Stress and Deformation

Analysis

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Strength of Materials can really
be divided into 2 categories:
1. Stress analysis:
– Structure exists, material and loading known
• IS IT SAFE?????
2. Design:
– Determine geometry OR material based on an
allowable stress (i.e. Sy/4).
– Generally certain aspects are fixed.
– Much more involved than analysis – why??
– start with design requirements/functions/evaluation
criteria,etc.
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Show overhead – trailer – analysis or design? how would you analyze it?
 Possible modes of failure
(mechanical)???
1. Fracture ( >> Su)
2. Yield ( >> Sy)
3. Instability (buckling)
4. Fatigue and wear
5. Excessive deformation (i.e. too soft)
6. Creep or stress relaxation (polymers)
1,2,4 – most important parameter? STRESS!!!!!!
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Definition of Stress:
•Internal Force per unit area
•Intensity of internal force on a specific plane (area) passing
through a point 4
 Stress States:
Preferred stress
element for 2D stress:

a) In general, can have b) Stress state for plane

b) Many practical stress can be
6 independent stresses engineering problems
(3 normal and 3 shear) summarized on a 2D
involve only three element.
acting at a point. independent stresses –
called plane stress.
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Quick Review: Basic Types of Stress (ref: MCHT213)

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AXIAL MEMBERS: Average Normal Stress (aka Direct
Normal Stress):

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3.4 Average Normal Stress:
Requirements for Average Normal Stress,  = P/A:

1. Member starts out straight and remains straight after loading

2. Homogenous, isotropic
3. Invoke St. Venant’s Principal

EXAMPLES of AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS:

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Example Normal Stress:

If P = 20K lbs
and A = 2 in2
=?

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Average Shear Stress (AKA Direct
Shear Stress):

 = P/As

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Example Shear Stress:
If load = 2,000 lb and bolt
diameter = ½”, Find shear
stress in bolt. What if
double bolt, what would
the new shear stress
be??

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Example: normal stress and shear stress:

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Example 2 – direct normal and
shear stress

DISCUSS ONLY!

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1.119
 St. Venant’s Principle and Stress Concentration Factors, Kt:

St Venant’s:
1. Stress profile, sufficiently removed from
the local effect of loads will be uniform
(i.e. = P/A)
2. Stress and strain produced by statically
equivalent load system will be the same.
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St. Venant’s Principal:

Note, def’m of grid uniform

at middle, therefore strain
and stress will be uniform. 15
 Example:

Look at deformation in
vicinity of hole. Is it
uniform???

Stress profile is not

uniform. max occurs at area
of discontinuity.

max > avg

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max = Kt* avg

max = maximum stress

avg = average stress (P/Amin)
Kt = stress concentration factor

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max = Kt* avg

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Find: Max Stress:

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Deformation of Axial Member with Constant Load and
Cross-Sectional Areas:

PL
Deformation   
AE
Or, for multiple sections:

PL
 total  
AE 23
Example: Multiple sections. Find total deformation of end
A with respect to D. Area = 20 mm2. Material is steel w/
E = 200 GPa = 200 x 109 Pa:

= 100 mm = 150 mm = 200 mm

PL
 A/ D 
AE
PAB LAB PBC LBC PCD LCD
 A/ D   
AE AE AE
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First, solve for
internal loads:

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 PAB LAB PBC LBC PCD LCD
 A/ D   
AE AE AE

(5,000 N )(.1m) (3,000 N )(.15m) (7,000 N )(.2m)

 A/ D   
AE AE AE

 1,350  1,350
 A/ D   9
 3. 38 x10 4
m  0.338mm
AE (.00002)(200 x10 )

How would this answer change if aluminum instead of steel????

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TORSION: Key points:
1.Varies linearly with radius, .
2.Zero at center
3.Max at outer fiber ( = c)
4.Constant for given .
5.Solid vs. hollow
6.Torsion of non-circular
sections.
7.Now how to calculate torque
given power and rotational
speed.


    max
c
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 The torsion formula (see derivation):

Torque (N-m, N-
mm or lb-in, lb-
ft, etc)

Tc Outer radius of

 max  shaft (m or in)

J
Polar moment of
Max shear stress inertia (m4 or in4)
in shaft (MPa,
psi/ksi, etc.)

T
or  
J
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 J = polar moment of inertia
• Solid shaft: •Hollow shaft:
 4  4 4
J c
2 J   co  ci 
2
W

For Design:

J  3
r/s
T = P/n
N-m

rpm Zp   c
lb-in
T = 63,000 P/n

hp
c 2
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Stress Profiles:
Shear stress profile – YOU
MUST UNDERSTAND
THIS!!!!

Where is shear stress max?

zero? How does it vary along
the length and
circumference?

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Angle of twist - For straight sections:

Torque Length

TL

Angle of twist
(rad) JG
Modulus of Rigidity
(Shear Modulus) – see
Polar moment of inertia back of book

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Angle of twist for Multiple
Sections:

TL
 
JG

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If the distance between gear E and the middle gear is 12 inches, find the angle of twist between the two 36
gears. The shaft is steel and G = 11.5 x 106 psi.
 5.8 Stress Concentrations (last
topic we’ll cover in Chapter 5)

Consider the torsion member only

(shaft) where do you think the
stress concentrations are??

Again, stress concentrations occur

where there’s an abrupt change in
geometry!

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How do we deal with stress
concentrations??

Tc
 max  K  nom K
J
Based on smaller of two connected shafts

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 Torsion of non-circular cross-sections:

T TL
 
Q GK

Where Q and K are determined based on

cross-section from F3-10

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Also, see equations for closed thin walled tubes! See HO: Stress Analysis 2 examples
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 Example: Torsion find max shear
stress for the three cross-
sections: a, b and c T = 4.1 N-m =
4,100 N-mm

a. Circular w/ b. Square w/ c. Hollow w/

dia = 10 m side = 8.86 od = 12.8 mm
mm
and id = 8
mm

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Also see HO: Comparison of Torsion Elements, also overhead fabricated beam
Shear and Moment diagrams:

V    w( x)dx
M   V ( x)dx
Do not get actual equations, good if
just after Vmax and Mmax

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Example: Draw Shear & Moment
diagrams for the following beam
12 kN 8 kN
A C
D
B

1m 3m 1m
RA = 7 kN  RC = 13 kN 

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 12 kN 8 kN
A C
D
B

1m 3m 1m

7 8
7 8
V
(kN) -15
-5
7
M
(kN-m)

2.4 m -8 45
Example: Beam w/ Concentrated Moment:

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Also see HO: Simple Beam with Uniform Load, Load-Shear-Moment Relationships
 Beam Bending Stress: The Flexure Formula:

Internal bending
moment, lb-in

Max bending stress,

psi

Mc
Distance from NA to
outer fiber, in

 max 
I Moment of inertia, in4

My
Or in general: 
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 Examples:
• Find maximum moment
• Find area properties, I and c
• Calculate stress

See HO: Bending Stress Concepts

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WHERE IS
BENDING STRESS
MAXIMUM???

Answer:
•Outer surface
(furthest away from
Neutral Axis)
•Value of x along
length where moment
is maximum!!

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Beam Shear Stress: See HO: Shear Stress
Calculations in Beams

Internal Shear (lb)

VQ
 First Moment of area
(in3) at point of interest

It
Thickness of cross-

Q  y ' A'
Moment of inertia of section at point of
entire cross section (in4) interest (in)

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Find: Max Shear and Bending
Stress:

1.93”

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See HO: Stress Analysis 1 Examples, Steel Beam Selection, Steel W-Shape Selection Data
 Combined Loading:
• Look at each load individually and solve
for stress at a given point due to that load.
• Repeat for all loads.
• Add like stresses
• Summarize stresses on an initial stress
element.

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Example: Combined normal stress – find stress in horizontal portion:

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 Example: Combined normal stress – find stress in horizontal portion:

Reduce to simple
cantilever!

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Ultimate Combined Loading Problem!!

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Final Concept: Beam Deflection – Superposition:

No solution for this case Known case from App C

Known case from App C

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