Department of Civil Engineering

Structural analysis II
Introduction
Statically Indeterminate Structures
Force Method

Instructor:
Dr. Sawsan Alkhawaldeh
 Determinacy of structures
Structures can be classified as:
• Statically determinate:
All the forces in a structure can be determined
strictly from the equations of equilibrium; r = 3n
• Statically indeterminate:
Additional equations (Compatibility equations)
needed to solve for the unknown reactions are
obtained by relating the applied loads and
reactions to the displacement or slope at
different points on the structure; r> 3n
Advantages of statically indeterminate structures

• The maximum stress and deflection of an

indeterminate structure are generally smaller than
those of its statically determinate counterpart for a
given loading.
• Its tendency to redistribute its load to its redundant
supports in cases where faulty design or overloading
occurs. Hence, the structure maintains its stability
and collapse is prevented.
Analysis of statically indeterminate structures
For analyzing statically indeterminate structure, three
requirements should be satisfied in order to ensure
their safety:
• Equilibrium, is satisfied when the reactive forces hold
the structure at rest.
• Compatibility, is satisfied when the various segments
of the structure fit together without intentional
breaks or overlaps.
• force-displacement, dependent upon the way the
material responds; it is usually assumed to be linear
elastic response.
 Methods of Analysis
Two different ways are available for analyzing a
statically indeterminate structure:
1. The force or flexibility method, consists of
writing equations that satisfy the
compatibility and force-displacement
requirements to determine the redundant
forces. Once these forces have been
determined, the remaining reactive forces on
the structure are determined by satisfying
the equilibrium requirements.
 Methods of Analysis
2. The displacement or stiffness method, consist
of writing force-displacement relations for the
members and then satisfying the equilibrium
requirements for the structure. The unknowns
in the equations are displacements. Once the
displacements are obtained, the forces are
determined from the compatibility and force
displacement equations.
Methods of Analysis
 Force method of analysis
General procedure of analysis:
1. Principle of Superposition, converting the
statically indeterminate structure to be equal
to a series of corresponding statically
determinate structures.
2. Compatibility Equations, to find the
redundant forces.
3. Equilibrium Equations, to find the remaining
unknown reactions.
Illustrative example:
Example (1) Beams
Determine the reaction at the roller support
B of the following beam.
 Example (2) Beams
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
beam. The support at B settles 1.5 in.
E = 29(103) ksi
I = 750 𝑖𝑛4
Example (3) Beams
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
beam. EI is constant. Neglect the effects of
axial load.
HW (1)
 Example (4) Frames
The frame, or bent, shown in the photo is used
to support the bridge deck. Assuming EI is
constant. Determine the support reactions.
 Example (4) Trusses
Determine the force in member AC of the
truss. AE is the same for all the members.