I. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS C.

Definition of Terms for Strain & Thermal Stress:

A. Definition of Terms for Stress: 1. Strain
1. ALLOWABLE STRESS or SAFE STRESS 𝛿 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = =
𝑺𝒂 = = 𝐿 𝐸
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 (𝐹𝑆) 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

2. Elongation
2. Design stress 𝐹𝐿 L
𝑆𝑢 𝑆𝑦 𝜹= = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ( ) = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛(𝐿)
𝑺𝒅 = = 𝐴𝐸 𝐸
𝐹𝑆 𝐹𝑆
For Linear thermal expansion:
𝜹 = 𝛼𝐿𝛥𝑡
B. Simple and Direct Stresses:
1. Tensile stress For Area thermal expansion:
𝐹 𝜟𝑨 = 𝛾𝐴(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )
𝑺𝒕 =
𝐴
For Volumetric thermal expansion:
2. Compressive stress
𝜟𝑽 = 𝛽𝐴(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )
𝐹
𝑺𝒄 =
𝐴
3. Thermal stress
3. Shearing stress 𝑺𝒕𝒉 = 𝐸𝛼𝛥𝑡
𝐹
𝑺𝒔 = 4. Actual length
𝐴
𝑳′ = 𝐿 + 𝜹
4. Bearing stress
𝐹 5. Stiffness
𝑺𝒃 =
𝐿𝐷 𝐹
𝒌=
𝛿
5. Torsional stress
𝑇𝑐 6. Total shear energy
𝑺𝒔 = 𝐹
𝐽
𝑺𝑬𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝛿 ( )
2
For Solid Shaft:
16𝑇 7. Modulus of elasticity (young modulus)
𝑺𝒔 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝜋𝐷 3 𝑬=
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
For Hollow Shaft:
16𝑇𝐷𝑜 8. Modulus of rigidity (shear modulus)
𝑺𝒔 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐸
𝜋(𝐷𝑜 4 − 𝐷𝑖 4 ) 𝑮= =
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 2(1 + 𝜈)
6. Bending (flexural) stress
𝑀𝑐 𝑀 𝑀 For shear stress, the constant of
𝑺𝒃/𝒇 = = = proportionality is the shear modulus, G.
𝐼 𝐼/𝑐 𝑍
𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝐺𝜃

9. Poisson’s ratio
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀𝑦
𝝂=− =−
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀𝑥
D. Combined and Induced Stresses: B = Buckling Factor
1. Combined axial and flexural stresses For Tensile Force:
𝐹 𝑀𝑐 B=1
𝑺𝑨&𝑭 = =
𝐴 𝐼 For Compressive Force:
1
𝑩= 𝐿
2. Maximum shear induced by external 1−0.0044( )
𝑘

tension & shearing loads k = radius of gyration

Induced stresses Radius of Gyration for Circular Shaft:
1 k = D/4
𝑺𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = √𝑆𝑇 2 + 4𝑆𝑆 2 L = length of shaft
2
D = diameter of shaft
1 F = axial load
𝑺𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = (𝑆 + √𝑆𝑇 2 + 4𝑆𝑆 2 ) M = maximum bending moment
2 𝑇
T = torsional moment
𝑇𝑐
𝑺𝑺 =
𝐽
E. Variable Stresses:
𝑀𝑐 1. Variable stress
𝑺𝑻 = 1 𝑆𝑚 𝑆𝑣
𝐼 = +
𝐹𝑆 𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑒
Relation between shearing and tensile stress
based on theories of failure: Sm = mean stress
𝑆𝑇𝑌 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑺𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑺𝒎 =
2 2

𝑺𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑆𝑇𝑌 Sv = variable component stress

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑺𝒗 =
𝑺𝑻𝒀 = 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
𝑺𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑺𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 Sy = yield point
Se = endurance limit
3. Combined tortional & flexural loadings: FS = factor of safety
16
𝑺𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = √𝑀 2 + 𝑇 2
𝜋𝐷 3

16
𝑺𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = (𝑀 + √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2 )
𝜋𝐷 3

4. Combined axial, tortional & flexural

loadings:

16 𝐹𝐷 2
𝑺𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = √(𝑀 + 𝐵) + 𝑇 2
𝜋𝐷 3 8

16 𝐹𝐷 𝐹𝐷 2
𝑺𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = (𝑀 + 𝐵 + √(𝑀 + 𝐵) + 𝑇 2 )
𝜋𝐷3 8 8
 II. SHEAR, MOMENT & DEFLECTION OF ELASTIC IV. SHEAR, MOMENT & DEFLECTION OF ELASTIC
BEAM (SIMPLE BEAM) BEAM (CANTILEVER BEAM)
A. Simple Beam with Center Load: A. Cantilever Beam with End Load:
1. Reactions 1. Reactions
𝐹 𝐹 𝑹𝟏 = 𝐹
𝑹𝟏 = ; 𝑹𝟐 =
2 2
2. Shear
2. Shear 𝑺𝟏 = −𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐹 𝐹
𝑺𝟏 = + ; 𝑺𝟏 = −
2 2 3. Moment
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = −𝐹𝐿
3. Moment
𝐹𝐿
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 4. Deflection
4
𝐹𝐿3
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = − 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0
4. Deflection 3𝐸𝐼
𝐹𝐿3 𝐿
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = − 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 5. End slope
48𝐸𝐼 2
𝐹𝐿2
𝜽=
5. End slope 2𝐸𝐼
𝐹𝐿2 𝐹𝐿2
𝜽𝟏 = + ; 𝜽𝟐 = −
16𝐸𝐼 16𝐸𝐼

III. SHEAR, MOMENT & DEFLECTION OF ELASTIC

BEAM (FIXED BEAM)
A. Fixed Beam with Concentrated Load at Center:
1. Reactions
𝐹 𝐹
𝑹𝟏 = ; 𝑹𝟐 =
2 2

2. Shear
𝐹 𝐹
𝑺𝟏 = + ; 𝑺𝟏 = −
2 2

3. Moment
𝐹𝐿
𝑴= + 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟
8

𝐹𝐿
𝑴= −
8

4. Deflection
𝑤𝐿4 𝐿
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = − 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 =
192𝐸𝐼 2
V. ELEMENTS OF SECTION C. Circle (Axis through Center):
A. Rectangle (Axis through Center): 1. Area
𝜋
1. Area 𝑨 = 4 𝑑2
𝑨 = 𝑏ℎ
2. Distance from center to the outermost
2. Distance from center to the outermost surface
surface 𝑑
ℎ 𝑪=
𝑪= 2
2
3. Moment of inertia
3. Moment of inertia 𝜋 4
𝑰= 𝑑
𝑏ℎ3 64
𝑰=
12
4. Section modulus
4. Section modulus 𝐼 𝜋 3
𝒁= = 𝑑
𝐼 𝑏ℎ3 𝑐 32
𝒁= =
𝑐 6
5. Radius of gyration
5. Radius of gyration
𝐼 𝑑
𝒌= √ =
𝐼 ℎ 𝐴 4
𝒌= √ =
𝐴 √12

D. Square (Axis at Center):

B. Rectangle (Axis through Base): 1. Area
1. Area 𝑨 = 𝑎2
𝑨 = 𝑏ℎ
2. Distance from center to the outermost
2. Distance from center to the outermost surface
surface 𝑎
𝑪=
𝑪=ℎ 2

3. Moment of inertia
3. Moment of inertia
𝑎4
𝑏ℎ3 𝑰=
𝑰= 12
3
4. Section modulus
4. Section modulus
𝐼 𝑎3
𝐼 𝑏ℎ2 𝒁= =
𝒁= = 𝑐 6
𝑐 3
5. Radius of gyration
5. Radius of gyration
𝐼
𝐼 ℎ 𝒌 = √ = 0.289𝑎
𝒌= √ = 𝐴
𝐴 √3