STRENGHT OF MATERIALS

DR AS SHOTE; DR OB OLATUNDE
Assessment
There are three aspects to the assessment of this course.
• Attendance (5%)
• Tests (15%/20%)
• Examination (60%).
References

• Ryder – Strength of Materials

• Schaum Series - Strength of Materials

content
• Resultants of forces, moments and couples. Equivalent force
systems. Hooke’s law. Method of superposition. Stresses and
deformation resulting from temperature changes. Stresses in thin
cylinders and sphere. Stresses on inclined planes. Principal stresses,
structural mechanics of statically determinate rigid body systems and
plane pin-jointed frames. Bending moment and shear stresses in
beams. Simple beams, trusses and columns. Deflection of beams,
torsion.
INTRODUCTION

In strength of material, the internal effect produced & the

deformation of bodies caused by externally applied force are
studied.
 Direct stresses

• Types of forces
 A quick Example • Solution

Example: The following result were

obtained in a tensile test on mild
steel specimen whose original
diameter is 2cm in the gauge length
equals 4cm at the limit of
proportionality, the load was 80kN
with the extension of 0.48mm, the Load at limit of proportionality = 80 kN = 88000N.
max. load which stood by the The stress at the limit of proportionality = σ=P/A= 80,000/100
material is 150kN. The specimen =255N/mm².
yielded at 85kN. Compute the Stain Є at the limit of proportionality }
Young’s Modulus, the yield stress σy • Young Modulus E=
with the ultimate stress σµ .
• The yield stress σ
Solution:
• Ultimate or Max. stress σ
 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
• Ex

x-section (Al) = 50*50 = 2500mm²

x-section (A2) = 100 * 100 = 10^4mm²
but
The above Fig. (top right) is formed by connecting a
steel bar to an Aluminum one.
The assembly is as shown. If the bar B presented
some lateral displacement/buckling. Cal. the force p
required so that the length decreases by 0.25mm. P= 224.36kN
Take E =2.1*105N/mm² for steel; E=0.7*105N/mm
for Al
100kN 30kN ?kN
20kN

100mm 30mm 80mm

Ex.: Take dia = 50mm, E = 2.1*10^5N/mm2 Δl = ?

 • Extension of bar under it own
Class work weight
Ex.
The force at section x-x = WAx, the stress (
Є and Є
Integrating to obtain total change in length. i.e., ‫׬‬
• Total change in length =

And

Elongation in uniform bar under axial load

 Elongation of tapering bar of circular cross section
under a force p
Let dx = diameter at section x-x
Area of cross section at x-x = πd²/4
Note: where x=o, dx =d1 where x= L, dx=d2 and
change diameter = d1-d2
Change in diameter/ unit length = d1-d2/L
Change in dia, at length ‘x’ = (d1-d2/L) x
dx = d1 – ((d1-d2)/L)x
Now let d1 – d2/L =k, therefore dx = d1-kx
Area of x-section at x-x =π(dx)²/4 = π(d1-kx) ²/4
Strain in the small elemental strip of length
Is Є =
Strain energy resilience
Impact load

Example: find the maximum stress produced in the

bar shown below if 100kg mass falls through 4cm
height. Take E= 20500N/mm²
 Temperature stress
contd

Strain caused due to prevention of

expansion =
σx=

Tension:

Compression: +

Tension:
Compound Stress and Strain

• Oblique stress
Pure Normal Stress
Generalized 2-D stress system
Principal Stresses
ANALYSIS OF BENDING MOMENT & SHEARING
FORCE IN BEAMS
ζ is the shear stress in the member at the point located at
the distance ỹ’ from the neutral axis. When stress is
assumed to be constant and therefore averaged across the
width b of each member. F is the internal resultant shear
force. I is the moment of inertia of the entire xsection
computed about the neutral axis, b is the width of the
member xsectional area measured at the point where ζ is to
be determined. Q is ỹ’A’. A’ is the top or bottom part of the
members xsectional area defined from the cross-section
where b is measured ; ỹ’ is the distance to the centroid of A’
measured from the actual axis.
The deflection is measured
from the original neutral
surface to the original
neutral surface of the
deformed beam.
Assumptions and limitations of this method
a) Deflection caused by shearing stress are negligible compared those caused by
bending action.
b) Deflection are small compared to xsectional dimension of the beam
c) All parts of the beam are actions within the elastic range.
Macaulay Method
TORSION OF SHAFTS

• Torsion is the act of twisting or turning a steel shaft. Consider a bar

fixed at one end and acted upon at the other end by a torque T in a
plane vertical to the axis of the bar. If the rod is a homogeneous and
isotropic material
• ɸ is the shear strain at distance r from the axis is constant at constant
T. Length of arc AB, = ɸ/360 * 2πl (in degree)
• Note: Ө is the angle of twist, l is the length, r is the radius, d is the
diameter, T is the torque, ɸ is the shear strain, ζ is the shear stress.
Strain Energy in Torsion
BULKING OF SRUTS AND COLUMNS

Critical loading of a column

• The critical load of a slender bar subjected to axial compression is
that value of the force that is just sufficient to keep the bar in slightly
deflected configuration.
 Axial Stress in column
We need to find a function which when The axial stress in bar σcr = Pcr/A; σcr = π2/I2 * EI/A
differentiated twice and added to itself
is equal to zero.
The probable solution will be Sinαx or
Cosαx using y = C sinαx+ Dcosαx
To determine the constant C and D