SIMPLE STRAIN

Strain – in general terms, is a geometric quantity that measures

the deformation of a body,

Two types of strain:

1. Normal strain is characterized by its dimensional changes
2. Shear strain – is described by distortion (changes in angles)

Relationships between stress and strain: both defines the

mechanical properties of a material which is important in
design.
Stress-strain Diagram
Normal (axial) strain

Normal strain (lowercase Greek epsilon) is defined as the

elongation per unit length or called the unit deformation .

Expressed in a formula as:


¿
𝐿

where:
= unit deformation (m/m or mm/mm or in./in.
 = elongation (mm or inch)
L = length (m or ft.)
Stress-strain Diagram
For a constant strain, assumed conditions are observed:
1. The specimen must be of constant cross-section.
2. The material must be homogeneous.
3. The load must be axial, that is, produce uniform stress.

Proportional Limit – first postulated by Robert Hooke, that

stress is proportional to strain.
Elastic Limit – the stress beyond which the material will not
return to its original shape when removed but will retain
a permanent deformation called permanent set.
Yield Point – the point at which there is an appreciable elonga-
tion or yielding of the material without a corresponding
increase of load.
Yield strength – closely associated with yield point
Ultimate stress or ultimate strength – the highest ordinate on
the stress-strain curve
Rupture Strength – the stress at failure.
Working stress, also called allowable stress – is the maximum
safe stress a material may carry.

HOOKE’S LAW: AXIAL AND SHEARING DEFORMATION

 

 = E 𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸
𝑃 𝛿
=𝐸
𝐴 𝐿
 𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸

where:

P = applied load (N, lb)

L = length (m. ft.)
A = cross-sectional area (mm2, inch2
E = modulus of elasticity (N/m2, lb/in2)
Example:
During a stress-strain test, the unit deformation at a stress of
35 MN/m2 was observed to be 167 x 10-6 m/m and at a stress of
140 MN/m2 it was 667 x 10-6 m/m. If the proportional limit was
200 MN/m2, what is the modulus of elasticity? What is the strain
corresponding to a stress of 80 MN/m2?

Solution:

1 = 35 MN/m2 ; 1 = 167 x 10-6 m/m

2 = 140 MN/m2 ; 2 = 667 x 10 m/m
-6

𝛿 𝜎
¿ and 𝐸=
𝐿 𝜖

𝐸=𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠− 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒

 ∆𝜎
𝐸=
∆𝜖
𝜎 2 −𝜎 1
𝐸=
𝜖 2 −𝜖 1

140 𝑥 10 𝟔 −35 𝑥 106❑

𝐸=
667 𝑥 10 −𝟔 −167 𝑥 10 − 6❑

210 x 109 Pa

What is the strain corresponding to a stress of 80 MN/m2?

= 381 x 10-6 m/m

 𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸

Equation above is subject to all restrictions in connection with

all the equations it combines.

The restrictions:
1. The load must be axial.
2. The bar must have a constant cross section and be
homogeneous.
3. The stress must not exceed the proportional limit.
A steel wire 10 m long, hanging vertically supports a tensile
load of 2000 N. Neglecting the weight of the wire, determine
the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 140 MPa
and the total elongation is not to exceed 5 mm. E = 200 GPa.

10 m

d = 0.00426 m
P = 2000 N d  4.26 mm
 𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝐿
0.005=
𝐴𝐸
2000(10)
0.005 =
𝜋 2 9
𝑑 × 200 × 10
4

0.00505 m
5.05 mm

In order not to overstress the material or over deform the wire,

The larger diameter must be used.
Two steel bars AB and BC support a load P = 26.5 kN as
shown. Cross-sectional area of AB is 300 mm2 and of BC
is 450 mm2. If E = 200 GPa, compute for the horizontal
and vertical components of the movement of B.

5m 3m

B  C

4m
P = 26.5 kN
 A

5m

B  C
AB
BC

B

B’
 Relationships of terms/values
B BC = 1.57 mm
m BC = h = 1.57 mm
8 m
6
3. X sin  = BA cos  + BC
=
 BA
 X =

B
v X =

X X = 7.523 mm

sin  =
V = BA sin  + x cos 
cos  = V = 3.68 ( + 7.523 ( )

B’
V = 8.23 mm
h
Problem:
An aluminum tube is fastened between a steel rod and a bronze
rod as shown below. Axial loads are applied at the positions indi-
cated. Find the value of P that will not exceed a maximum overall
deformation of 2 mm or a stress in the steel of 140 MPa, in alumi-
num of 80 MPa, or in the bronze of 120 MPa. Assume that the
assembly is suitably braced to prevent buckling and that Es = 200 x 103
MPa, Ea = 70 x 103 MPa, and Eb = 83 x 103 MPa
The rigid bars shown are separated by a roller at C and pinned
at A and D. A steel rod at B helps support the load of 50 kN.
Compute the vertical displacement of the roller at C.
Bars AB and CD are rigid. The supports are pins at A and C
and the two rods: Aluminum and Steel. What maximum force
P can be applied if its vertical movement is limited to 5 mm.
Neglect the weight of all members
POISSON’S RATIO: BIAXIAL AND TRIAXIAL
DEFORMATIONS

Poisson’s ratio – the ratio of unit deformations or strains induced

in perpendicular directions. This is valid only for

stresses within the proportional limit

Uniaxial Stresses
Example:
A solid cylinder of diameter “d” carries an axial load P.
Show that its change in diameter is 4P /d
Example:
A welded steel cylindrical drum made of 10-mm plate has
an internal diameter of 1.20 m. By how much will the dia-
meter be changed by an internal pressure of 1.5 Mpa?
Assume that Poisson’s Ratio is 0.30 and E = 200 Gpa.
Example:
A 50-mm-diameter steel tube with a wall thickness of 2.0
mm just fits in a rigid hole. Find the tangential stress if an
axial compressive load of 10 kN is applied. Assume  = 0.30
and E = 200 GPa. Neglect the possibility of buckling.
Problem:
A 150-mm-long bronze tube, closed at the ends, is 80 mm
in diameter and has a wall thickness of 3 mm. It fits without
clearance in an 80-mm hole in a rigid block. The tube is
then subjected to an internal pressure of 4.0 MPa. Assuming
 = 1/3 and E = 83 GPa, determine the tangential stress in
the tube.
A rectangular aluminum block is 100 mm long in the X directon,
75 mm wide in the Y direction, and 50 mm thick in the Z direction.

It is subjected to a triaxial loading consisting of a uniformly distri-

buted tensile force of 200 kN in the X direction and uniformly
distributed compressive forces of 160 kN in the Y direction and
220 kN in the Z direction. If  = 1/3 and E = 70 Gpa, determine
a single distributed loading in the X direction that would produce
the same Z deformation as the original loading.
 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS
• Axially loaded members in which the equations of static equili-
brium are not sufficient for a solution.
• It is where reactive forces of the structures or the internal
resisting forces exceed the number of independent equations
of equilibrium.
• It requires the use of additional relations that depend on the
elastic deformations in the members.

Principles to use:
1. Make a free-body diagram of the structure, or part of it, then
apply the equations of static equilibrium.
2. If there are more unknowns than independent equations of
equilibrium, obtain additional equations from the geometric
relations between the elastic deformations produced by the
loads.
Example:
A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2 m long is surrounded by a
shell of cast iron 5 mm thick. Compute the load that will compress
the combined bar a total of 1 mm in the length of 2 m. For steel,
E = 200 GPa and for cast iron, E = 100 GPa.
Example:
The composite bar is firmly attached to unyielding supports.
Compute the stress in each material caused by the application
of the axial load P = 50 kips.

With the addition of

relations using the
elastic deformations

ANS: 5030 psi

A rigid platform has a negligible mass and rests on two aluminum
bars each 250 mm long. The center bar is steel and is 249.90 mm
long. Compute the stress in the steel bar after the center load
P = 400 kN is applied. Each aluminum bar has an area of 1200
mm2 and E = 70 GPa. The steel bar has an area of 2400 mm2
and E = 200 GPa.

P
0.10 mm
Aluminum

Aluminum
250 mm

Steel

Ra = Pa
Ra Rs Ra Rs = Ps
Example:
A rod is composed of three segments as shown in the figure.
It carries the axial loads P1 = 120 kN and P2 = 50 kN. Determine
the stress in each material if the walls are rigid.
Example:
A rigid bar of negligible mass, pinned at one end, is supported
by a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown. What maximum load P
can be applied without exceeding a stress in the steel of 120 MPa
or in the bronze of 70 MPa?
THERMAL STRESSES

Deformation due to temperature change, and is expressed

in mathematical expression as:

=)

where:
= linear deformation due to change in temperature (mm, in.)
 = coefficient of linear expansion (m/m.OC , in/in.OF)
L = length (m, ft)
= temperature change
A general procedure for computing the loads and stresses caused when
Temp. deformation is to be prevented:

1. Imagine the structure relieved of all applied loads and constraints so

temp. deformation can occur freely, Make a sketch with exaggeration.

2. Then imagine sufficient loads applied to the structure to restore it to

the specified conditions of restraint. Represent these loads and cor-
responding load deformation on the sketch for step 1.

3. The geometric relations between the temperature and load deforma-

tions on the sketch give equations that, together with the equations
of static equilibrium, may be solved for all unknown quantities.
Example:
A steel rod