Cylinders

𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
Tin cylinders :t< 𝑡𝑜 or > (10 to 15)
10 15 𝑡
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
Thick cylinders :t> 𝑡𝑜 or < (10 to 15)
10 15 𝑡

Hoop stress / circumferential stress /Meridional stress

Thin shell - constant throughout the thickness
Thick shell – Maximum at innerface and minimum at outerface
Acts normal to the axis of shell
Tendency to split up the cylindrical shell in to two troughs
Longitudinal stress / Axial stress:
Constant across thickness both for thin and thick shells
acts parallel to the axis of the shell
Tendency to split up the cylindrical shell into two cylinders
Radial pressure
Maximum inside = P
Minimum outside = 0
But it is normally neglected being very small
Radial compressive stress varies from a value at the inner surface equal to pressure ‘P’ to
the atmospheric pressure at the outside surface
Thin shells (cylinders)
Design based on hoop stress
Operate under pressure less than 30 MN/m2
Assumptions:
 Thickness is small compared to radius
 There are no discontinuties in curves
 Bending of the wall of the shell is neglected
 Normal stress which may be either in tensile or compressive are uniformly
distributed through the thickness of wall
Hoop stress (Tensile)
Bursting force = P.d.L
Resisting force = 𝜎ℎ .2L.L
𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑟
Bursting pressure 𝜎ℎ = = is a principal stress
2𝑡𝜂 𝑡𝜂

𝜎ℎ 𝑃𝑑
If factor of safety (FOS) given then = [ η = joint efficiency ]
𝐹 2𝑡𝜂

𝑃𝑑 ghd
Limiting tensile stress = =
2𝑡 2t

No shear exists on the section on which hoop stress acts

Fluid pressure inside - Tensile both for thin and thick shells
Fluid pressure outside - compressive
An open ended thin cylindrical shell subjected to uniform internal pressure will be
subjected to Hoop stress only
A thin cylindrical pipe is it tested for internal fluid pressure it has failed due to hoop
tension the crack will be longitudinal
Thin cylinder is subjected to an external fluid pressure the hoop stress will be
compressive
Longitudinal stress
𝑃𝑑
𝜎ℎ =  principal stress (as no shear acting) [ d = mean diameter ]
4𝑡𝜂

If Pressure in a cylinder is increased to the bursting point failure will occur along
longitudinal section
Permissible internal pressure in the cylinder depends in the strength of longitudinal joint
When a thin cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure its wall will be subjected to
lateral strain
Hoop strain
At any point three principle stress h ,l (tensile), ‘P’ radial stress (compressive) exist
being small radial stress is neglected
 ∆𝑑 ∆𝑟 𝜎ℎ −𝜇𝜎𝑙 𝑃𝑑 𝜇 𝑃𝑑
𝜀ℎ = = = = (1- ) = (2-)
𝑑 𝑟 𝐸 2𝑡𝐸 2 4𝑡𝐸

𝑃𝑑 2
Change in diameter ∆𝑑 = (2-)
4𝑡𝐸

𝑃𝑟 2
Change in radius ∆𝑟 = (2-)
2𝑡𝐸

If radial pressure is considered

𝜎ℎ −𝜇𝜎𝑙 −𝜇(−𝑃) 𝜎ℎ −𝜇𝜎𝑙 𝜇𝑃
𝜀ℎ = = +
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸

Longitudinal or axial strain :

∆𝑙 𝜎𝑙 −𝜇𝜎ℎ 𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑 1 1
𝜀𝑙 = = = (1- 2𝜇 ) = ( − )
𝑙 𝐸 4𝑡𝐸 2𝑡𝐸 2 𝑚

If radial pressure is considered

𝜎𝑙 −𝜇𝜎ℎ 𝜇𝑃
𝜀𝑙 = +
𝐸 𝐸

Volumetric strain ( Increase in volume of cylinder )

𝜀𝑣 = 𝜀𝑙 + 2𝜀ℎ
𝑃𝑑
= (5- 4𝜇 )
4𝑡𝐸
𝑃𝑑 5 2
= ( − )
2𝑡𝐸 2 𝑚
𝑃𝑑 3𝜇𝑃
𝜀𝑣 = (5- 4𝜇 ) +
4𝑡𝐸 𝐸

Ratio of hoop strain to volumetric strain

Shear stress
𝜎ℎ −𝜎𝑙 𝑃𝑑 𝜎𝑙
max = = = (not absolute )
2 8𝑡 2
|𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 | |𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 |
Absolute maximum shear stress = max { , }
2 2
𝑃𝑑
abs max =
4𝑡

If radial pressure is considered

𝑃𝑑 𝑃
abs max = +
4𝑡 2
Thickness of thin cylindrical shell with hemispherical ends is maximum than that of
spherical ends
Thin shells ( spherical )
Uniform stress throughout the thickness in every direction tangential to the spherical shell
Hoop stress ( tensile stress )
𝑃𝑑
𝜎ℎ =
4𝑡𝜂

Major and minor principal stress are same in this and mohr circle reduced to point and all
planes are principal planes
𝜎1 −𝜎2
Maximum plane shear stress (max ) = =0
2
𝜎1 𝑃𝑑
Absolute maximum shear stress = =
2 8𝑡

Hemispherical ends are thinner than cylindrical portion because of less hoop stress is
developed in a thin sphere
Maximum shear strain subjected to internal pressure P is zero
Hoop strain
∆𝑑 ∆𝑟 𝑃𝑑 2
𝜀ℎ = = = (1-)
𝑑 𝑟 4𝑡𝐸

Volumetric strain
dv 2d l
= +
v d l
Thick cylinder
Auto frittage is the method of prestressing thick cylinder
Hoop stress (Due to internal pressure )  Hyperbolic variation
Tensile throughout , Radial is compressive
𝑅𝑜 2 + 𝑅𝑖 2
Maximum at inside = Pi ( )
𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2

2𝑃𝑖 𝑅𝑖 2
Minimum at outside =
𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2

shear stress is zero on inner wall so stresses are principle stresses

Stresses on the outer wall are bi-directional ( hoop stress and longitudinal stress )
Hoop stress ( Due to external pressure)  compression throat
2𝑃𝑅𝑜 2
Maximum inside = −
(𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 )

𝑅𝑜 2 + 𝑅𝑖 2
Minimum outside = −P( )
𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2

Radial pressure
Maximum inside
zero outside Internal pressure
Maximum outside
zero inside external pressure
Lames theorem:
Constants are positive
 Material is assumed homogeneous and isotropic
 Longitudinal strain is assumed constant at every point in the thickness
 Analysis of thick shell done by this
 Plane section of cylinder perpendicular to longitudinal axis remain plane under
pressure
Longitudinal stress
𝑃𝑅𝑖 2
l =
(𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 )

Hoop stress
At any radius ‘R’ from centre is given
𝐵
h = +A  Tensile
𝑅2

Radial pressure
𝐵
PR = - A  compressive
𝑅2

Thick sphere :
Hope and longitudinal stress
2𝐵
h = +A  Tensile
𝑅3
Radial pressure
2𝐵
PR = −A  compressive
𝑅3

 A,B are lame constants are both positive for internal pressure and both negative
for external pressure
 Longitudinal joints increase the hoopstress and circumferential joints increase the
longitudinal stress
 The initial tension in the wire wound on a thin cylinder upon introduction of fluid
under pressure cell increase
 When a thick hollow cylinder ( jacket ) is shrunk into another thick cylinder the
inner cylinder will be subjected to hoop compression with maximum at inner
surface
 A jacket is shrunk into another cylinder after the introduction of the fluid the
jacket will be subjected to hoop tension with maximum at inner fibre
Thickness ratio for cylindrical shell (tc) and sphere (ts) for same strain in both sides
𝑡𝑐 2−𝜇
=
𝑡𝑠 1−𝜇

Thickness ratio for cylindrical shell (tc) and sphere (ts) for same maximum stress in both
side
𝑡𝑐
=2
𝑡𝑠

Wire winding is done for strengthening thin shells

Compounding is done for thick shell cylinders