Strength of Materials

Reynaldo P. Roca
PRC License No. 000154
CAAP License No. 105700-AMT
CAAP License No. 10570-GI
BASIC CONCEPT

• The main objective of the study of mechanics of

materials is to provide the future engineer with the
means of analyzing and designing various machines
and load bearing structures.

• Both the analysis and design of a given structure

involve the determination of stresses and deformations.
A structural system is not only effected by external conditions,
but also by the properties and behavior of the materials which
comprise it. These also determine the nature of the system's
reaction(s) to external forces. The study of Strength of Materials
is concerned specifically with the following issues:

1. the internal forces of a member caused by the external forces

acting on that member or system.
2. the changes in dimension of a member caused by these forces.
3. the physical properties of the material in the member
Components of internal effects of f the
Applied loads
y

Mxy
F1

Pxy

Pxx x
Pxz Mxx
F2
z Mzz
 Pxx Axial force. This force measures the pulling
(or pushing ) action perpendicular to the section.
Pxy Pxz Shear force. These are components of the total resistance to
sliding the portion to one side of the exploratory section past the
other.The resultant force is usually designated byV and its
components by Vy and Vz.
Mxx Torque. This components measures the resistance to twisting the
member and is commonly given the symbol T.

Mxy,Mxz Bending moments. These components

measure the resistance to bending the member
about the y or z axes and are often denoted
merely by My or Mz.
 Simple Stress
Stress. The unit strength of a material.It is also the
intensity of internal force.

 = P
A
Where:  = stress
P = applied load
A = cross sectional area

Classification of Simple Stress

1. Normal Stress- develops when a force is applied perpendicular to the
cross-sectional area of the material.

 If the force is going to pull the material, the stress is said to be tensile stress
and compressive stress develops when the material is being compressed by two
opposing forces
2. Shearing Stress
3. Bearing Stress
Shearing stress. Caused by forces acting along
or parallel to the area resisting the forces.
-produced whenever the applied loads cause
one section of a body to tend to slide past its
adjacent section.
=V where:  = shearing stress
A V = resultant shearing force
A = area under shear

• Shearing Stress in Connection

- shearing stress are commonly found in bolts,pins,and rivets used
to connect various structural members and machine components

- Three Types of Shearing Stress

1. Single shear
2. double shear
3. Punching shear
Bearing stress.
Caused by contact pressure between separate bodies.

• Bearing stresses (compressive normal) occur on the surface of

contact between two interacting structural members.

• Bolts ,pins,and rivets create stresses in the member they

connect , along the bearing surfaceo rthe surface of contact.
 1. A homogeneous 800-kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown. Calculate the
smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 Mpa in steel.

2. A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and bronze
sections as shown. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated . If P = 3000 lb and
the cross sectional area of the rod is 0.5 in2, determine the stress in each section.
3. For the truss shown, calculate the stresses in members CE, DE, and DF. The cross
sectional area of each member is 1.8 in2. Indicate tension(T) or compression(C).
D

6 ft F
A B
8 ft 8 ft E 8 ft
6 ft
30kips
C
4. The homogeneous bar shown is supported by a smooth pin at C and a cable that
runs from A to B around the smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if its
diameter is 0.6 inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.

5. What is the maximum thickness of a steel plate in which a 4.2 inch diameter
hole can be drilled? Assume that for this material, the maximum shearing strength
is 50ksi and the maximum compressive strength is 60ksi.(t=1.2in)

t
d=4.2 in
6. Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown.
The pin diameter is 20 mm.
7. Assume that a 20 mm diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm wide. The
allowable stresses are 120 MPa for Bearing in the plate material and 60 Mpa for shearing
of the rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the largest
average tensile stress in the plates.
Thin -Walled Pressure Vessels

Pressure vessels are exceedingly important in industry. Normally two types of

pressure vessel are used in common practice such as cylindrical pressure vessel
and spherical pressure vessel.
A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile
forces, which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse
sections.
By thin walled cylinder we mean that the thickness‘t' is very much smaller
than the radius Ri and we may quantify this by stating that the ratio t / Ri
should be less than 0.1.
In the analysis of this walled cylinders subjected to internal pressures it is
assumed that the radial planes remains radial and the weight of the fluid is
considered neglible.
Tangential stress- stress acts tangent to the surface of the cylinder also known
as circumferential stress, hoop stress and girth stress. This is the stress which is
set up in resisting the bursting effect of the applied pressure .
 t = PD
Where:
t = tangential stress 2t
P = pressure
D = diameter of the cylinder
t = thickness
where:  L= longitudinal stress
P = pressure
D= Diameter of Cylinder
t = Thickness
1. A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20 mm,
is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2.
(a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel.
(b) to what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in the steel
is limited to 120 MN/m2?
( c) If the internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst, sketch the type
of fracture that would occur.

2. What should be the thickness of a steel water tank with a diameter of 5m and a
height of 15m if the tank is stressed to 65MPa in a completely filled
situation?(5.66mm)

h=15m
d= 5m
STRAIN
DEFINITION
Displacement can be defined as the movement of individual points
On a structural system due to various external loads.

Displacement can be classified into:

• Translation points
• Rotation lines
• Change of length ;i.e. elongation and contraction
• Distortion; i.e. angle change between lines
When displacements is induced by applied loads cause the size and/or
shape of a body to be altered, individual points of the body move relative
to one another. The change in any dimensions associated with these
relative displacements is defined as deformation.
Normal Strain-deformation per unit length of a body when
the body is subjected to normal axial loading.
Example:

A 50 ft. length of steel wire is subjected to a tensile load that produces a

change in length of 1.25in. Determine the axial strain in the wire.

Ɛ = δ/L =∆L/L = 1.25/(50x12)= 0.002083 in/in

Stress-Strain Diagrams

–the simplest and most common experiment for measuring the mechanical
response of engineering structural materials is the uniaxial tensile or
compression test.

- In the test an increasing(quasi-static) load is applied to a specimen of

material and the resulting deformation data are recorded.
 x Actual rupture
Stress-Strain Diagram strength
Ultimate strength x
Stress

 =P/A x

Yield point Rupture

strength
x
x
x Elastic limit
Proportional limit

Strain =/L
Proportional limit. Stress is proportional to strain.

Elastic limit. Stress beyond which the material will not return to
its original shape when unloaded but will retain a permanent
deformation called permanent set.

Ultimate strength. The highest ordinate on the stress-strain curve.

Yield Strength
Rupture strength. Stress at failure.

The slope of the line from o to proportional limit is called the

modulus of elasticity.
E = / or = E
where: = stress
 = strain
E =modulus of elasticity
1. A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the
weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi
and the total elongation is not to exceed 0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 106 psi.

2. An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in.2 carries the axial loads
applied at the position shown. Compute the total change in length of the bar if E =
10 x 106 F psi. Assume that the bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling.
 3. The rigid bar ABC shown is hinged at A and supported by a steel rod at B.
Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is
limited to 30 ksi and the vertical movement of end C must not exceed 0.10 in.

4. . The rigid bar AB,attached to two vertical rods as shown is horizontal before the load P
is applied .Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 50 KN.
TORSION\
Torque- is a moment that tends to twist a member about its
longitudinal axis.
 Definition of Torsion: Consider a shaft rigidly clamped at one end and twisted
at the other end by a torque T = F.d applied in a plane perpendicular to the axis
of the bar such a shaft is said to be in torsion.

Effects of Torsion: The effects of a torsional load applied to a bar are

(i) To impart an angular displacement of one end cross – section with respect to the other end.
(ii) To setup shear stresses on any cross section of the bar perpendicular to its axis.

Twisting Moment: The twisting moment for any section along the bar / shaft is defined
to be the algebraic sum of the moments of the applied couples that lie to one side of the
section under consideration. The choice of the side in any case is of course arbitrary.
 Shearing Strain: If a generator a – b is marked on the surface of the unloaded bar, then
after the twisting moment 'T' has been applied this line moves to ab'. The angle ‘g'
measured in radians, between the final and original positions of the generators is defined
as the shearing strain at the surface of the bar or shaft.
Modulus of Elasticity in shear: The ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain is
called the modulus of elasticity in shear OR Modulus of Rigidity and in represented
by the symbol

Angle of Twist: If a shaft of length L is subjected to a constant twisting moment T along

its length, than the angle q through which one end of the bar will twist relative to the
other is known is the angle of twist.
TORSIONAL SHEARING STRESS, τ
For a solid or hollow circular shaft subject to a twisting For a solid or hollow circular shaft subject
to a twisting moment T, the torsional shearing stress τ at a distance ρ from the center of the shaft is

where J is the polar moment of inertia of the section and r is the outer radius.
For solid cylindrical shaft:

For hollow cylindrical shaft:

ANGLE OF TWIST
The angle θ through which the bar length L will twist is

where T is the torque in N·mm, L is the length of shaft in mm, G is shear modulus in MPa, J
is the polar moment of inertia in mm4, D and d are diameter in mm, and r is the radius in
mm.

Example:
A hollow cylindrical steel shaft is 1.5m long and has an inner and outer
diameters equal to 40mm and 60mm. A) what is the largest torque which may be
applied to the shaft if the shearing stress is not to exceed 120 MPa? What is the
corresponding minimum value of the shearing stress in the shaft?
1. A steel shaft 3 ft long that has a diameter of 4 in. is subjected to a torque of 15
kip·ft. Determine the maximum shearing stress and the angle of twist. Use G = 12
× 106 psi.

2. What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not twist through
more than 3° in a 6-m length when subjected to a torque of 12 kN·m? What
maximum shearing stress is developed? Use G = 83 GPa.

3. Solve for the angle of twist in degrees of a 5 meter solid steel shaft with a diameter
of 250 mm and is subjected to a torque of 50KN-m . Assume that for steel , the
modulus of elasticity is 200GPa and the modulus of rigidity is 83GPa.(0.45deg)

d=250mm
L=5m
4. From the previous problem,solve for the maximum allowable shearing stress
on the steel shaft if it subjected to twisting.
Longitudinal Shearing Stress

=q= T where:
t 2A q= shear flow
A = area of cross section
 Shear and Moments in Beam
Definition of Bending Moment
Bending moment is defined as the summation of moments about the
Centroidal axis of any selected section of all the loads acting either to the left
Or to the right side of the section , and is expressed as

M =(∑ M )L = =(∑ M) R

Definition of Shear
Shearing force is the net unbalance force which is equivalent to
to the resisting shearing force.

V= =(∑ Fy)L
Shear and Moments in Beam
 Sign of Bending Moment

Bending moment is positive if it produces bending of the beam

concave upward.

Upward acting external forces cause positive bending moments

With respect to any section; downward forces cause negative
Bending moments.
1. A tube 0.1 thick has an elliptical shape as shown.what torque Cause a shearing stress of 8000 psi.

2. A tube 2 mm thick has the shape shown . Find the shearing stress caused by a torque of 600N.M

3. Write shear and moment equations for the beams in the following problems. In each problem, let
x be the distance measured from left end of the beam. Also, draw shear and moment diagrams,
specifying values at all change of loading positions and at points of zero shear. Neglect the mass of
the beam in each problem .
A.

B.

c.