Thermal Stress

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

ENGR AMANDA ROSE VILLANUEVA

 Vocabulary
• Change in temperature – dimensional
changes
• Increase in temperature – expansion
• Decrease in temperature – contraction
• Deformation – isotropic (the same in every
direction) and proportional to temperature
change.
 Thermal Strain

Where:
= coefficient of thermal expansion,
1/ᵒC or 1/ᵒF
T = = change in temperature, ᵒC or ᵒF
 Thermal Deformation (Expansion or
Contraction)

Where:
= thermal strain
= coefficient of thermal expansion, 1/ᵒC or
1/ᵒF
T = change in temperature, ᵒC or ᵒF
L = original length of the material, m or in
Deformation due to Axial Stress
𝜎𝐿
𝛿𝑃 =
𝐸
Where:

L = original length of the material, m, mm

or in
E = Young’s Modulus of Elasticity, MPa,
GPa or psi
 Vocabulary
• Thermal Stress – stress caused by internal
forces developed which oppose the
thermal expansion or contraction when
deformation of a body is restricted.
 Procedure for Deriving Compatibility
Equations
• Relax the supports. Show thermal deformation using
an exaggerated scale.
• Apply the forces that are necessary to restore the
specified conditions of constraint. Add the
deformations caused by these forces to the sketch
that was drawn in the previous step. (Draw the
magnitudes of the deformations so that they are
compatible with the geometric constraints.)
• By inspection of the sketch, write the relationships
between the thermal deformations and the
deformations due to the constraint forces.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in2 is stretched between
two fixed points. The tensile load at 70°F is 1200 lb. What will be the
stress at 0°F? At what temperature will the stress be zero? Assume α =
6.5 × 10-6 in / (in·°F) and E = 29 × 106 psi.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in2 is stretched between
two fixed points. The tensile load at 70°F is 1200 lb. What will be the
stress at 0°F? At what temperature will the stress be zero? Assume α =
6.5 × 10-6 in / (in·°F) and E = 29 × 106 psi.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A bronze bar 3 m long with a cross sectional area of 320 mm2 is placed between two
rigid walls as shown in. At a temperature of -20°C, the gap Δ = 25 mm. Find the
temperature at which the compressive stress in the bar will be 35 MPa. Use α = 18.0 ×
10-6 m/(m·°C) and E = 80 GPa.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
A rigid horizontal bar of negligible mass is connected to two rods as shown. If
the system is initially stress-free. Calculate the temperature change that will
cause a tensile stress of 90 MPa in the brass rod. Assume that both rods are
subjected to the change in temperature.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
A rigid horizontal bar of negligible mass is connected to two rods as shown. If
the system is initially stress-free. Calculate the temperature change that will
cause a tensile stress of 90 MPa in the brass rod. Assume that both rods are
subjected to the change in temperature.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
A rigid horizontal bar of negligible mass is connected to two rods as shown. If
the system is initially stress-free. Calculate the temperature change that will
cause a tensile stress of 90 MPa in the brass rod. Assume that both rods are
subjected to the change in temperature.