SEC MODULE

03
 SIMPLE STRESSES
Normal stress: (Note: All areas must be normal to a force P considered)
𝑷
𝝈= (Axial stress, means load P acts at the centroid of the area)
𝑨𝒏

𝑷
𝝈= (Bearing stress, area of contact between two bodies is considered)
𝑨𝒄

Shearing stress: (Note: Area shear is the area parallel to a load P applied)
𝑷
𝝉=
𝑨𝒗
 Hooke’s Law
Eq. 1 𝝈 = 𝑬𝝐
∆𝑳 𝜹
Eq.2 𝝐= =
𝑳 𝑳
𝑷𝑳
Eq.3 𝜹=
𝑨𝑬
Where:
𝝈 = Axial stress
𝝐 = Axial strain
𝜹 = Axial deformation
P = Axial load
A = cross sectional/normal area
E = Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material
PROBLEMS
 Problem 1 – The bolt shown in the
figure is subjected to a total tensile
force of P = 98 kN.
1. Determine the tensile stress (MPa) in the
body.

2. Determine the stress (MPa) at the root of

the bolt.

3. Determine the compressive stress (MPa)

at the head as the bolt bears on the
surface to resist the tensile load.

4. Determine the shear stress (Mpa) at the

bolt head.
Problem 2– The steel strut transmits a compressive force P
= 55 kN as shown in the figure. The strut has a hallow
cross section with a thickness of 10 mm, and the angle θ
between the strut and the horizontal plane is 30°. A 20-
mm diameter pin through the strut transmit the
compressive force to two gussets that are welded to the
base plate. Four 20-mm diameter bolts anchors the plate
to the concrete. The thickness of the gusset plate is 12 mm
and the thickness of the base plate is 18 mm. Calculate the
following.

1. The shearing stress (MPa) in the pin.

2. The bearing stress (MPa) between the pin and the strut.

3. The bearing stress (MPa) between the anchor bolts and

the base plate.

4. The shearing stress (MPa) of the 4-20 mm anchor bolts.

5. The bearing stress (MPa) between the base plate and the
concrete. Dimension of base plate is 150mm by 200 mm.
Problem 3 - The bar ABC is supported by
a pin at A and a steel wire at B. The
cross-sectional area of the wire is
0.0025 in2 and the modulus of
elasticity of steel is 29×106 psi.
1. Calculate the elongation of the wire
(inches) when 36-lb horizontal force is
applied at C.

2. Calculate the horizontal distance (inches)

of point C from its vertical axis when 36-lb
horizontal force is applied at C
Problem 4- An aluminum bar having a
cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the
axial loads applied at the positions shown
in the figure. Compute the total change in
the length of the bar E = 10×106 psi.
Assume the bar is suitably braced to
prevent lateral buckling.
Problem 5 - A bar of solid circular cross section is loaded in
tension by forces P. The bar has length L = 16.0 in and
diameter D = 0.50 in. The material is a magnesium alloy
having modulus of elasticity E = 6.4 × 106 psi. The
allowable stress in tension is σallow = 17,000 psi, and the
elongation of the bar must not exceed 0.04 in. What is the
allowable value of the force P (lb)?
Problem 6 - A steel bar 50 mm in diameter
and 2 m long is surrounded by a shell of a
cast iron 5 mm thick. Compute the load
(kN) that will compress the combined bar
a total of 0.8 mm in the length of 2 m. For
steel, E = 200 GPa, and for cast iron, E =
100 GPa.
Problem 7 - The rigid platform in Fig. P-
239 has negligible mass and rests on two
steel bars, each 250.00 mm long. The
center bar is aluminum and 249.90 mm
long. Compute the stress (MPa) in the
aluminum bar after the center load P =
400 kN has been applied. For each steel
bar, the area is 1200 mm2 and E = 200
GPa. For the aluminum bar, the area is
2400 mm2 and E = 70 GPa.
Problem 8 - Four cables are used to lift a
precast concrete slab with dimensions of
3m x 3m x 112 mm thick as shown. The
cables attached to a hook above the
centroid of the slab. Given h = 2m, area of
cable = 92 mm2, concrete unit weight =
23.5 kN/m3. E = 190 GPa.

1. What is the tension in each cable (kN)?

2. What is the normal stress (MPa) in each of

the cables?

3. What is the vertical deflection (mm) of the

concrete slab?
SHEARING DEFORMATION
Shearing forces cause shearing deformation. An element subject to shear does not change in length but
undergoes a change in shape.

Where:

V = shearing force
acting on As
THERMAL STRESS and DEFROMATION
Relationship between the Young’s Modulus of Elasticity (E) and the Modulus
of Rigidity (G):

𝑬
𝑮=
𝟐(𝟏 + 𝛎)

Bulk Modulus of Elasticity or Modulus of Volume Expansion, K

𝑬
𝑲=
𝟑(𝟏 − 𝟐𝛎)

Where:

ν = Poisson’s Ratio (sometimes denoted a the Greek letter 𝜇)

PROBLEMS
Problem 9 - A cube material is subjected to a compressive stress to a
compressive stress on each of each faces the Poisson’s ratio is 0.25and
the modulus of elasticity is 250 GPa. Calculate the value of stress (MPa)
if the volume of the cube is reduced by 0.15%

Problem 10 - Determine the ratio of the shear modulus to the modulus of

elasticity of a material whose Poisson’s ratio is 0.25
Problem 11 – A prismatic bar with a circular cross section is loaded
by tensile forces P = 65 kN. The bar has length L = 1.75 m and
diameter d = 32 mm. It is made of aluminum alloy with modulus of
elasticity E = 75 GPa and Poisson’s ratio μ = 1/3.

1. Find the increase in the length of the bar in mm.

2. Find the percent decrease in its cross-sectional area.

Problem 12- A square steel bar 50 mm on a side and 1 m long

is subject to an axial tensile force of 250 kN. Determine the
decrease ∆t (mm) in the lateral dimensions due to this
load. Use E = 200 GPa and Poissons ratio μ = 0.3.
Problem 13- A 150-mm-long bronze tube,
closed at its ends, is 80 mm in diameter and
has a wall thickness of 3 mm. It fits without
clearance in an 80-mm hole in a rigid block.
The tube is then subjected to an internal
pressure of 4.00 MPa. Assuming ν = 1/3 and
E = 83 GPa, determine the tangential stress
(MPa) in the tube.

Problem 14 - A steel rod 3 feet long with a cross-sectional

area of 0.25 in.2 is stretched between two fixed points. The
tensile force is 1200 lb at 40°F. Using E = 29 × 106 psi and α =
6.5 × 10-6 in./(in.·°F). Calculate the following.
1. The temperature (°F) at which the stress in the bar will be 10
ksi.
2. The temperature (°F) at which the stress will be zero.
Problem 15 - The composite bar shown in
Fig. P-273 is firmly attached to unyielding
supports. An axial force P = 50 kips is
applied at 60°F. Compute the stress (psi) in
each material at 120°F. Assume α = 6.5 ×
10-6 in/(in·°F) for steel and 12.8 × 10-
6 in/(in·°F) for aluminum.