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STRAIN
𝛥𝑠′ − 𝛥𝑠
𝜀𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝛥𝑠
where:
𝜀𝑎𝑣𝑔 is normal strain
𝛥𝑠′ is length after deformation occurs
𝛥𝑠 is length before deformation.
Shear Strain definition:
EXAMPLE 2.1 (HIBBLER – PG. 71)
𝛥𝑠′ − 𝛥𝑠
SOLUTION 𝜀𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝛥𝑠
The normal strain is reported at each point along the rod, where a
differential segment dz, located at position z, has a strain of
𝑑𝑧′ − 𝑑𝑧
𝜀𝑧 =
𝑑𝑧
⟹ 𝑑𝑧 ′ = 𝜀𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜀𝑧 + 1 𝑑𝑧
⟹ 𝑑𝑧 ′ = 40 10−3 𝑧 1Τ2 + 1 𝑑𝑧
𝐵𝐵′
𝜃 ≈ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
𝐵𝐴
⇒ 𝐵𝐵′ = 𝜃 𝐵′𝐴
𝛥𝑠′ − 𝛥𝑠
𝜀𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝛥𝑠
EXAMPLE 2.3 (HIBBLER)
Determine (b) the average shear strain in the plate at A relative to the x and y axes.
Animation
Original angle is BAC.
1. original shape of the plate fly
in. Angle after deformation is B’AC or q’.
2. The original shape fly out
EXAMPLE 2.4 (HIBBLER)
The plate shown in Fig. 2–7a is fixed connected
along AB and held in the horizontal guides at its
top and bottom, AD and BC. If its right side CD
is given a uniform horizontal displacement of 2
mm, determine (a) the average normal strain
along the diagonal AC, and (b) the shear strain
at E relative to the x, y axes.
Question:
SOLUTION:
Determine (a) the
average normal strain
along the diagonal AC
AC is the original length.
AC’ is the length after deformation.
SOLUTION: Question:
Determine (b) the shear
strain at E relative to the
x, y axes.
𝜋
𝛾𝑛𝑡 = − 𝜃′
2
Mechanical Properties of Materials
Tension test is used primarily to determine the relationship between the average
normal stress and average normal strain in many engineering materials such as
metals, ceramics polymers and composites.
Measurements are taken of both the specimen’s initial cross-sectional area, and the
gauge-length distance between the punch marks.
A testing machine like the one shown
in Fig. 3–2 is then used to stretch the
specimen at a very slow, constant
rate until it fails.
𝛿 𝑃
P (N) L (mm) d (mm)= L-L0 Strain : 𝜀 = 𝐿 Stress, 𝜎 = 𝐴
0 0
0 50
10 52
15 54
20 56
25 57
30 59
𝛿 𝑃
Strain : 𝜀 = Stress, 𝜎 =
𝐿0 𝐴0
where
𝐴𝑜 − 𝐴𝑓 𝐴𝑜 = the specimen’s original cross-
Percentage reduction in area = 100%
𝐴𝑜 sectional area
𝐴𝑓 = the area of the neck at fracture
For mild steel, the usual percentage of elongation and percentage
reduction in area are 38% and 60%, repectively.
Hooke’s Law
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖
E = modulus of elasticity or
Young’s modulus
If material is loaded beyond yield
point, it will spring back elastically
following path A’O’. Line A’O’ is
parallel to line AO.
𝜎
Modulus of Resilience. When the 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖 ⇒𝜖=
𝐸
stress reaches the proportional limit,
the strain-energy density, is referred to
as the modulus of resilience, which is
Fig. 3–17
Example 3.1
A tension test for a steel
alloy results in the stress–
strain diagram shown in
Fig. 3–18. Calculate the
modulus of elasticity and
the yield strength based
on a 0.2% offset. Identify
on the graph the ultimate
stress and the fracture
stress.
Solution:
Question: Calculate the
modulus of elasticity and the
yield strength based on a 0.2%
offset. Identify on the graph
the ultimate stress and the
fracture stress.
Example 3.2
Fig. 3–20
The normal stress within each segment is
Fig. 3–20
The material within segment BC is
strained plastically, since 𝜎𝐵𝐶 >
𝜎𝑌 = 40MPa. From the graph, for
𝜎𝐵𝐶 = 56.59MPa,
𝜖𝐵𝐶 ≈ 0.045mmΤmm
Fig. 3–20