Stress Analysis

601065
Lecture 1
Dr A Dostan
A.Dostan@hull.ac.uk
 Stress Course Contents and Method of Delivery

• (Chapter 1) Plastic analysis in structural engineering

• (Chapter 2) Torsion of non-circular sections
• (Chapter 3) Stress and strain analysis (Elasticity)
• (Chapter 4) Unsymmetrical bending of beams

The lectures will be delivered on campus.

Please check the teaching schedule on Canvas.
Problem solving sessions have been embedded throughout the trimester to provide you
with extra feedback and support.
All lecture sessions will be recorded and made available after the session.
601065 - Stress and FEA Assessments and Exam

AD - Stress (10 credits)

2 hour exam - 50%

PJW - FEA (10 credits)

ANSYS assignment - 50%

Reading list:

Gere, J. M. (2013) Mechanics of materials 8th edition. Thomson.

*Location: BJL Reading Room HDC - TA 405 G3

Benham, P. P. (1996) Mechanics of engineering materials 2nd edition. Longman.

*Location: BJL 3rd Floor - TA 405 B4

Hibbeler, R.C. (2007) Engineering Mechanics: Statics 11th edition. Pearson.

Location: BJL 3rd Floor - TA 351 H6

Budynas, R. G and Nisbett, J. K. (2011), Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design 9th

edition. McGraw-Hill.

*Locations are subject to change (check the library catalogue)

 Part 1
Plastic bending of Beams

In the previous year we have concentrated on the elastic analysis of

structures. In these analyses we used superposition often, knowing that for a
linearly elastic structure it was valid. However, an elastic analysis does not give
information about the loads that will actually collapse a structure.
An indeterminate structure may sustain loads greater than the load that first
causes a yield to occur at any point in the structure. In fact, a structure will
stand as long as it is able to find redundancies to yield. It is only when a
structure has exhausted all of its redundancies will extra load causes it to fail.
Plastic analysis is the method through which the actual failure load of a
structure is calculated, and as will be seen, this failure load can be significantly
greater than the elastic load capacity.
 Plastic bending of Beams

Plastic refers to the material does not follow Hooke’s law. Same principles apply to
both elastic and plastic deformations:
These are equilibrium of forces, compatibility of deformations, and a stress-strain
relationship.

If a beam is loaded that the stresses exceed the

proportional limit of the material, then we say plastic
bending occurs.
Assumptions in “plastic analysis”:

1- Material has well defined yield point.

2- Material undergoes considerable strain at yielding without an increase in

stress.

3- Yield point is the same in compression and tension.

4- In bending transverse cross-sections remain plane, i.e. strain is proportional to

distance from the neutral axis, though in plastic region stress is constant.

5- At the plastic hinge the moment of resistance remains constant until collapse
 X failure

Typical stress/strain curve for mild steel Idealised stress/strain curve

 Bending of a rectangular section

1- Normal working loads Within elastic region

Mwy
From w  to
I
Where Mw = working bending moment (B.M.)….

𝑦 is the distance from elastic N-A to the most extreme fibre of the
cross section.
And 𝐼 is the second moment of area.

 wI bd 3 2  bd 2 
 Mw  w      w
y 12 d  6 
 bd 2 
when yield occurs at the extreme fibres or….. Moment at yield: M y    y
 6 
 Bending of a rectangular section

2- With increased B.M. the section becomes fully plastic, i.e. a plastic hinge is formed.

 bd  d Fully plastic
MP    y 
 2 2
↑↓
𝑀= 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑

bd 2
 MP  y
4

Where 𝑀𝑝 = plastic bending moment (B.M.)

 Shape factor

The ratio between the fully plastic B.M. and the B.M. at first yield is
called the shape factor, f.
‘f’ depends only on the shape of the section.

Mp  bd 2  6 1 
Shape factor, f. can be calculate: f     y  2 

My  4  bd  y 
For a rectangular section:

Mp  bd 2  6 1 
f     y  2 
 f  1.5
My  4  bd  y 

This means the plastic moment capacity is 1.5 higher than elastic moment capacity for a
rectangular section.
Example 1. A rectangular steel bar with d = 80mm and b = 40mm is simply
supported over a span of 2m and loaded centrally. Determine:

A- The load required to first initiate yield.

B- The load required to form a ‘plastic hinge’. (Assume that 𝜎𝑦 = 245 MN/𝑚2 ).

The solution will be available on Canvas

 Part 2
Bending of Unsymmetrical Section and Shift of Neutral Axis

As plasticity develops across a section the neutral axis (N.A) shifts (PN.A) to maintain section
equilibrium.

The distance h can be calculated by considering equilibrium of the section.

The resisting moment can then be calculated by taking moments about the N.A.
 Unsymmetrical Section

For doubly symmetric cross sectional shaped beams, the location of the PN.A is
the same as the N.A. This is also true of beams that are symmetric about a single
horizontal cross sectional axis such as a C channel as well as some
nonsymmetrical cross sectional beams such as a Z purlin.
For all other beams, the PN.A is different than the N.A and must be calculated.

P
 Unsymmetrical Section

Fully plastic stress distribution

Total c.s.a. = A
A1 + A2 = A

For equilibrium sum of longitudinal forces = 0.

A1 y = A2 y
 A1 = A2 = A/2

 For fully plastic conditions the neutral axis divides the cross section into two equal halves.
 Unsymmetrical Section

when yield occurs at the

extreme fibres or……….
𝐼 𝜎𝑦 Where 𝑦 is the distance from elastic
Moment at yield: 𝑀𝑦 = N-A to the most extreme fibre of the
𝑦
cross section.
To calculate the moment at yield it’s best to divide the geometry into two simple sections…e.g. a T section
can be broken down into two rectangular sections so the following operations can be carried out :

σ 𝐴𝑖 𝑦 𝑖 Where𝑦𝑖 is the distance from the most extreme

And can be calculated via… 𝑦= σ 𝐴𝑖 fibre on the cross section to the centroid of each
section … and A is the area of each section.

Due to the unsymmetrical nature of the beam, 𝐼𝑥 (second moment of area) can only be
calculated by using the Parallel axis theorem:

𝐼𝑥 = ෍ 𝐼𝑖 + 𝐴𝑖 ∙ 𝑑𝑖2

Where 𝑑 is the distance from the centroid of each rectangular section to the centroid of the T
section. 𝐼𝑖 and A are the second moment of area and the A of each section, respectively.
 Unsymmetrical Section

F
Note that there will be a shift of NA during plasticity 𝑦1
Therefore we will be using the principle of force 𝑦3 PN A
𝑦2 F
equilibrium to locate the PNA.
F

Plastic moment: 𝑀𝑝 = 𝜎𝑦 𝐴 (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦𝑛 )

↑↓
𝑀= 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑

Where 𝜎𝑦 𝐴 = Force and 𝑦 = the moment arm (distance from the centroid of the shape to the
centroid of the each section)

MP
Shape factor: f  A function of geometric properties!
My
Example 2. Determine the maximum elastic and plastic moments followed by the
shape factor. (Consider yield stress to be 350 kPa).

200mm

10mm

390mm

10mm

The solution will be available on Canvas