Strain

Strength of Materials

Engr. Amanda Rose Villanueva

 Strain
• is a geometric quantity that measures the
deformation of a body.
2 Types of Strain
1. Normal Strain – dimensional changes
2. Shear Strain – distortion (changes in angles)
 Axial Deformation; Stress-Strain
Diagram
a) Normal (axial) strain

Where:
= normal strain
= elongation
L = unit length
 Axial Deformation; Stress-Strain
Diagram
b) Tension Test

Stress: = P/A
Strain: = /L
Stress-Strain Diagram
Stress- Strain Diagram: axial
stress vs. axial strain
Proportional Limit: end of the
straight line from point O.
Hooke’s Law: stress is
proportional to strain,
Elastic Limit: the stress beyond
which the material is no longer
elastic.
Yield Point: The point where
the stress-strain diagram
becomes almost horizontal.
Ultimate Stress: or ultimate
strength is the highest stress on
the stress-strain curve.
Rupture Stress: or rupture
strength is the stress at which
failure occurs.
Axially Loaded Bars
 Stress–Strain Behavior of Ductile
and Brittle Materials
Ductile Materials
Any material that can be subjected to large
strains before it fractures
Engineers often choose ductile materials
for design because these materials are capable
of absorbing shock or energy, and if they
become overloaded, they will usually exhibit
large deformation before failing.
percent elongation
 Brittle Materials.
Materials that exhibit little or no yielding before
failure
 Strain Hardening.
• If a specimen of ductile material, such as steel,
is loaded into the plastic region and then
unloaded, elastic strain is recovered as the
material returns to its equilibrium state.
• plastic strain remains, however, and as a result
the material is subjected to a permanent set
 Strain Energy
• As a material is deformed by an external
loading, it tends to store energy internally
throughout its volume. Since this energy is
related to the strains in the material
Modulus of Resilience
Modulus of Toughness
 Axial Deformation; Stress-Strain
Diagram
c) Working Stress and Factor of Safety
Working Stress – also called allowable stress
• Maximum safe axial stress used in design
• Not exceed in the proportional limit
• Commonly based on the yield stress or
ultimate stress divided by the factor of
safety, N
 Notes on Computation of Deformation
• Magnitude of P is from equilibrium analysis.
Positive (tensile) P value results in positive
(elongation) and negative (compression) P means
a negative (shortening).
• Units must be consistent. Unit of E determines the
unit of all other components.
• Axial stress in elastic range, elongation of the bar
is very small compared to its length. Applicable to
trusses.
 Sample Problem 1
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a
length of 150 m is suspended vertically from one end. It
supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit
mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2 , find
the total elongation of the rod.
 Sample Problem 1
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a
length of 150 m is suspended vertically from one end. It
supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit
mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2 , find
the total elongation of the rod.
 Sample Problem 2
An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2
carries the axial loads applied at the positions shown in Fig. P-
209. Compute the total change in length of the bar if E = 10 ×
106 psi. Assume the bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral
buckling.
Sample Problem 2
 Generalized Hooke’s Law
a) Uniaxial loading; Poisson’s ratio
-ratio of the transverse strain to the axial
Strain.

Where: v = Poisson’s ratio

= transverse strain
= axial strain in the x axis
 Generalized Hooke’s Law
a) Uniaxial loading; Poisson’s ratio
Transverse strain – uniform throughout the
cross section

Using yields the generalized Hooke’s law for

uniaxial loading ( = ):
 Generalized Hooke’s Law
b) Multiaxial loading
b.1) Biaxial Loading
 Generalized Hooke’s Law
b) Multiaxial loading
b.2) Triaxial Loading
 Generalized Hooke’s Law
c) Shear loading

Where:
= shear stress
= shear modulus of
elasticity
= shear strain
Proportional Limit and Hooke’s Law
Statically Indeterminate
Problems
Statically Indeterminate Problems
• the number of unknown forces exceeds the
number of independent equilibrium
equations.
• Has additional equations known as
compatibility equations, to solve the problem.
• Source of compatibility equations is
deformation, Hooke’s Law can be used ()
 Procedure for Solving Statically
Indeterminate Problems
• Draw FBD and derive equilibrium equations.
• Derive the compatibility equations.
• Use Hooke’s law to express the deformations
(strains) in the compatibility equations in
terms of forces (or stresses).
• Solve the equilibrium and compatibility
equations for the unknown forces.
 Sample Problem 1
The rigid bar ABC shown in Figure is hinged at A and supported by a steel
rod at B. Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in
the steel rod is limited to 30 ksi and the vertical movement of end C must
not exceed 0.10 in.
 Sample Problem 1
The rigid bar ABC shown in Figure is hinged at A and supported by a steel
rod at B. Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in
the steel rod is limited to 30 ksi and the vertical movement of end C must
not exceed 0.10 in.
 Sample Problem 1
The rigid bar ABC shown in Figure is hinged at A and supported by a steel
rod at B. Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in
the steel rod is limited to 30 ksi and the vertical movement of end C must
not exceed 0.10 in.
Poisson’s Ratio
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A solid cylinder of diameter d carries an axial load P.
Show that its change in diameter is 4Pν / πEd.