06| Method of Lighting Calculations Table 1.

3 Luminous Flux of Various Types of Lamps

Out of several methods employed for lighting calculations, Lumen
Lumen
some of them are: efficienc
Description of the Lamp Output
1. Watt per square meter method y per
at 230V
 This method is very handy for rough calculation or watt
checking. 80W – 5ft
 It consists in making an allowance of watts per warm 58 4640
square meter of area to be illuminated according to white
the illumination desired on the assumption of an 40W – 4ft
Fluorescent
average figure of overall efficiency of the system. warm 60 2400
Lamp
white
2. Lumen or light flux method 20W – 2ft
This method is applicable to those cases where the warm 46 920
sources of light are such to produce an approximate white
uniform illumination over the working plane or where an 40W 10 400
average value is required. 60W 12 720
100W 13.8 1380
gS`&Q Q)O1,* $1%(1•1' S, TS$•(,X RQ&,1 Incandescent 150W 14 2100
= ‘S. Si Q&OR* Lamp 200W 14.75 2950
× T&``&X1 Si 1&%h Q&OR 2interms of lumens per watt3 300W 16 4800
× %S1ii(%(1,` Si )`(Q(’&`(S, × O&(,`1,&,%1 i&%`S$ 500W 16.9 8450
1000W 19 19000
Point--to-
3. Point to-point or Inverse-
Inverse-square law method
80W 31 2480
 Thid method is applicable where the illumination at Mercury
125W 31 3875
a point to one or more sources of light is required, Discharge
250W 35 8750
the candle power of the sources in the particular Lamps
400W 39 15600
direction under consideration being known.
45W 50 2250
 When a polar curve of a lamp and its reflector giving Sodium
65W 57 3420
candle powers of the lamp in different directions is Discharge
85W 65 5525
known, the illumination at any point within the range Lamps
140W 70 9800
of the lamp can be calculated from the inverse
square law. If two and more than two lamps are
illuminating the same working plans, the illumination Example:
Example:
due to each can be calculated and added. 1. A small assembly shop 16m long, 10m wide and 3m
 This method is not much used (because of its up to trusses is to be illuminated to a level of 200 lux.
complicated and cumbersome applications), it is The utilization and maintenance factors are 0.74 and
employed only in some special problems such as 0.8 respectively. Calculate the number of lamps
floodlighting, yard lighting etc. required to illuminate the whole area if the lumen
output of the lamp selected is 3000 lumens.
Calculation of Illumination
The following empirical formula can be used to calculate Solution:
the illumination: Working Area, A = 16m × 16m = 160m4
[×# Required Illumination, E = 200 lux
‘= Lumens output of one lamp, O = 3000 lumens
“ × ”J × aJ
where: Utilization factor, UF = 0.74
‘ – Number of fittings needed Maintenance Factor, MF = 0.8
[ – Required illumination (lux)
# – Working area (square meters) Number of lamps required:
“ – Luminous flux produced per lamp (lumens) 200 × 160
N= = f{ Q&OR*
”J – Utilization Factor (or co-efficient of utilization) 3000 × 0.74 × 0.8
aJ – Maintenance Factor

The luminous flux of different types of lamps is given in

table 1.3.
2. An office of 25m x 12m is illuminated by 40W
incandescent lamps of lumen output 2700 lumens.
The average illumination required at the workplace is
200 lux. Calculate the number of lamps required to be
fitted in the office. Assume utilization factors of 0.65
and 1.25 respectively.
Solution:
Working Area, A = 25m × 12m = 300m4
Required Illumination, E = 200 lux
Lumens output of one lamp, O = 2700 lumens
Utilization factor, UF = 0.65
Depreciation Factor, 1.25
Maintenance Factor, MF = = 0.8
.4–
4. It is desired to illuminate a drawing hall with an
average illumination of about 250 lux. The area of the
hall is 30m x 20m. The lamps are to be fitted at 5m
height. Find out the number and size of incandescent
lamps required for an efficiency of 12 lumens per
watt. Utilization Factor = 0.4 and maintenance factor
= 0.85.
Solution:
Working Area, A = 30m 20m 600m4
Required Illumination, E 250 lux
Luminous Efficiency of each lamp, 12 lm/W
Utilization factor, UF 0.40
Maintenance Factor, MF 0.85

Gross Lumen Required

Number of lamps required:
E A 250 lux 600 m4
200 × 300 441176 lm
N=
3000 × 0.65 × 0.8
= Y+. —Y ≅ Yz Q&OR* UF MF 0.4 0.85

441176 lm
3. A football pitch 120m x 60m is to be illuminated for ∴ Total Wattage required 36765 W
night play by similar bank of equal 1000W lamps 12 lm/W
supported on twelve towers which are distributed ~
around the ground to provide approximately uniform Taking 8 lamps along length giving a spacing of m or
illumination of the pitch. If 40 percent of the total light 3.75m lengthwise and 5 lamps along the with giving
4
emitted reaches the playing pitch and that illumination spacing of m or 4m width wise.
–
of 1000lm/m2 is necessary for television purposes,
calculate the number of lamps on each tower. The ∴ Total number of lamps 8 5 Y|
overall efficiency of the lamp is to be taken as 30lm/W.
36765
∴ Wattage of each lamps 919.125W
Solution: 40
Area, A = 120m × 60m = 7200 m4 f|||¡
Rating of each lamp, P = 1000W
Number of Towers, 12 These 40 lamps will be arranged as shown:
Percent of total light reaching working plane, 40%
Required Illumination, E = 1000 lm/m4
Luminous Efficiency of each lamp, 30 lm/W

Number of lamps on each tower:

tower:
Total luminous flux required to be produced
E × A 1000 lm/m4 × 7200 m4
= = = 18 × 10 lm
0.4 0.4

Luminous flux contributed by each tower

18 × 10 lm
= = 1.5 × 10 lm
12

Output of each 1000W lamp

= 30 lm/W × 1000 = 30000 lm 5. The following data relate to the lighting scheme of an
engineering college:
Number of 1000W lamps on each tower
1.5 × 10 lm Dimension of the hall 30mL x 20mW x 8mH
= = 50 Q&OR* Mounting height 5m
30000
Required level of
140lm/m2
illumination
Utilization Factor 0.60
Maintenance Factor 0.75
 Space height ration Unity (1)
Lumens per watt of
13 lumens per watt
300W lamp
Lumens per watt of
16 lumens per watt
500W lamp

Using metal filament lamps, estimate the size and

number of a single lamp luminaires and also draw
their spacing layout.

Solution:
Gross lumens required
E A 140 lux 600 m4
186667 lm
UF MF 0.6 0.75

Lumen output per 500 W lamp 500W 16 lm/W

8000W

186667 lm
∴ Total number of 500W lamps
8000W
24.3334 ≅ +Y Q&OR*

Similarly, for 300W lamp

186667 lm
∴ Total number of 300W lamps
300W 13 lm/W
47.8633 ≅ Y{ Q&OR*

The 300W lamps cannot be used because their number

cannot be arranged in a hall of 30m x 20m with a space
height ratio of unity. However, 500W lamps can be
arranged in 4 rows of 6 lamps each with spacing of 5m
in length and width of the hall as shown below.