College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Name: ______________________________________ Course & Year: ______________

Module 1 : Load Classification, Concept of Stress, Normal and Shear

Stress, Stresses under Centric Load
Course Title : Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
Course Number : MECH 313
Course Description : The course covers the fundamental concepts of stresses and
strains such as axial stress, shearing stress, bearing stress,
torsion, flexural stress and strain-stress relationship.
Total Learning Time : 4 units (4 hours lecture per week)
Pre-requisites : Dynamics of Rigid Bodies
(if there’s any)

Overview:

In this chapter we review some of the important principles of statics and show how
they are used to determine the internal resultant loadings in a body. Afterwards the concepts
of normal and shear stress will be introduced, and specific applications of the analysis and
design of members subjected to an axial load or direct shear will be discussed.

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module, the student should be able to:
1. Define mechanics of materials, which examines the stresses, strains, and
displacements in structures made of various materials acted on by a variety of
different loads.
2. Study normal, shear, and bearing stresses in simple bolted connections between
members.
3. Use factors of safety to establish allowable values of stresses.

Indicative Content:
This module discusses at least the following topics: External and Internal Loadings,
Normal (axial) Stress, Shear Stress and Bearings, Factor of Safety and System of Units.

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 1

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Name: ____________________________________ Date Submitted: __________
Course & Year: _____________________________ Rating: __________

Pre-Assessment:

1. The stress which act if the ultimate shear strength on

Perpendicular to the area is called. the plate is 42, 000 psi?
a) Shear Stress Ans: 24,740 lbs.
b) Normal Stress
c) Bearing Stress
d) Thermal Stress
2. The stress induced in a body,
when subjected to two equal and
opposite forces which are acting
tangentially across the resisting
section resulting the shearing of
the body across its section is 6. Find the polar section modulus in
called ____________. cubic inch of a shaft with
a) Bending Stress diameter 3 inches. Ans: 5.3
b) Compressive Stress
c) Shear Stress
d) Shear Strain
3. Which stress comes when there is
an eccentric load applied?
a) Shear Stress
b) Bending Stress
c) Tensile Stress 7. Find the polar moment of inertia
d) Thermal Stress 1 1
of a square 3 2 "by 3 2 ".
4. A steel tie rod on bridge must be
made to withstand a pull of 5,000 Ans: 25in4
lbs. Find the diameter of the rod
assuming a factor of safety of 5
and ultimate stress of 64,000
lb/in2. Ans: 0.71 in,

5. What force P is required to punch 8. A steel rod 30 mm in diameter and

a ½ in hole on a 3/8 in thick plate 800 mm long has an allowable

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 2

 elongation not to exceed 1.5 mm, Ans:45.05℃
find the allowable load in KN.
Ans: 274 N

9. A constant force of 200 N is

applied tangentially to a wheel of
diameter 150 mm. determine the
work done, in joules, in 15
revolutions of the wheel.
Ans: 1413.72 J

11. A steel rod 35 mm in diameter and

1000 mm long has allowable
elongation not to exceed 2.0 mm,
find the allowable load in N.
E = 30 × 106 psi for steel.
Ans: 397.9 N

10. Steel railroad rails 12 m long are

installed with an initial clearance
of 4.5 mm at 13℃ temperature.
Assume coefficient of thermal
expansion of steel, et = 11.7 ×
10−6 m
− ℃ and E = 206.9 GPa.
m
At what temperature will the rail
just touch?

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 3

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Discussion:

Mechanics of Materials

Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the

behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. Other names for this field
of study are strength of materials and mechanics of deformable bodies. The solid bodies
considered include bars with axial loads, shafts in torsion, beams in bending, and columns
in compression. The principal objective of mechanics of materials is to determine the
stresses, strains, and displacements in structures and their components due to the loads
acting on them. If we can find these quantities for all values of the loads up to the loads
that cause failure, we will have a complete picture of the mechanical behavior of these
structures.
Definition of Stress
Stress has units of force per unit area and is denoted by the Greek letter 𝜎 (sigma).
In general, the stresses s acting on a plane surface may be uniform throughout the area or
may vary in intensity from one point to another.
P
σ=A

This equation gives the intensity of

uniform stress in an axially loaded, prismatic
bar of arbitrary cross-sectional shape. When the
bar is stretched by the forces P, the stresses are
tensile stresses; if the forces are reversed in direction, causing the bar to be compressed,
we obtain compressive stresses. Inasmuch as the stresses act in a direction perpendicular
to the cut surface, they are called normal stresses. Thus, normal stresses may be either
tensile or compressive.
When a sign convention for normal stresses is required, it is customary to define
tensile stresses as positive and compressive stresses as negative.

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 4

Figures show deformations produced by the components of internal forces and couples.
Following physically meaningful names:
P: The component of the resultant force that is perpendicular to the cross section, tending
to elongate or shorten the bar, is called the normal force.
V: The component of the resultant force lying in the plane of the cross section, tending to
shear (slide) one segment of the bar relative to the other segment, is called the
shear force.
T: The component of the resultant couple that tends to twist (rotate) the bar is called the
twisting moment or torque.
M: The component of the resultant couple that tends to bend the bar is called the bending
moment.
Axially Loaded Bars
Centric (axial) loading
Figures show a bar of constant cross-sectional
area A. The ends of the bar carry uniformly
distributed normal loads of intensity p (units: MPa
or psi).
P
σ=A
where:
σ = Normal Stress, MPa (psi)
P = Load, N (lb)
A = Cross − sectional area, mm2 (in2 )
Most common cross-sectional areas for axially loaded bars

Stresses on Inclined Planes

P cos θ P
σ = A = cos 2 θ
A
cos θ
P sin θ P
τ= A = sin θ cos θ
A
cos θ
P
τ = 2A sin 2θ

Shear Stress
By definition, normal stress acting on an interior plane is directed perpendicular to
that plane. Shear stress, on the other hand, is tangent (parallel) to the plane on which it acts.
Shear stress arises whenever the applied loads cause one section of a body to slide past its
adjacent section.
𝑉
τ=𝐴
Strictly speaking, this equation must be interpreted as the average shear stress. It
is often used in design to evaluate the strength of connectors, such as rivets, bolts, and
welds.

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 5

Single Shear
Figure shows two plates that are joined by a rivet. As seen in the FBD, the rivet
must carry the shear force 𝑉 = 𝑃
𝑉 𝑉
τ=𝐴=π
d2
4
where:
τ = Shear Stress, MPa (psi)
V = Shear Force, N (lb)
A = Shear Area, mm2 (in2 )
Double Shear
The bolt of the clevis in Fig. (b) carries the load P across two cross-sectional
𝑃
areas, the shear force being 𝑉 = 2 on each cross section.
𝑉 𝑃
τ=𝐴= π
2( )d2
4
where:
τ = Shear Stress, MPa (psi)
V = Shear Force, N (lb)
A = Shear Area, mm2 (in2 )
d = diameter, mm (in)

Direct Shear
In Fig. (c), a circular slug is being punched out of a metal sheet. Here the shear
force is P and the shear area is similar to the milled edge of a coin.

V P
τ= =
A πdt
where:
τ = Shear Stress, MPa (psi)
V = Shear Force, N (lb)
A = Shear Area, mm2 (in2 )
d = diameter, mm (in)
t = thickness, mm (in)

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 6

Bearing Stress
If two bodies are pressed against each other, compressive forces are developed on
the area of contact. The pressure caused by these surface loads is called bearing stress.
Examples of bearing stress are the soil pressure beneath a pier and the contact pressure
between a rivet and the side of its hole.
Pb P
σb = =
Ab td

Example of bearing stress: (a) a rivet in a lap joint; (b) bearing stress is not constant;
(c) bearing stress caused by the bearing force 𝑃𝑏 is assumed to be uniform on projected
area td.
Factor of Safety
One method of specifying the allowable load for a member is to use a number called
the factor of safety. The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load 𝐹𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 to the
allowable load 𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 .
ultimate load F
F. S. = allowable load = F fail
allow
ultimate stress σfail
F. S. = allowable stress = σ
allow
ultimate stress τfail
F. S. = =
allowable stress τallow

System of Units
When SI metric units are used, force is expressed in Newtons (N) and A in square
meters (m2), the stress σ will be expressed in N/m2 . This unit is called a Pascal (Pa).
However, one finds that the Pascal is an exceedingly small quantity and that, in practice,
multiples of this unit must be used, namely, the kilopascal (kPa), the MegaPascal (MPa),
and the gigapascal (GPa). We have
1kPa = 103 Pa = 103 N⁄m2
1MPa = 106 Pa = 106 N⁄m2
1GPa = 109 Pa = 109 N⁄m2
1MPa = 1 N⁄mm2
When U.S. customary units are used, the force is usually expressed in pounds (lb)
or kilopounds (kip), and the cross-sectional area A in square inches (in2). The stress σ will
then be expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) or kilopounds per square inch (ksi).

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 7

 Solved Problems
1. A rectangular bar having a cross sectional area of 75mm2 has a tensile force of 15 kN
applied to it. Determine the stress in the bar.
Solution:
P 15,000 N N
𝛔= = 2
= 200 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚
A 75 mm mm2
2. A wire of circular cross-section, has a tensile force of 60.0 N applied to and this
produces a stress of 3.06 MPa in the wire. Determine the diameter of the wire.
Solution:
P P
σ = A = π 2 → for solid tube
d
4

4P 4(60.0 N)
d=√ =√ N
πσ π(3.06 )
mm2

𝐝 = 𝟓 𝐦𝐦
3. A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400
kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2 .
Solution:
P P
σ = A = π 2 2 → for hollow tube
(D −𝑑 )
4
𝑃
D2 = 𝜋 + 𝑑 2 ;
σ
4
P 400,000 N
D = √π + d2 = √π N + (100mm)2
σ (120 )
4 4 mm2
𝐃 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟓 𝐦𝐦

4. The bar ABCD in Fig. (a) consists of three cylindrical steel segments
with different lengths and cross-sectional areas. Axial loads are applied
as shown. Calculate the normal stress in each segment.

Assuming tension to be positive

Section 1
PAB 4,000 lb
σAB = =
AAB 1.2 in2
𝛔𝐀𝐁 = 𝟑, 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐩𝐬𝐢 (𝐓)

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 8

 Section 2

PBC 5000 lb
σBC = =
ABC 1.8 in2
𝛔𝐁𝐂 = 𝟐, 𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝐩𝐬𝐢 (𝐂)

Section 3
PCD 7000 lb
σCD = =
ABC 1.6 in2
𝛔𝐁𝐂 = 𝟒, 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝐩𝐬𝐢 (𝐂)
5. For the truss shown in fig. (a), calculate the normal stress in (1) member AC; and (2)
member BD. The cross-sectional area of each member is 900 mm2.

By using method of sections.

For the reaction Ay ↻ + ∑ MH = 0
Ay (16m) = 30kN(12m) + 70kN(4m)
Ay = 40 kN
FBD of pin A
↑+ ∑ Fv = 0
3
PAB (5) + 40 kN = 0
PAB = −66.67 kN (T)
→ + ∑ FH = 0
4
PAC + PAB (5) = 0
4
PAC − 66.67 (5) = 0
PAC = 53.34 kN(T)
P 53,340 N
σAC = AAC = 900 mm2
AC
𝐍
σAC = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟐𝟕 𝐨𝐫 𝟓𝟗. 𝟐𝟕 𝐌𝐏𝐚 (𝐓)
𝐦𝐦𝟐

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 9

 FBD of section 1

↻ + ∑ ME = 0
PBD (3) − 30(4) + 40(8) = 0
PBD = −66.67 kN (T)
∴ PBD = 66.67 kN (C)
PBD 66,670 N
σBD = BD = 900 mm2
𝐍
σBD = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝟕𝟒. 𝟏 𝐌𝐏𝐚 (𝐂)
𝐦𝐦𝟐

6. Figure shows a two-member truss supporting a block of

weight W. the cross sectional areas of the members are
800 mm2 for AB and 400 mm2 for AC. Determine the
maximum safe value of W if the working stress are 110
MPa for AB and 120 MPa for AC.

FBD

↑ + ∑ Fv = 0
PAB sin 40° + PAC sin 60° − W = 0 ⇢ 1
→ ∑ FH = 0
PAC cos 60° − PAB cos 40° = 0
PAC = 1.532 PAB → 2

Equating 2 to 1
PAB = 0.5077W and PAC = 0.7778W
Design Normal Stress in Bar AB
The value of W that will cause the normal stress in bar AB to equal its
working stress
PAB = σAB AAB
N
0.5077W = 110 2 (800mm2 )
mm
W = 173,330 N or 173.33 kN
Design Normal Stress in Bar AC
The value of W that will cause the normal stress in bar AC to equal its working
stress
PAC = σAC AAC
N
0.7778W = 120 2 (400mm2 )
mm
W = 61,712N or 61.712 kN
The maximum safe value of W is the smaller value.
∴ 𝐖 = 𝟔𝟏, 𝟕𝟏𝟐𝐍 𝐨𝐫 𝟔𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟐 𝐤𝐍

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 10

7. A rectangular wood panel is formed by gluing together
two boards along the 30-degree seam as shown in the
figure. Determine the largest axial force P that can be
carried safely by the panel if the working stress for the
wood is 1120 psi, and the normal and shear stresses in the
glue are limited to 700 psi and 450 psi, respectively.
Solution:
Design for Working Stress in Wood
lb
P = σw A = 1120 in2 (4 × 1.0)in2 = 4480 𝑙𝑏
Design for Normal Stress in Glue
The axial force P that would cause the normal stress in
the glue to equal its maximum allowable value is
P
σ = A cos 2 θ
P
700 = (4×1.0) cos 2 30°
P = 3,730 lb
Design for Shear Stress in Glue
The value of P that would cause the shear stress in the glue to equal its maximum
value is
P
τ = 2A sin 2θ
P
450 = 2(4×1.0) sin 60°
P = 4,160 lb
The smallest of these three values is the largest safe value of P for the panel.
∴ 𝐏 = 𝟑, 𝟕𝟑𝟎 𝐥𝐛
8. The lap joint shown in the figure is fastened by four
rivets of ¾-in. diameter. Find the maximum load P
that can be applied if the working stresses are 14 ksi
for shear in the rivet and 18 ksi for bearing in the
plate. Assume that the applied load is distributed
evenly among the four rivets, and neglect friction
between the plates.

Design for Shear Stress in Rivets

From the FBD,
P = 4V
V = τaveA
P lb π 3
= 14,000 2 [ ( in)2 ]
4 in 4 4
P = 24740 lb
Design for Bearing Stress in Plate
The shear force P = 4V that acts on the cross sections of one rivet is equal
to the bearing force 𝑃𝑏 due to the contact between the rivet and the plate.
Pb = σb td

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 11

 P lb 7 3
= (18,000 in2 )(8 in)(4 in)
4
P = 47,250lb
We calculated P using each of the two design criteria. The largest safe load will
be the smaller of the two values.
∴ 𝐏 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟎 𝐥𝐛
9. What force P is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm
thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.
Solution:
P = σA
Where: A = πdt
N
P = (350 mm2)π(20mm)(25mm)
𝐏 = 𝟓𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝐍 𝐨𝐫 𝟓𝟒𝟗. 𝟕𝟖 𝐤𝐍
10. If the eyebolt is made of a material having a yield stress
of σy = 250 MPa, determine the minimum required
diameter d of its shank. Apply the factor of
safety F. S. = 1.5 against yielding.
Solution:
σ P
= ;
F. S. A
250 N 1000N
mm2
30kN×
1kN
= π
(d)2
1.5
4
𝐝 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟐 𝐦𝐦
11. The pin is made of a material having a failure shear
stress of τfail = 100 MPa. Determine the
minimum required diameter of the pin to the
nearest mm. Apply a factor of safety of F. S. = 2.5
against shear failure.
FBD
Analysis: It is evident from the figure that it is
a double shear.
τfail 𝑉 𝑃
=𝐴= π 2 ;
F.S. 2( d )
4
100 MPa 40,000 N
= π
2.5 ( )2
4 d
𝐝 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟔𝟖 𝐦𝐦

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 12

12. A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing
strength of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the punch
is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum
thickness of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter
can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.2 in. thick,
determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be
punched.
Solution:
V V
(a) τ = A = πdt
V
t= → working equation
πτd
Solving for Shear Force, V
Analysis: It is evident from the figure that it is a direct shear.
∴V=P
Using Compressive Stress,
π kips π
P = V = σA = σ ( × d2 ) = 50 2 [ × (2.5 in)2 ]
4 in 4
V = 245.436 kips
From working equation,
245.436 kips
t= kips
π(40 )(2.5 in)
in2
𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝐢𝐧
V V
(b) τ = A = πdt
V
d= → working equation
πτt
Solving for Shear Force, V
Analysis: It is evident from the figure that it is a direct shear.
∴V=P
Using Compressive Stress,
π π
P = V = σA = σ (4 × d2 ) = 50 (4 ) d2
V = 39.27 d2 → equation 1
Substituting equation 1 to working equation,
V
d = πτt
39.27 d2 39.27 d
d= kips ;1 = kips
π(40 2 )(0.2in) π(40 )(0.2in)
in in2
𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 𝐢𝐧.

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 13

13. Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown. The
pin diameter is 20 mm.
Solution:
Analysis: It is evident from the figure that it is a
double shear.
P RB
∴V= =
2 2
Where: RB = support reaction at point B
𝐕 R R
𝛕 = 𝐀 = 2AB = πB2
2( d )
4
RB
𝛕= π → working equation
2( d2)
4
Free-Body Diagram (FBD) of the system

R B = √RBV 2 + R BH 2 → equation 1
Solving for RBH
∑ FH = 0
RBH = 40 cos 35° = 32.766 kN

Solving for RBV

↺ + ∑ MC = 0
RBV (250) − 40 sin 35°(250) − 40 cos 35°(200) = 0
RBV = 49.156 kN
Substituting values of RBH and RBV to equation 1,
RB = √RBV 2 + RBH 2 = √(49.156 kN)2 + (32.766 kN)2
RB = 59.076 kN
Substituting value of RB to working equation,
1000 N
RB 59.076 kN ×
τ= π = 1 kN
π
2 (4 d2 ) 2 [(4) (20 mm)2 ]
𝛕 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝐌𝐏𝐚

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 14

14. In Fig. 1-12, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm
wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa
for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the
largest average tensile stress in the plates.

Solution:
(a) Based on shearing stress
𝐕 P
𝛕=𝐀= π 2
( d )
4
N P
60 2
=π
mm (20mm)2
4
P = 18849.56 N
Based on bearing stress
P
σb = td
N 18849.56N
120 mm2 = 20t
𝐭 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 𝐦𝐦
P 18849.56 N
(b) σ = =
A 7.85 mm (110−20mm)
𝛔 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚
15. In the clevis shown below, find the minimum bolt diameter
and the minimum thickness of each yoke that will support a
load P = 14 kips without exceeding a shearing stress of 12 ksi
and a bearing stress of 20 ksi.
Solution:
For minimum bolt diameter
Based on shear stress
V P 4P 4(14kips)
τ=A= π ; d = √2πτ = √ kips
2( d2 ) 2π(12 )
4 in2

𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟐 𝐢𝐧
For minimum thickness of each yoke
P P 14 kips
σb = 2td ; t = 2dσ = kips
b 0.861in(20 )
in2
𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟓 𝐢𝐧

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 15

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Name: ____________________________________ Date Submitted: __________
Course & Year: _____________________________ Rating: __________
Evaluation
Solve the following problems. Write your solutions on the space provided.
1. Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown.
Knowing that the average normal stress must not exceed 175 MPa in rod AB and 150
MPa in rod BC, determine the smallest allowable values of d1 and d2.
Ans: d1 = 22.6 mm, d2 = 15.96 mm

2. Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B

and loaded as shown. Knowing that d1 = 50 mm and d2 = 30 mm,
find the average normal stress at the midsection of (a) rod AB, (b)
rod BC.
Ans: (a) 35.7 MPa (b) 42.4 MPa

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 16

3. For the Pratt bridge truss and loading shown, determine the average normal stress in
member BE, knowing that the cross-sectional area of that member is 5.87 in2.
Ans: 8.52 ksi

4. Rods AC and BC are used to suspend the 200-kg

mass. If each rod is made of a material for which the
average normal stress cannot exceed 150 MPa,
determine the minimum required diameter of each
rod to the nearest mm.
Ans: d = 4.08 mm

5. Determine the maximum average shear

stress developed in each ¾ in.-diameter
bolt. Ans: τave = 5.66 ksi

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 17

6. Determine the average punching shear stress the
circular shaft creates in the metal plate through
section AC and BD. Also, what is the bearing stress
developed on the surface of the plate under the shaft?
Ans: τave = 25.5 MPa, σb = 4.72 MPa

7. The cylindrical portion of the propane tank has an outer diameter of 12 in. and a wall
thickness of 0.125 in. Calculate the longitudinal and circumferential stresses in the wall
of the cylinder when the tank is pressurized to 200 psi.
Ans: 𝑃 = 50,300 𝑙𝑏

8. The 1200-lb uniform plate ABCD can rotate

freely about the hinge AB. The plate is supported
by the cables DE and CE. If the working stress in
the cables is 18,000 psi, determine the smallest
safe diameter of the cables.
Ans: 𝑑 = 0.223 𝑖𝑛

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 18

 9. The joint is subjected to the axial member force of 6
kip. Determine the average normal stress acting on
sections AB and BC. Assume the member is smooth
and is 1.5-in. thick.
Ans: σAB = 2.17 ksi : σBC = 0.819 ksi

10. The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss is 1200 mm2. Calculate the
stresses in members DF, CE and BD.
Ans:
σDF = 187.5 MPa (T),
σDF = 112.5 MPa (T),
σBD = 80.1 MPa (C),

ENGR. EDMIL JHON B. ARIQUES 19

Additional Reading:

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials by J.R. Barber

References:

Bedford A., and Liechti K.M., (2020). Mechanics of Materials, Second Edition. Cham:
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