ln/34 Exterior Negative:
[1]
ln is the clear span in the long direction, measured face- αf1 ℓ2 / ℓ2 / ℓ1
βt
to-face of supports (mm). ℓ1 0.5 1.0 2.0
[2]
For fy between the values hiven in the table, minimum
0 1.0 1.0 1.0
thickness shall be calculated by linear interpolation. 0
[3]
Drop panels are given in Section 408.2.4. ≥2.5 0.75 0.75 0.75
[4]
Slabs with beams between columns along exterior 0 1.0 1.0 1.0
≥1.0
edges. The value of f for the edge beam shall be ≥2.5 0.90 0.75 0.45
calculated in accordance with Section 408.10.2.7. Factored Moments in Column Strips with Beam
Exterior panels shall be considered withoutedge beams if (%Share of Beam)
f is less than 0.8. αf1 ℓ2 / ℓ1 Distribution Coefficient
0 0
≥ 1.0 0.85
Distribution of Total Factored Static Moment

0.35Mo 0.52Mo

0.65Mo 0.65Mo 0.26Mo 0.70Mo

a. Interior Spans d. End Spans without Beams at All Supports

0.63Mo 0.50Mo
0.75Mo 0.30Mo 0.70Mo
b. End Spans with Unrestrained End Support e. End Spans without Interior Beams but with
Edge Beams

0.57Mo 0.35Mo
0.16Mo 0.70Mo 0.65Mo 0.65Mo
c. End Spans with Beams at All Supports f. End Spans with Interior Beams and Integral
with Edge (Wall) Support
8. Compute the Column Strip Width 12. Determine the spacing of bars.
Lesser of: 𝑨𝒃 𝝅𝒅𝒃 𝟐
𝓵𝟏 𝓵𝟐 𝒔= =
a. 𝒐𝒓 𝝆𝒅 𝟒𝝆𝒅
𝟐 𝟐
9. Determine “X”. use 𝒔 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏(𝒔𝒓𝒆𝒒′ 𝒅 , 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 )
𝑴𝒖 a. 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 450 𝑚𝑚
𝑿= b. 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2ℎ
𝜙𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒚
𝐴 𝜋𝑑 2
11. Determine the req’d  c. 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌 𝑏ℎ = 4𝜌 𝑏ℎ
𝑔 𝑔
𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝟐𝒎𝑿 𝜌𝑔 = 0.0020 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 40)
𝒓𝒆𝒒′ 𝒅 𝝆 =
𝒎 𝜌𝑔 = 0.0018 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 60)
𝟒
If req’d min, use 𝝆 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏 (𝟑 𝝆𝒓𝒆𝒒′ 𝒅 , 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 )
Shear Reinforcement: Torsion:
Concrete Shear Strength Steps for Design of Torsional Reinforcement
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕√𝒇𝒄 ′𝒃𝒅 1. Solve for Vu and Tu @ d.
Reinforcements: 2. Compute the threshold torsion.
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒅 𝑨𝟐𝒄𝒑
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑻𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑√𝒇𝒄 ′ ( ) 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
𝒔 𝑷𝒄𝒑
𝑨 𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒅 𝑷𝒄𝒑 = 𝒃𝒉 + 𝒙𝒕𝒔
𝑹𝒆𝒒′ 𝒅 𝒔 =
𝑽𝒖 𝑨𝒄𝒑 = 𝟐(𝒃 + 𝒉 + 𝒙)
𝝓 − 𝑽𝒄
𝒙 = 𝒉 − 𝒕𝒔 ≤ 𝟒𝒕𝒔
𝑨𝒗 = 𝒏𝑨𝒃𝒔 ; 𝒏 = 𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒆𝒈𝒔
3. Compute the cracking torsion.
Limits
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝟑𝟑
a. 𝒔′𝟏 = 𝑻𝒄𝒓 = ( ) 𝑻 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟐√𝒇𝒄 ′𝒃 𝟖. 𝟑 𝒕𝒉
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 If Tu>Tcr, make necessary adjustments.
b. 𝒔𝟐 ′ = 𝟎.𝟑𝟓𝒃
Adjusted Tu @ d =Tcr.
c. 𝑠 ′ = min (𝑠1′ , 𝑠2 ′)
𝟔.𝟐
4. Cross Sectional Limit
d. 𝒔" = ( 𝟑𝟑 ) 𝒔′𝟏
𝑽𝒖 𝟐 𝑻𝒖 𝒑𝒉 𝟐 5
If 𝑹𝒆𝒒′ 𝒅 𝒔 ≥ 𝒔", √( ) +( 𝟐
) ≤ 𝝓 ( ) √𝑓𝑐′
𝑑 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝟏. 𝟕𝑨 𝒐𝒉 6
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min (𝑠 ′ , , 600𝑚𝑚) Where:
2
If 𝑹𝒆𝒒′ 𝒅 𝒔 < 𝒔", 𝐴𝑜ℎ = 𝑥𝑜 ∗ 𝑦𝑜
𝑑 𝑃ℎ = 2(𝑥𝑜 + 𝑦𝑜 )
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min (𝑠 ′ , , 300𝑚𝑚) 𝑥𝑜 = 𝑏 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑐𝑜𝑣. −𝑑𝑏𝑠
4
If 𝑽𝒖 < 𝟎. 𝟓𝝓𝑽𝒄 , shear reinforcement is optional. 𝑦𝑜 = ℎ − 2𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑐𝑜𝑣. −𝑑𝑏𝑠
5. 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝐦𝐢 𝐧 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒔′
Steps for Analysis of Shear Reinforcement (𝑨𝒗+𝒕 ) = 𝒏𝑨𝒃𝒔
(𝑨𝒗+𝒕 )𝒇𝒚𝒕
1. Av, Vc a. 𝒔𝟏 ′ =
𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟐√𝒇𝒄′ 𝒃
2. s’, s”, smax
(𝑨𝒗+𝒕 )𝒇𝒚𝒕
3. Cases: b. 𝒔𝟐 ′ =
𝟎.𝟑𝟓𝒃
a. If s>s’ ′ 𝑷𝒉
c. 𝒔𝟑 =
𝑽𝒖 < 𝟎. 𝟓𝝓𝑽𝒄 𝟖
b. If s’ > s > s” d. 𝒔𝟒 ′ = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
i. If s > smax 6. For transverse reinforcement:
𝐴𝑣 𝑉 −𝜙𝑉
𝑽𝒖 < 𝟎. 𝟓𝝓𝑽𝒄 a.
𝑠
= 𝑢𝜙𝑓 𝑑 𝑐
𝑦
ii. If s < smax 2𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑢
𝑽𝒖 = 𝝓𝑽𝒔 + 𝝓𝑽𝒄 b. 𝑠
= ∅𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦
c. If s < s” 𝐴𝑣+𝑡 𝐴𝑣 2𝐴𝑡
c. = +
i. If s > smax 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
d. Solve for req’d s.
𝑽𝒖 = 𝝓(𝟎. 𝟑𝟑√𝒇𝒄 ′𝒃𝒅) + 𝝓𝑽𝒄 Use s=min(smax, req’d s)
ii. If s < smax 7. For Longitudinal Reinforcement
𝑽𝒖 = 𝝓𝑽𝒔 + 𝝓𝑽𝒄 𝑇𝑢 𝑝ℎ
a. 𝑅𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑑 𝐴ℓ =
Steps for Design of Shear Reinforcement 2𝜙𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦
1. Av, Vc 0.42√𝒇𝒄′ 𝑨𝒄𝒑 𝒇𝒚𝒕
𝐴
2. s’, s”, smax b. 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴ℓ1 = 𝑓𝑦
− ( 𝑠𝑡 ) 𝑃ℎ 𝒇𝒚
3. Vu @ d and 2h
0.42√𝒇𝒄′ 𝑨𝒄𝒑
4. Solve for req’d s using Vu @ d and compare with c. 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴ℓ2 = −(
0.175𝑏
) 𝑃ℎ
smax. Lesser governs. 𝑓𝑦 𝒇𝒚

5. Repeat step 4 using Vu @ 2h. d. 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴ℓ = min (𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴ℓ1 , 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴ℓ2 )
Format: 1@50mm, x1@s1, Rest @s2 e. 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴ℓ = max (𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴ℓ , 𝑅𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑑 𝐴ℓ )
Short Columns: ** Po is located at the h/2 h/2
Pu compression-controlled
h
portion of the interaction
Mu
diagram.

Balance Point Pb and Mb.

b
From the strain diagram
b at the right, balance c,
𝑐𝑏 𝑑
0.003
= 0.003+𝜀
𝑠𝑡
But for balance condition,
𝑓𝑦 P.C. d’
𝜀𝑠𝑡 = 𝜀𝑦 = 𝐸
𝑠 d
𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒅
Where: Therefore, 𝒄𝒃 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎+𝒇
𝒚 εst
b – the column dimension parallel to the axis of bending. 𝒂𝒃 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄𝒃
h – the column dimension perpendicular to the axis of For fc’≤28MPa: εc = 0.003
εsc
bending. 𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
For fc’>28MPa: c
Strength Reduction Factor,  𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 −
𝟎.𝟎𝟓
(𝒇𝒄′ − 𝟐𝟖)
Spirals Ties 𝟕
For fc’≥55MPa:
Compression Con., 𝜺𝒕 ≤ 𝜺𝒕𝒚 0.75 0.65
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
Tension Con., 𝜺𝒕 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 0.90 0.90
Transition, 𝜺𝒕𝒚 < 𝜺𝒕 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 (Mode 3 + 2)
𝑷𝒃 = 𝑪𝒄 + 𝑪𝒔 − 𝑻𝒔
For Spiral, For Ties, Where:
x y x y 𝝓 = 𝜺𝒔𝒕 𝒚̂ 𝑪𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓(𝒇𝒄 ′)(𝒂𝒃 )(𝒃)
Where: 𝑨𝒔𝒕
.005 .90 .005 .90 𝒅−𝒄 𝑪𝒔 = 𝟐
∗ (𝒇𝑺𝑪 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′)
𝜺𝒔𝒕 = ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑
𝜺𝒕𝒚 .75 𝜺𝒕𝒚 .65 𝒄
From the strain diagram:
Note that 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 ≥ 𝝓 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 (𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔)
𝑐𝑏 𝑐𝑏 −𝑑′
= ; 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 𝐸𝑠 ∈𝑠𝑐
0.003 𝜀𝑠𝑐
Columns with Reinforcing Bars on Two Sides Only
Determining Po
Therefore,
The axial capacity, 𝑷𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′(𝑨𝒄 ) + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕
Where: 𝑨𝒄 = 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝒄𝒃 −𝒅′
𝒇𝒔𝒄 = 𝒄𝒃
(𝟔𝟎𝟎) ≤ 𝒇𝒚
𝑨𝒈 = 𝒃𝒉
𝝅
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝒏 ( 𝟒 ) (𝒅𝒃 )𝟐 𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝑻𝒔 = 𝟐
∗ 𝒇𝒚
𝑨
Gross Steel Ratio, 𝝆𝒈 = ( 𝑨𝒔𝒕 )
𝒈
Summing moments about the Plastic Centroid, P.C.,
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ≤ 𝝆𝒈 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖
The maximum axial* capacity, Pn,max for non- 𝒉−𝒂𝒃 𝒉
𝑴𝒃 = [𝑪𝒄 ∗ + (𝑪𝒔 + 𝑻𝒔 )( − 𝒅′)]
prestressed: 𝟐 𝟐

For Ties: 0.80Po Steps:

For Spirals: 0.85Po Solve for the needed values in this sequence:
The ultimate axial* capacity, φPn,max 1. d = h – db/2, cb
For Ties: φ=0.65** 2. β1, ab
For Spirals: φ=0.75** 3. Cc
Pu ≤ φPn,max 4. d' = h-d, fsc, Cs
*or bi-axial bending 5. Ts
6. Pb, Mb
Determining Mo
The point Mo is the point in the interaction diagram Columns with Reinforcing Bars on Four sides
where there is no axial force acting on the column (i.e.
h
the column is acting like a doubly reinforced rectangular
beam).
Steps:
Solve for the needed values in this sequence:
𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝑨
∗𝒇𝒚 − 𝒔𝒕 (𝒇𝒚 −𝟎.𝟖𝟓∗𝒇𝒄 ′)
𝟐 𝟐
1. 𝒂 =
0.𝟖𝟓∗𝒇𝒄 ′∗𝒃 b
𝒂
2. 𝒄 =
𝜷𝟏
𝒄−𝒅′
3. 𝒇𝒔𝒄 = (𝟔𝟎𝟎) ≤ 𝒇𝒚
𝒄
4. 𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝒇𝒄 ′ ∗ 𝒃 ∗ 𝜷𝟏
𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝑩= ∗ 𝒇𝒚 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎 ∗ + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝒇𝒄 ′ ∗
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 P.C. d1
𝑨𝒔𝒕 ′
𝑪 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 ∗ ∗𝒅 d2
𝟐
−𝑩±√𝑩𝟐 −𝟒𝑨𝑪 d3
𝒄= 𝟐𝑨 d4
5. Summing moments about the axis passing through the
tension bars. εs2 εs1
𝒂 εs3
𝑴𝒐 = (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′𝒂𝒃) (𝒅 − ) εs4= εst
𝟐 εc = 0.003
𝑨𝒔𝒕
+ (𝒇𝒔𝒄 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′)(𝒅 − 𝒅′)
𝟐
All procedures are the same. The only difference is that
Determining Other Points below the Balanced Point you must account for the addition steel bars in
The procedure for determining the coordinates of other
computations. For Mo, it is much easier to sum moments
points above the balanced point is similar to the
about the plastic centroid. In addition, the stresses of
procedure on finding the balance point but this time,
compression bars within the compression rectangle
since the points is between the balance point and Mo, the
(di<a) is reduced by deducting an amount equal to
assumed values for “c” should be in between the values
0.85fc’.
of c for Mo, and cb.
Biaxial Bending
Determining Other Points above the Balanced Point
The reciprocal method:
Again, the procedure for determining the coordinates of 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
other points above the balanced point is same to the = + −
𝑷𝒏 𝑷𝒏𝒙 𝑷𝒏𝒚 𝑷𝒐
procedure determining other points below the balanced
point. The only difference is the need to determine 𝟏
whether the compression bars yielded or not, and the 𝑷𝒏 =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ −
assumed values for “c” should be in between Cb and h. 𝑷𝒏𝒙 𝑷𝒏𝒚 𝑷𝒐

Determining Interaction Diagram Points When the 𝑴𝒖𝒚 𝑴𝒖𝒙

𝒆𝒙 = and 𝒆𝒚 =
Section is under Tension 𝑷𝒖 𝑷𝒖
The Interaction Diagram when the column section is
All values can be obtained using the same
already under a tension axial force will be in a form of a
straight line. Thus, the tension capacity of the section procedures for uniaxial bending. The only difference
under pure tension will be provided by the steel is that those values must be taken for both axes of
reinforcements only. This tension capacity (To) is given in bending (except Po since it will be the same for both
the formula below. axes of bending) then use the reciprocal method to
To = Ast * fy get the capacity.
Column Transverse Reinforcement
Spirals:
𝑨𝒈 𝒇 ′
s ≥ 0.45 (𝑨 − 𝟏) 𝒇𝒄
𝒄𝒉 𝒚𝒕

Asp
Dc
Ag
Ach

Pitch, s

𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 4𝐴𝑠𝑝

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜(𝜌𝑠 ) = =
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐷𝑐 ∗𝑠
𝜋
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑠𝑝 = 𝑑 2
4 𝑏𝑠

For Center-to-center Dc
4𝐴𝑠𝑝
𝑠=
𝐷𝑐 ∗ 𝜌𝑠
For out-to-out Dc:

4𝐴𝑠𝑝 (𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏𝑠 )

𝑠=
𝐷𝑐 2 ∗ 𝜌𝑠
Other limits for s,
4
A.) At least greater than 25 mm and (3) dagg where
dagg is the size of the coarse aggregate.
B.) Not greater than 75 mm.
Ties:
A.) Clear Spacing is at least 4/3 of the dagg where dagg
is the aggregate size.
B.) Center-to-Center vertical spacing of the ties
shall not exceed the least of 16db of the
longitudinal bar, 48db of the tie bar and smallest
column dimension.
Long Columns:
Long columns are slender columns and therefore are
subjected to premature failure due to buckling just like in
steel compression members.

Slenderness effects shall be permitted to be neglected,

meaning that it is a short column, if (a) or (b) is satisfied:
a. For columns not braced against sidesway
𝒌𝑳𝒖
≤ 𝟐𝟐
𝒓
b. For columns braced against sidesway Fig. 1 Single Curvature
𝒌𝑳𝒖 𝑴𝟏
≤ 𝟑𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐 ( ) ≤ 𝟒𝟎
𝒓 𝑴𝟐
Where:
Lu = unsupported length (clear span length)
k = Constant based on fixity conditions for sway frames
r = 0.3h for rectangular sections (h is in the direction of
the lateral load)
= 0.25D for circular columns (D is diameter)
M1 = smaller factored moment on the column
M2 = larger factored moment on the column
𝑴𝟏
𝑴𝟐
is positive if Single Curvature(fig. 1)
𝑴𝟏
𝑴𝟐
is negative if Double Curvature(fig.2) Fig. 2 Double Curvature
 𝐸𝐼 𝑴𝟏
∑(
𝐿 )𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 𝑪𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟒 (
𝑴𝟐
)
Ψ=
𝐸𝐼 Moment Magnification Method: Sway Frames
∑( )
𝐿 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 (Unbraced Frames)
Determining k* using equations: Design Moments,
a. For braced frames 𝑴𝟏 = 𝑴𝟏𝒏𝒔 + 𝜹𝒔 𝑴𝟏𝒔
Restrained on both ends. 𝑴𝟐 = 𝑴𝟐𝒏𝒔 + 𝜹𝒔 𝑴𝟐𝒔
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒌=𝟏− − − Where:
𝟓+𝟗𝝍𝑨 𝟓+𝟗𝝍𝑩 𝟏𝟎+𝝍𝑨 𝝍𝑩
b. For unbraced frames 𝑴𝟏𝒏𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝑴𝟏,𝑫𝑳 + 𝒇𝟏 𝑴
𝟏,𝑳𝑳
Restrained on both ends
𝟐𝟎−𝝍 𝑴𝟏𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝑷𝟏𝑾 𝒐𝒓𝟏. 𝟎𝑷𝟏𝑬
𝑖𝑓 𝝍𝒎 < 2, 𝒌 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎 √𝟏 + 𝝍𝒎
𝑴𝟐𝒏𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝑴𝟐,𝑫𝑳 + 𝒇𝟏 𝑴
𝟐,𝑳𝑳
𝑖𝑓 𝝍𝒎 > 2, 𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟗√𝟏 + 𝝍𝒎
With Hinge on one end. 𝑴𝟐𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝑷𝟐𝑾 𝒐𝒓𝟏. 𝟎𝑷𝟐𝑬
𝒌 = 𝟐. 𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝝍
𝝍𝑨 +𝝍𝑩 Magnification Factor for non-sway, δs
Where: 𝝍𝒎 =
𝟐 𝟏. 𝟎
𝝍 − 𝝍 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝜹𝒔 = ≥𝟏
𝟏−𝑸
*should be compared with k in monograph
or
Determining which monograph to be used. 𝟏
LOADS 𝜹𝒔 = ≥𝟏
∑𝑷𝒖
Bracing 𝟏−
𝟎. 𝟕𝟓∑𝑷𝒄
Gravity Lateral
Where:
BRACED Non-Sway Non-Sway (Braced) ∑𝑷𝒖 𝚫𝒐
Stability index, 𝑸 = 𝑽𝒖𝒔 𝒍𝒄
(Braced)
∑𝑃𝑢 is the total factored vertical loads at the floor you’re
UNBRACED Non-Sway Sway (Unbraced) analyzing the column.
(Braced) ∑𝑃𝑐 is the sum of the Euler buckling load capacity of all
the column in the same floor with the column under
Moment Magnification Method: Non-sway Frames
consideration.
(Braced Frames)
𝑉𝑢𝑠 is the Horizontal Storey Shear.
The magnified design moment MC,
Δ𝑜 is the first-order lateral deflection between the top
𝑴𝒄 = 𝜹𝑴𝟐
and the bottom of the storey due to 𝑉𝑢𝑠 .
Magnification Factor for non-sway, δns
𝑪𝒎 𝑙𝑐 is the height of the column measured from center-to-
𝜹𝒏𝒔 = ≥ 𝟏. 𝟎 center.
𝑷𝒖
𝟏−
. 𝟕𝟓𝑷𝒄
Where: Steps for Non-Sway:
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝑷𝑫𝑳 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝑷𝑳𝑳 1. Get r, Lu, ΨA, ΨB, k, M1, and M2. Determine
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝑷𝑫𝑳 + 𝒇𝟏 𝑷𝑳𝑳 + (𝟏. 𝟎𝑷𝑾 𝒐𝒓𝟏. 𝟎𝑷𝑬 ) whether long column or not.
2. If long column, proceed to MMM for Non-Sway.
Euler Buckling Load Capacity Solve for Cm, and Pu.
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰 3. Compute for Ec, Ig, βdns, (EI)eff, and Pc.
𝑷𝒄 = 4. Solve for δns and MC.
(𝒌𝑳𝒖 )𝟐
Effective EI
𝟎. 𝟒𝑬𝒄 𝑰𝒈 Steps for Sway:
(𝑬𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 1. Get r, Lu, ΨA, ΨB, and k. Determine whether long
𝟏 + 𝜷𝒅𝒏𝒔
Where: column or not.
2. If long column, proceed to MMM for Sway. Solve
𝑬𝒄 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎√𝒇′𝒄 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝟏. 𝟐𝑷𝑫𝑳 for Q, or ΣPc and ΣPu.
𝜷𝒅𝒏𝒔 = 3. Solve for δs, M1ns, M1s, M2ns, M2s.
𝑷𝒖
4. Solve for M1 and M2.
Development Length: Development Length for Standard Hooks in Tension, ldh
Length needed to fully develop the strength of the rebar. When sufficient space is not available to anchor tension
bars by running them straight for their required
Development Length for Tension Reinforcing, ld development lengths, hooks are required. ldh shall be
greater of the following:
𝒇𝒚 𝝍𝒆
a. ( ) 𝒅𝒃
𝟒.𝟏𝟕√𝒇𝒄 ′
b. 8db
c. 150mm
Where:
𝝍𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟐 for epoxy-coated reinforcement for all other
condition.
𝝍𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟎 uncoated

Spacing and Cover db≤20mm db≥25mm

Clear spacing of bars
being developed or
spliced not less than
db, clear cover not less
than db, and stirrups ldh
or ties throughout ld
not less than the 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒
( ) 𝑑𝑏 ( ) 𝑑𝑏
code minimum 2.1√𝑓𝑐 ′ 1.7√𝑓𝑐 ′ Basic development length ldh (a) shall be multiplied by
or applicable factor or factors below but must not be less
Clear spacing of bars
than (b) and (c).
being developed or
Bar yield strength.
spliced not less than
2db and clear cover Bars with fy other than 415 MPa - fy /415
not less than db Concrete cover.
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 For 36 mm diameter bar and smaller, side cover (normal
Other Cases ( ) 𝑑𝑏 ( ) 𝑑𝑏 to plane of the hook) not less than 65 mm, and for 90-
1.4√𝑓𝑐 ′ 1.1√𝑓𝑐 ′
degree hook, cover on bar extension beyond hook not
less than 50 millimeters - 0.7
Where:
Ties or stirrups.
𝝍𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟑 for Top Bars
For 36 mm diameter bar and smaller, hook enclosed
𝝍𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟎 for Top Bars
vertically or horizontally within ties or stirrup ties spaced
𝝍𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟓 for epoxy-coated reinforcement with clear
along the full development length ldh not greater than
cover < 3db or clear spacing < 6db
3db, where db is diameter
𝝍𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟐 for epoxy-coated reinforcement for all other
of hooked bar - 0.8
condition.
Excess reinforcement.
𝝍𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟎 uncoated
Where anchorage or development for fy is not specifically
𝝍𝒕 𝝍𝒆 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟕
required, reinforcement in excess of that required by
analysis - [(As required)/(As provided)]
𝒍𝒅 ≥ 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
*For bars being developed by a standard hook at
discontinuous ends of members with side cover and top
(or bottom) cover over hook less than 65 mm, hooked
bar shall be enclosed within ties or stirrups spaced along
the full development length ldh not greater than 3db,
where db is diameter of hooked bar. For this case, factor
of Ties or stirrups shall not apply.
Development Length for Compression Reinforcing, ldc For a beam with uniformly distributed load, the location
Greater of: of the theoretical cut-off point from a support can be
𝟎.𝟐𝟒𝒇𝒚 solve by getting the roots of the moment equation
a. ( ) 𝒅𝒃
√𝒇𝒄 ′ formed by equating the moment capacity of the beam
b. 0.043𝒇𝒚 𝒅𝒃 for a certain amount of bars to the actual factored
(a) and (b) may be reduced by multiplying moment in the beam. This represents a quadratic
[(As required)/(As provided)] but must not be less than equation:
200mm 𝑤𝑢 𝑥 2
*note: all adjustment factors are not applicable for −𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑥 − − 𝑀𝑠
2
structures in seismic zone 4. 𝒘𝒖 𝒙𝟐
− 𝑽𝒔 𝒙 + (𝑴𝒔 − 𝝓𝑴𝒏 ) = 𝟎
𝟐
Development lengths are measured from the point of Where:
maximum moment (i.e. from the face of the support) or 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = Moment capacity at a certain amount of tension
from the point of cut-off. reinforcement. Value is negative for bottom bars.
𝑎 𝐴 𝑓
𝑠 𝑦
= 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 2 ) for singly; 𝑎 = 0.85𝑓 ′𝑏
𝑐
𝑉𝑠 = shear at the support.
𝑀𝑠 = moment at the support

Lap Splices:

Ld

*note: Reinforcement for columns are always considered to be

in tension.