THEORY OF

STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

DETERMINACY AND STABILITY OF

FRAMES
L05
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR
FRAMES
 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE FRAMES

STRUCTURAL FRAME
- structures composed of vertical & horizontal members to carry lateral and gravity loads
- composed of straight members connected by rigid (moment-resisting) connections or by
hinged connections to form stable configurations.
 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE FRAMES

DETERMINACY OF FRAMES
A frame is considered to be statically determinate if the bending moments, shears, and
axial forces in all its members, as well as all the external reactions, can be determined
by using the equations of equilibrium and condition.

With reference to Kassimali’s,

With reference to Hibbeler’s,

m = number of members
r = number of forces and moment of each
r = external reactions
component plus external reactions
j = number of joints
n = total number of parts
ec = number of internal reactions
 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE FRAMES

Classify each of the frames shown as statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically
indeterminate, report the number of degrees of indeterminacy. The frames are subjected to external
loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the frames.
 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE FRAMES

 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE FRAMES

 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE FRAMES

 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE FRAMES

Verify that each of the plane frames shown is statically indeterminate and determine its degree of
static indeterminacy.
 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE FRAMES

 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE FRAMES

STABILITY OF FRAMES
To ensure the equilibrium of a structure or its members, it is not only necessary to satisfy
the equations of equilibrium, but the members must also be properly held or constrained
by their supports. Two situations may occur where the conditions for proper constraint
have not been met.

1. Partial Constraints - a structure or one

of its members may have fewer reactive
forces than equations of equilibrium that
must be satisfied.
 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE FRAMES

2. Improper Constraints - In some cases there may be as many unknown forces as there are
equations of equilibrium; however, instability or movement of a structure or its members can
develop because of improper constraining by the supports. This can occur if all the support
reactions are concurrent at a point. Another way in which improper constraining leads to
instability occurs when the reactive forces are all parallel.
 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE FRAMES

STABILITY OF FRAMES

In general, then, a structure will be geometrically unstable — that is, it will

move slightly or collapse — if there are fewer reactive forces than
equations of equilibrium; or if there are enough reactions, instability will
occur if the lines of action of the reactive forces intersect at a common
point or are parallel to one another.
 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE FRAMES

ANALYSIS OF PLANE FRAMES (SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM PROCEDURE)

1. Check for static determinacy.

2. Determine the support reactions. Draw a free-body diagram of
the entire frame, and determine reactions by applying the
equations of equilibrium.
 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE FRAMES

ANALYSIS OF PLANE FRAMES (SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM PROCEDURE)

3. Determine member end forces. Using the method of sections, we find the
axial force, shear force, and moment acting at the ends of each member.
Provided all loadings are resolved into components acting parallel and
perpendicular to the member’s axis, the shear and moment diagrams for
each member can then be drawn as described previously.
4. It should be noted that the bending moment diagrams constructed by
using the procedure described previously (in beams) will always show
moments on the compression sides of the members.