Mechanics of Deformable Bodies: BASAEN, RV

3 A. Cylindrical Thin walled Vessels

𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 � � 8 = 96(4): 𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 80 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
5
t
a) Number of rivets for BC: B
• Based on shear stress in rivets: D
𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 96 000 A A
𝜏𝜏𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝜋𝜋 ⇒ 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 : 𝜋𝜋 = 70 B
𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑛𝑛 (19)2
4 4
𝑛𝑛 = 4.8 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 → 5 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

• Based on bearing stress in plate: Tensile stress at section A-A:

𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 96 000 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 Transverse stress;
𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑏𝑏 𝑤𝑤 : = 140 𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = : eqn (1)
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑝𝑝 𝑛𝑛(19)(6) 2𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑗𝑗 tangential stress;
The thickness tp necessary should be the smallest circumferential stress;
hoop stress;
in the joint, i.e. tp =6mm
𝑛𝑛 = 6.01 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 → 7 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 girth stress

Therefore, connecting BC to the plate requires 7 Tensile stress at section B-B:

rivets.
𝒏𝒏𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟕𝟕 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 Longitudinal stress
𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = : eqn (2)
4𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑗𝑗
b) Number of rivets for BE:
c) Based on shear stress in rivets:
𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 80 000
𝜏𝜏𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝜋𝜋 ⇒ 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 : 𝜋𝜋 = 70: where
𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑛𝑛 (19)2
4 4
𝑛𝑛 = 4.03 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 → 5 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 p = internal pressure
D = inside diameter
d) Based on bearing stress in plate; t = wall thickness
𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 96 000 nj = joint efficiency or relative strength
𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑏𝑏 𝑤𝑤 : = 140: of joint
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑝𝑝 𝑛𝑛(19)(13)
The thickness tp necessary should be the
Note:
smallest, tp =13mm
The stress at section AA is greater and
𝑛𝑛 = 2.3 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 → 3 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
thus, in designing a cylindrical pressure vessel,
use
Therefore, connecting BE to the plate requires 5
𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
rivets. �𝝈𝝈𝒕𝒕𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = � ⇒ 𝝈𝝈𝒘𝒘 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝝈𝝈𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝒏𝒏𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟓𝟓 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒏𝒏𝒋𝒋

B. Spherical Thin-walled Vessels

THIN WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS t

C
- vessels whose ratio of the wall thickness t and the A B
inside diameter D does not exceed 0.1. D
𝒕𝒕
   ≤  𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 B
𝑫𝑫 A
C
(Other sources use a ratio from 0.05 to 0.1)

- stress analysis for this class of vessel is based on Tensile stress at any section AA, BB, CC:
simple stresses (i.e. stress distribution is uniform
across the vessel’s thickness) 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 =
4𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑗𝑗
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 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies: BASAEN, RV

Note: 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
𝛔𝛔𝑩𝑩−𝑩𝑩 = 𝝈𝝈𝒕𝒕 =
The stress at any section of the spherical 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
vessel (cutting the vessel into two hemispheres) is (transverse, hoop, girth, circumferencial,
constant and thus, in designing a cylindrical or tangential stress, 𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡 )
pressure vessel, use
Note:
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 The greater stress is,
𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡 = ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
4𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝑗𝑗 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
𝛔𝛔𝒕𝒕 = ⇒ 𝛔𝛔𝒘𝒘 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝛔𝛔𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
Spherical vessels are the strongest 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
(for cylindrical vessel)
vessels. They are twice stronger than cylindrical
vessels! B. Spherical Vessel

𝑡𝑡
Derivation of the Useful Formulas:
𝐷𝐷
A. Cylindrical Vessel

Tensile stress at any section, cutting the sphere into

vessel is loaded with a hemispheres
fluid pressure “p” 𝜋𝜋
𝐹𝐹 ′ 𝑝𝑝 � 𝐷𝐷2 �
σ𝑡𝑡 = = 4
𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟 ′ 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴′𝑟𝑟 ≈ 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 (only for thin − walled)
𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
𝛔𝛔𝒕𝒕 = 𝛔𝛔𝒍𝒍 =
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
Tensile Stress at 𝐵𝐵 − 𝐵𝐵: Note:
Since the pressures exerted in all sections
(cutting the sphere into two hemispheres) are equal,
𝑡𝑡
𝐷𝐷 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
𝛔𝛔𝒕𝒕 = 𝛔𝛔𝒍𝒍 = ⇒ 𝛔𝛔𝒘𝒘 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝛔𝛔𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
(for spherical vessel)
𝐹𝐹
Example 1:
A cylindrical pressure vessel has an inside
𝜋𝜋 diameter of 300mm and a wall thickness of 10mm. It is
𝐹𝐹 𝑝𝑝 � 𝐷𝐷2 �
4
σ𝐴𝐴−𝐴𝐴 = = designed to handle a gas pressure of 3 MPa. Determine the
𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
following:
𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
𝛔𝛔𝑩𝑩−𝑩𝑩 = a. Its longitudinal stress
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 b. Its transverse stress
(longitudinal Stress, σl )
c. If the above cylindrical vessel has an effective
length of 600 mm and is to be replaced by a
Tensile Stress at 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐴𝐴, considering a unit length, 𝑙𝑙
spherical vessel of the same operating pressure,
𝐹𝐹’ equal volume and of material strength,
recommend the diameter 𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠 and wall thickness 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠
𝑡𝑡
𝐷𝐷 of the spherical vessel.
𝑙𝑙
Solution:
t

vessel is loaded with a

D fluid pressure “p”
𝐹𝐹′ 𝑝𝑝(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
σ𝐵𝐵−𝐵𝐵 = =
𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟 ′ 2(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡)
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 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies: BASAEN, RV

a) Longitudinal stress Solution:

From the derived formula
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 3𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(300𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑡𝑡
𝜎𝜎𝑙𝑙 = =
4𝑡𝑡 4(10𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

𝝈𝝈𝒍𝒍 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )

b) Transverse stress
In a cylindrical vessel, the transverse stress is twice 𝐷𝐷
greater than the longitudinal stress. Thus,
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 3𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(300𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡 = = a) Wall thickness t:
2𝑡𝑡 2(10𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
From the maximum tensile stress formula
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝝈𝝈𝒕𝒕 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 : 𝑝𝑝 = 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾
2𝑡𝑡
c) Ds and ts of a replacement spherical vessel = ?
Where
𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝛾𝛾 = specific weight of liquid (water)
𝑡𝑡 H = maximum height of water inside tank
𝐷𝐷
𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠 9.81𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑝𝑝 = 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾 = (20𝑚𝑚) = 196.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚2
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝 = 0.1962 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

The effective length given is assumed to be the length Thus,

0.1962(12 000)
of a purely cylindrical vessel (accounting for the ⇒ 90:
curved ends of the vessel) 2𝑡𝑡

Equal volume: 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )

𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑙𝑙
𝜋𝜋 2 𝜋𝜋 b) Sketch of vessel’s failure due to overstressing:
[𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝐷𝐷 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 ] = �𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑙𝑙 = 𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠3 � Since liquid pressure is at the bottom of the cylinder,
4 6
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 tensile failure starts there.
(3002 )(600) = 𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠3
4 6
𝑡𝑡
𝑫𝑫𝒔𝒔 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
Equal strength:
𝑝𝑝𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠 3(432.6)
𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑙𝑙 = ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 : = 45
4𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 4(𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 )

𝒕𝒕𝒔𝒔 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) 𝐷𝐷

Example 2:
A cylindrical (upright position) water tank to be
filled with up to a height of 20 meters. The cylinder has an
inside diameter of 12 meters and a working tensile strength
of 90 MPa.
Determine the following:
a. Wall thickness “𝑡𝑡”
b. Sketch the vessel failure if overstressing occurs
c. Up to what height of mercury can the above
vessel safely handle.
Example 3:
A pipe carrying steam at 3.5 MPa has an outer
diameter of 450 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 and a wall thickness of 10 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. A
gasket is inserted between the flange at one end of the pipe
and a flat plate is used to cap the end.
a. Determine how many 40𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 diameter bolt must
be used to hold the cap on if the allowable stress
in the bolts is 80 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, of which 55 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 is the
initial stress?
b. What circumferential stress is developed in the
pipe?

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 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies: BASAEN, RV

Solution: Tensile Stress on Thin Ring

a) Number of bolts required, nb = ? 𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄
𝛔𝛔𝒕𝒕 =
𝑨𝑨𝒓𝒓

But the centrifugal force can be expressed as

𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐 = 430𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐹𝐹 𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄 = 𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏

where
m = mass of one-half of ring
𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = normal acceleration component
As given, the remaining strength of the bolt is only
80 – 55 = 25 MPa. This becomes the net strngth of each Then, from the normal acceleration expression,
bolt or the safe working tensile stress 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 . Thus, from the 𝑣𝑣̅ 2 𝑤𝑤 2 𝑟𝑟̅ 2
tensile stress equation 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = = = 𝑤𝑤 2 𝑟𝑟̅
𝑟𝑟̅ 𝑟𝑟̅
𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹 𝜋𝜋
𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡 = = 𝜋𝜋 ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 : 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑝𝑝 � 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐2 �
𝐴𝐴 𝑛𝑛 � 𝑑𝑑 2 � 4 𝑟𝑟̅ = radius of the ring indicating the centroid
𝑏𝑏 4
𝜋𝜋 of one-half ring (i.e. centroid of a semi-
(3.5) � 4302 � circular arc)
4 = (80 − 55): 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 = 16.17 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝜋𝜋
𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 (402 )
4 For the stress in thin ring,
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 (𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌)𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛
Thus, use a minimum of σ𝑡𝑡 = = =
𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟 2𝐴𝐴 2𝐴𝐴
(𝜌𝜌(𝐴𝐴(𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋))(𝑤𝑤 2 𝑟𝑟̅)
𝒏𝒏𝒃𝒃 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) σ𝑡𝑡 =
2𝐴𝐴
b) Circumferential stress Where
2𝑟𝑟
This circumferential stress is also the same as 𝑟𝑟̅ = : centroid of a semi − circular arc
transverse stress, girth stress, or hoop stress, and is 𝜋𝜋
defined as 2𝑟𝑟
(𝜌𝜌(𝐴𝐴(𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋)) �𝑤𝑤 2 � ��
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (3.5)(430) 𝜋𝜋
𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡 = = σ𝑡𝑡 =
2𝑡𝑡 2(10) 2𝐴𝐴
σ𝑡𝑡 = 𝜌𝜌 𝑤𝑤 2 𝑟𝑟 2
𝝈𝝈𝒕𝒕 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
Also,
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
Tensile Stress in a Rotating Thin Ring
Therefore, the simplified tensile stress formula for the
totating thin ring is:

𝛔𝛔𝒕𝒕 = 𝝆𝝆 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝜔𝜔 +
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
(tensile stress of the rotating thin ring)
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝐴𝐴
where
𝜌𝜌 = density of ring material
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣 = linear velocity based on the pitch radius
𝑟𝑟
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 +

𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 Example 1:
𝑟𝑟̅ At what angular velocity will the stress in the rim
of a pulley be equal to 120 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, if its mean diameter is
440 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚? The density of the steel rim is 7850 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3 .
where Neglect the effect of the pulley’s hub and arms. Express
r = pitch radius or mean radius of the ring your answer in rpm.
Fc = centrifugal force due to rotation of the ring

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Solution: 10 6500 2 1 1
2
𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡 = 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = (490)(2𝜋𝜋) � �� � � �� �∶
12 60 32.2 144

𝝈𝝈𝒕𝒕 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )

𝑣𝑣

Angular velocity = ?
From the tensile stress equation of a rotating thin ring
𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡 = 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 2 ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤
𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔𝑚𝑚
7850 3 (𝑣𝑣 2 )
𝑚𝑚
𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑁 1 𝑚𝑚 2 106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
= 120 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 :
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2 1𝑁𝑁 1𝑚𝑚2
𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣 = 123.64
𝑠𝑠

And, from
𝑣𝑣 = 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋:
𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
123.64 = (2𝜋𝜋) (𝑛𝑛)(0.22𝑚𝑚) � �
𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 60𝑠𝑠

𝒏𝒏 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟕𝟕 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )

Example 2:
Determine the limiting peripheral velocity of a
steel ring if the allowable stress is 20 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. Steel weighs
490 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑚𝑚 /𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 3 . Express your answer in ft/s. What is the
resulting stress if the ring rotates at 6500 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟? Use a mean
radius of 𝑟𝑟 = 10 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.

Solution:

𝑣𝑣

a) Peripheral velocity, v = ?
From the tensile stress equation of a rotating thin ring

[𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡 = 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 2 ] ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤

𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑏𝑚𝑚 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑏𝑚𝑚 2 𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 32.2 𝑠𝑠 2 144𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛2
490 3
(𝑣𝑣 ) = 20 000 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 :
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 1𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 1𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2

𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
𝒗𝒗 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
𝒔𝒔

b) Tensile stress if n= 6500 rpm and r = 10 in.

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