DEFORMABLE

BODIES
A. Simple Stresses
Stress – unitload that a material can carry which is similar
to unit pressure
Units of Stress:
For SI,
Pa = 1 N/m2
kPa = 1 kN/m2
Mpa = 1 N/mm2 = 1 MN/m2 = 106 Pa
A. Simple Stresses
Stress – unitload that a material can carry which is similar
to unit pressure
Units of Stress:
For EU,
psi = lb/in2
ksi or kpsi = kips/in2 * 1 kip = 1000 lb
Psf = lb/ft2
A. Simple Stresses
I. Axial Stresses - stress that changes the length of a certain
material.
a. Tensile Stresses
b. Compressive Stresses
A. Simple Stresses
Axial Stresses - stress that changes the length of a certain
a
material.

a’
A. Simple Stresses
Considering section a-a’,

A
P S
A. Simple Stresses
•Formulas:
 

where:
P = load
A = cross-sectional area
S = stress
A. Simple Stresses
Problem 001:
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of
400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120
MN/m2.
ANS: 120 mm
Problem 002:
What is the maximum allowable compressive load in kips that can be carried by a
metal cube with edges 5 inches long if the factor of safety is 1.5 and the yield stress
is 3000 psi?
ANS: 50 kips
A. Simple Stresses
II. Shearing Stress, Ss - stress which is caused by the
load on the area nearest to and parallel to the load.
Example: Shearing of a rivet or bolt for a certain joint
A. Simple Stresses
•Formulas:
 

where:
P = shearing force
A = parallel cross section area
S = shearing stress
A. Simple Stresses
Problem 003:
What force is required to punch a 20 mm diameter hole in a
plate that is 25 mm thick? The shear strength is 350 Mpa.
ANS: 550 kN
A. Simple Stresses
•III.
  Bearing Stress, Sb – stress caused by the load on the
projected area (foot print) of the material carrying the load
on the adjacent material.
Example: Machine Concrete Foundation
Formulas:
A. Simple Stresses
Problem 004:
A 20 mm diameter rivet joins the plates that re each 110
mm wide. The allowable stress are 120 Mpa for bearing in
the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of the riet.
Determine the minimum thickness of each plate an d the
average tensile stress in the plate.
ANS: S = 26.68 MPa
B. Stress and Strain
•Strain
  – unit deformation of a material
Formula:

where: = deformation or change in length

L = original length
B. Stress and Strain
•  
Hooke’s Law - law of elasticity discovered by the English
scientist Robert Hooke in 1660, which states that, for relatively
small deformations of an object, the displacement or size of the
deformation is directly proportional to the deforming force or load.
Formulas:
1. S = E
where E = modulus of elasticity
for Steel, E = 200 Gpa = 30 x 106 psi
B. Stress and Strain
•2.  
3.
4. Modulus of Resilience,

Or..
B. Stress and Strain
Problem 005: A bar 1.9m long is subjected to tensile load. Find the strain in the
bar if the change in length is 0.038 cm.
ANS: 2 x 10-4 cm
Problem 006: Find the modulus of resilience in kJ /m3 for a cast iron with
normal stress of 230 Mpa and E = 165 Gpa
ANS: 160.3 kJ/m3
Problem 007: A steel wire 10m long hanging vertically supports a tensile load
of 2000 N. Neglecting the weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if
the stress is not to exceed 140 Mpa and the total elongation is not to exceed 5
mm. Use E = 200 Gpa.
ANS: 5.05 mm
C. Thermal Stress
•  
Thermal stress is stress created by any change in temperature to a
material. 
Formula:
1. Thermal Deformation

where: = coefficient of thermal expansion

For steel, = 11.7 um/m - C
L = original length
= Tf - T i
C. Thermal Stress
2. Induced Stress – stress due to change in temperature if there is no
space for expansion
C. Thermal Stress
•  Induced Stress – stress due to change in temperature if there is no
2.
space for expansion

Thus, the formula will be..

C. Thermal Stress
•  
Problem 008:
Steel railroad rails 10m long are laid with a clearance of 3mm at a
temperature of 15 Celcius. At what temperature will the rails just
touch? What stress would be induced in the rails at that temperature if
there were no initial clearance? Assume = 11.7 um/m-oC and E = 200
Gpa
Ans. T2 = 40.64oC / S = 60 MPa
D. Bi-axial and Tri-axial
Deformation
•  
Poisson's ratio is a measure of the Poisson effect, that
describes the expansion of a material in directions
perpendicular to the direction of compression.

Remember, the poisson’s ratio will only range from 0 to 0.5

D. Bi-axial and Tri-axial
Deformation
•Bi-axial
  Strain
Occurs when the cross-section is a circle or square.

Formulas:
1.
2.
D. Bi-axial and Tri-axial
Deformation
•Tri-axial
  Strain
Formulas:
1.
2.
3.
NOTE: Tensile stress = (+)
Compressive Stress = (-)
D. Bi-axial and Tri-axial
Deformation
•Dilatation
  or Dilation,
It is the sum of the strains on the x, y and z directions

Strain Energy, U
D. Bi-axial and Tri-axial
Deformation
•Dilatation
  or Dilation,
It is the sum of the strains on the x, y and z directions

Strain Energy, U
D. Bi-axial and Tri-axial
Deformation
Problem 009:
A steel rod 5m long and 30 mm in diameter is subjected to an axial load
of 50 kN. Determine the change in the diameter in mm of the rod. Use E
= 200 GPa and v = 0.25. Find also the dilation and strain energy in the
rod.
ANS:
D = 1.772 x 10-4
U = 44.25 J