SOLID MECHANICS

LECTURE 9

22-08-2022 1
 RECAP
• Analysis of bars of Composite sections
• Problems related
 What is Thermal Stress?
Stress is the force acting per unit area. The force can be of any
form. When the applied force is in the form of temperature the
resultant stress is called Thermal stress. It is observed when an
object expands or contracts due to change in temperature. Thus
we can define Thermal stress as:

“Stress caused due to the change in temperature”

It is measured using feet or meter. The effect of temperature on

conductors is vital. The thermal conductors expand on heating
and contract on cooling.
 Thermal Stress Formula
Consider a body which is subjected to a certain
temperature,
Let, L= Original length of the body
T = Rise in temperature
E = Young’s modulus
α = Coefficient of Linear Expansion
ΔL= Extension of rod due to rise of temperature
If the rod is free to expand, then extension of
the rod is given by, ΔL = α T L
 ΔL αTL
Compressive strain = = =αT
𝐿 𝑳
But Stress/Strain = E ➔ Stress = Strain x E
=αTE
Load (P) = Stress x Area = α T E x A
Thermal Strain ,
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 ΔL αTL
e= = = =αT
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿 𝑳
Thermal Stress, σ = Thermal Strain x E = α T E

Note : If the body are fixed to rigid supports, so

that its expansion is prevented, then the compressive
stress and strain will be setup in the rod.
 Stress and Strain When the supports Yield
If the support yield by an amount equal to 𝛿 , then the
actual expansion
= Expansion due to rise in temperature - 𝛿
=α T L − 𝛿
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 α T L −𝛿
∴ Actual strain = =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑳

Actual Stress = Actual Strain x E

α T L −𝛿
= xE
𝑳
 Problem 20

A rod is 2m long at a temperature of 10oC. Find

the expansion of the rod, when the temperature is
raised to 80oC. If this expansion is prevented,
Find the stress induced in the material of the rod.
Take E = 1.0 x 105 MN/m2 & α = 0.000012
peroC
Solution : Given data :
Length of the rod, L = 2m = 200 cm
Initial temperature = T1 = 10oC.
Final temperature = T2 = 80oC.
∴ Rise in temperature = T2– T1= 80 – 10 = 70oC
E = 1011 N/m2 & α = 0.000012 peroC
(i) Expansion of the rod = α T L
= 0.000012 x 70 x 2000 = 0.168cm.
 (ii) The stress in the material of the rod if
expansion is prevented is given by the following
equation ,
Thermal Stress, σ = α T E
= 0.000012 x 70 x 1011
= 84 x 106 N/m2 (or) 84 N/mm2.

RESULT
Expansion of the rod = 0.168cm.
Thermal Stress = 84 N/mm2.
 PROBLEM 21
A steel rod of 3cm diameter and 5m long is
connected to two grips and the rod is maintained at
temperature of 95oC. Determine the stress and pull
exerted when the temperature falls to 30oC, If (i)
The ends do not yield and (ii) the ends yield by
0.12cm.
Take E = 2 x 105 MN/m2 and α = 12 x 10-6 peroC
Solution : Diameter of the rod, d = 3cm = 30mm
𝜋
Area of rod, A = (30)2 = 225 𝜋 mm2.
4
Length of the rod= 5 m = 5000 mm
Initial Temperature, T1 = 95oC &
Final Temperature, T2 = 30oC
∴ Fall in temperature , T = T1–T2 = 95– 30= 65oC
Modulus of Elasticity, E = 2 x 1011 N/m2 and
Coefficient of Linear Expansion, α = 12 x 10-6 peroC
 (i) When the ends do not yield
Stress = α T E = 12 x 10-6 x 65 x 2 x 1011
= 156 x 106 N/m2 or 156 N/mm2.
Pull in the rod = Stress x Area = 156 x 225 𝜋
= 110269.9 N
(ii) When the ends yield by 0.12cm,
𝛿 = 0.12𝑐𝑚 = 1.2 𝑚𝑚
α T L −𝛿
So, Stress = xE
𝑳
 (12 x 10−6x65x5000 − 1.2) x 2x105
Stress =
50000
= 108 N/mm2.
Pull in the rod = Stress x Area
= 108 x 225𝜋
= 76340.7 N
RESULT
(i) When the ends do not yield,
Pull in the rod = 110269.9 N
(ii)When the ends yield by 0.12cm,
Pull in the rod = 76340.7 N
Thermal Stress in Composite bars
Let Ab = Area of cross section of brass bar
σb – Stress in brass
eb – Strain in brass
αb – Coefficient of linear expansion for brass
Eb – Young’s modulus of brass
As,σs, es, αs, Es are corresponding values for Steel
𝛿 = Actual expansion of the composite bar
Now,
Load on the brass = Stress in brass x Area of brass
 Load on the brass = σb x Ab
and Load on the steel = σs x As
For the equilibrium of the system, compression
in brass should be equal to tension in steel or,
Load on the brass = Load on the steel
∴ σb x A b = σ s x A s
Also, WKT,
Actual expansion of steel = Actual expansion of brass
------(1)
But actual expansion of steel
= Free expansion of steel+ Expansion due to
tensile stress in steel
σ𝑠
= αs T L + 𝐿
𝐸𝑠
Actual expansion of Brass
=Free expansion of brass - Contraction due to
Compressive stress induced in brass
σ𝑏
= αbT L - 𝐿
𝐸𝑏
Sub, these values in eqn (1), we get
 σ𝑠 σ𝑏
αs T L + 𝐿 = αbT L − 𝐿
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑏

σ𝑠 σ𝑏
Or, αs T + = αbT −
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑏

Where, T is Rise in temperature.

 WELDED JOINTS
• Welding joints are very frequently used for long
lasting welding.
• Nowadays there has been great progress in
welding technology; it has secured a major place
within modern machine components.
• There are several advantages of welding joints
like higher efficiency, lightweight, smooth
appearance, not expensive, flexibility for
alteration as well as addition, and Join process is
possible in difficult locations through welding.
• Due to these benefits, the welding process is
suitable for combining the components in
modern machines.
• There are different types of welded machine
components such as steel structures, pressure
vessels, axles, Heavy hydraulic turbine shafts,
flanges welded to shafts, crankshafts, pulleys,
large gears, flywheels, machine frames, gear
housing, mill-stands, and bases.
 Benefits of Welding Over Riveting
The benefits of welding over riveting mainly include the
following.
• The welding process is mainly used to weld the metal
edges without having to overlap.
• Welding method saves burden during the assembly
process.
• Welded joints are superior several times due to the
material lying on both sides of the join which is
physically joined.
• Welding process can simply join sections of pipe
otherwise metal column.
• Welding method is a quicker way of connecting metal.
By using the welding process, changes can be made.
 Disadvantages:
• Welding requires skilled labour & supervision.
• As there is an uneven heating and cooling
during welding, the members may get distorted
or additional stresses may develop.
THANK YOU !