KULIAH 3 Tegangan Aksial

Mekanika Kekuatan
03
Modul ke:
Bahan
Pokok Bahasan Modul
Tegangan aksial pada struktur • Elongasi akibat tegangan
aksial • Tegangan pada bidang miring
Fakultas
Fakultas Dr. Ir. Haftirman MEng
Teknik
Program Studi
Program Studi
Teknik Mesin
Support reactions for 2D problems
EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY
Support reactions for 2D problems
3
Equations of equilibrium
• For equilibrium
– balance of forces
– balance of moments
• Draw a free-body diagram to account for all forces
acting on the body
• Apply the two equations to achieve equilibrium
state
∑F=0
∑ MO = 0
4
1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY
Internal resultant loadings
• Define resultant force (FR) and moment (MRo) in
3D:
– Normal force, N
– Shear force, V
– Torsional moment or torque, T
– Bending moment, M
6
• For coplanar loadings:
– Normal force, N
– Shear force, V
– Bending moment, M
8
• For coplanar loadings:
– Apply ∑ Fx = 0 to solve for N
– Apply ∑ Fy = 0 to solve for V
– Apply ∑ MO = 0 to solve for M
9
Procedure for Analysis
• Method of sections
1. Choose segment to analyze
2. Determine Support Reactions
3. Draw free-body diagram for whole body
4. Apply equations of equilibrium
Procedure for analysis

• Free-body diagram
1. Keep all external loadings in exact locations before “sectioning”
2. Indicate unknown resultants, N, V, M, and T at the section, normally at
centroid C of sectioned area
3. Coplanar system of forces only include N, V, and M
4. Establish x, y, z coordinate axes with origin at centroid
• Equations of equilibrium
1. Sum moments at section, about each coordinate axes where resultants
act
2. This will eliminate unknown forces N and V, with direct solution for M
(and T)
3. Resultant force with negative value implies that assumed direction is
opposite to that shown on free-body diagram 10
STRESS
Concept of stress
• To obtain distribution of force acting over a sectioned area
• Assumptions of material:
1. It is continuous (uniform distribution of matter)
2. It is cohesive (all portions are connected together)
Concept of stress
• Consider ΔA in figure below
• Small finite force, ΔF acts on ΔA
• As ΔA → 0, Δ F → 0
• But stress (ΔF / ΔA) → finite limit (∞)
11
Normal stress
• Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting normal to ΔA
• Symbol used for normal stress, is σ (sigma)
Tensile stress: normal force “pulls” or “stretches” the
lim ΔFz area element ΔA
σz =
ΔA →0 ΔA Compressive stress: normal force “pushes” or
“compresses” area element ΔA
12
Shear stress
• Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting tangent to ΔA
• Symbol used for normal stress is τ (tau)
General state of stress
lim ΔFx
• Figure shows the state of stress acting around τzx =
ΔA →0 ΔA
a chosen point in a body
Units (SI system)
• Newtons per square meter (N/m2) or a pascal τ = lim ΔFy
(1 Pa = 1 N/m2) zy ΔA →0 ΔA
• kPa = 103 N/m2 (kilo-pascal)

• MPa = 106 N/m2 (mega-pascal)
• GPa = 109 N/m2 (giga-pascal)
13
14
AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
Examples of axially loaded bar
• Usually long and slender structural members
• Truss members, hangers, bolts
• Prismatic means all the cross sections are the same
18
Average normal stress distribution
+ FRz = ∑ Fxz ∫ dF = ∫A σ dA
P = σA
P
σ=
A
∑ Fz = 0 σ (ΔA) − σ’ (ΔA) = 0
σ = σ’
σ = average normal stress at any

point on cross sectional area
P = internal resultant normal force
A = x-sectional area of 19
the bar
Equilibrium
• Consider vertical equilibrium of the element
Above analysis
applies to members
subjected to tension
or compression.
20
Maximum average normal stress

• Draw an axial or normal force diagram (plot
of P vs. its position x along bar’s length)
• Sign convention:
– P is positive (+) if it causes tension in the
member
– P is negative (−) if it causes compression
• Identify the maximum average normal stress
from the plot
21

Average normal stress
• Use equation of σ = P/A for x-sectional area of
a member when section subjected to internal
resultant force P
22
Axially loaded members
• Internal Loading:
• Section member perpendicular to its longitudinal axis at pt where
normal stress is to be determined
• Draw free-body diagram
• Use equation of force equilibrium to obtain internal axial force P at
the section
• Compute average normal stress σ = P/A

Axially loaded members
• Average Normal Stress:
• Determine member’s x-sectional area at the section
23
24
25
EXAMPLE
Specific weight γst = 80 kN/m3
Determine average compressive stress acting at
points A and B.
29
EXAMPLE
Internal loading
Based on free-body diagram,
weight of segment AB determined from
Wst = γstVst
30
Average normal stress
+ ∑ Fz = 0; P − Wst = 0
P − (80 kN/m3)(0.8 m)(0.2 m)2 = 0
P = 8.042 kN
Average compressive stress

Cross-sectional area at section is:
A = (0.2)m2
P 8.042 kN
σ= =
A (0.2 m)2
σ = 64.0 kN/m2
31
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS
• Shear stress is the stress component that act in the plane of
the sectioned area.
• Consider a force F acting to the bar
• For rigid supports, and F is large enough, bar will deform
and fail along the planes identified by AB and CD
• Free-body diagram indicates that shear force, V = F/2 be
applied at both sections to ensure equilibrium
32
Average shear stress over each section is:
P
τavg =
A
A = area of section
τavg = average shear stress at section, assumed to

be same at each pt on the section
V = internal resultant shear force at section

determined from equations of equilibrium
33
Internal shear
1. Section member at the pt where the τavg is to
be determined
2. Draw free-body diagram
3. Calculate the internal shear force V
Average shear stress
1. Determine sectioned area A
2. Compute average shear stress τavg = V/A
35
Single shear
• Steel and wood joints shown below are examples of
single-shear connections, also known as lap joints.
• Since we assume members are thin, there are no
moments caused by F
36
Single shear
• For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and
bonding surface between the two members are
subjected to single shear force, V = F
• The average shear stress equation can be applied to
determine average shear stress acting on colored
section in (d).
37
Double shear
• The joints shown below are examples of double-
shear connections, often called double lap joints.
• For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and bonding
surface between two members subjected to double
shear force, V = F/2
• Apply average shear stress equation to determine
average shear stress acting on colored section in (d).
38
SAINT-VENANT’S PRINCIPLE
• Localized deformation occurs at each end, and
the deformations decrease as measurements are
taken further away from the ends
• At section c-c, stress reaches almost uniform
value as compared to a-a, b-b
c-c is sufficiently far enough away from P
so that localized deformation
“vanishes”, i.e., minimum distance
45
ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER
• Relative displacement (δ) of one end of bar with
respect to other end caused by this loading
• Applying Saint-Venant’s Principle, ignore localized
deformations at points of concentrated loading and
where x-section suddenly changes
46
Use method of sections, and draw free-body diagram
47
L P(x) dx
δ=
∫ 0
A(x) E
δ = displacement of one pt relative to another pt

L = distance between the two points
P(x) = internal axial force at the section, located a distance x from one
end
A(x) = x-sectional area of the bar, expressed as a function of x
E = modulus of elasticity for material
48
Constant load and X-sectional area
• For constant x-sectional area A, and homogenous
material, E is constant
• With constant external force P, applied at each
end, then internal force P throughout length of bar
is constant
• Thus, integrating Eqn 4-1 will yield
PL
δ= AE
49
Constant load and X-sectional area
• If bar subjected to several different axial forces, or
x-sectional area or E is not constant, then the
equation can be applied to each segment of the
bar and added algebraically to get

PL
δ= AE
50
Sign convention
Sign Forces Displacement
Positive (+) Tension Elongation
Negative Compression Contraction
(−)
51
DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS
• To determine area of section subjected to a
normal force, use
P
A=σ
allow
To determine area of section subjected to a shear

force, use
V
A=τ
allow
52
Cross-sectional area of a tension member
Condition:
The force has a line of action that passes
through the centroid of the cross section.
53
Required area to resist bearing
• Bearing stress is normal stress produced by the
compression of one surface against another.
Assumptions:
1. (σb)allow of concrete <
(σb)allow of base plate
2. Bearing stress is
uniformly distributed
between plate and
concrete
54
Required area to resist shear caused by axial load
• Although actual shear-stress distribution along
rod difficult to determine, we assume it is
uniform.
• Thus use A = V / τallow to calculate l, provided d
and τallow is known.
55
When using average normal stress and shear stress
equations, consider first the section over which the
critical stress is acting
Internal Loading
1. Section member through x-sectional area
2. Draw a free-body diagram of segment of member
3. Use equations of equilibrium to determine internal
resultant force
56
Required Area
• Based on known allowable stress, calculate
required area needed to sustain load from
A = P/τallow or A = V/τallow
57
EXAMPLE
The two members pinned together at B. If the
pins have an allowable shear stress of τallow = 90
MPa, and allowable tensile stress of rod CB is
(σt)allow = 115 MPa
Determine to nearest
mm the smallest
diameter of pins A
and B and the
diameter of rod CB
necessary to support
the load.
58
EXAMPLE
Draw free-body diagram:
P 800 N
σ = A = (0.04 m)(0.04 = 500 kPa
m)
No shear stress on section, since shear force at
section is zero
τavg = 0
59
EXAMPLE
Diameter of pins:
VA 2.84 kN
AA = T = 90  103 kPa= 31.56  10−6 m2 =
allow
(dA2/4)
dA = 6.3 mm
VB 6.67 kN
AB = =
Tallow 90  10 kPa
3 = 74.11  10 −6 m2 =
(dB2/4)
dB = 9.7 mm
60
EXAMPLE
Diameter of pins:
Choose a size larger to nearest millimeter.
dA = 7 mm dB = 10 mm
61
EXAMPLE
Diameter of rod:
P 6.67 kN
ABC = =115  103 kPa= 58  10−6 m2 =
(σt)allow
(dBC2/4)
dBC = 8.59 mm
Choose a size larger to nearest millimeter.
dBC = 9 mm
62
Internal force
• Use method of sections to determine internal
axial force P in the member
• If the force varies along member’s strength,
section made at the arbitrary location x from one
end of member and force represented as a
function of x, i.e., P(x)
• If several constant external forces act on
member, internal force in each segment,
between two external forces, must then be
determined
63
Internal force
• For any segment, internal tensile force is
positive and internal compressive force is
negative. Results of loading can be shown
graphically by constructing the normal-force
diagram
Displacement
• When member’s x-sectional area varies along its
axis, the area should be expressed as a function
of its position x, i.e., A(x)
64
Displacement
• If x-sectional area, modulus of elasticity, or
internal loading suddenly changes, then Eqn 4-2
should be applied to each segment for which the
qty are constant
• When substituting data into equations, account
for proper sign for P, tensile loadings +ve,
compressive −ve. Use consistent set of units. If
result is +ve, elongation occurs, −ve means it’s a
contraction
65
EXAMPLE
Composite A-36 steel bar shown made from two
segments AB and BD. Area AAB = 600 mm2 and ABD
= 1200 mm2.
Determine the vertical displacement of end
A and displacement of B relative to C.
66
Internal force
EXAMPLE
Due to external loadings, internal axial forces in
regions AB, BC and CD are different.
Apply
method of
sections
and
equation of
vertical
force
equilibrium
as shown.
Variation is
also
plotted.
67
EXAMPLE
Displacement
From tables, Est = 210(103) MPa.
Use sign convention, vertical displacement of A
relative to fixed support D is
[+75 kN](1 m)(106)

PL
δA = AE = [600 mm2 (210)(103) kN/m2]
[+35 kN](0.75 m)(106)

+ [1200 mm2 (210)(103) kN/m2]
[−45 kN](0.5 m)(106)

+ [1200 mm2 (210)(103) kN/m2]
= +0.61 mm
68
EXAMPLE
Displacement
Since result is positive, the bar elongates and so
displacement at A is upward
Apply Equation 4-2 between B and C,
PBC LBC [+35 kN](0.75 m)(106)
δA = ABC E = [1200 mm2 (210)(103) kN/m2]
= +0.104 mm
Here, B moves away from C, since segment elongates
69
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER
• For a bar fixed-supported at one end, equilibrium
equations is sufficient to find the reaction at the
support. Such a problem is statically determinate
• If bar is fixed at both ends, then two unknown axial
reactions occur, and the bar is statically
indeterminate
+↑ F = 0;
FB + FA − P = 0
70
• To establish addition equation, consider
geometry of deformation. Such an equation is
referred to as a compatibility or kinematic
condition
• Since relative displacement of one end of bar to
the other end is equal to zero, since end supports
fixed, δ =0 A/B
This equation can be expressed in terms of applied loads using a load-

displacement relationship, which depends on the material behavior
71
• For linear elastic behavior, compatibility equation
can be written as
FA LAC FB LCB
AE − AE =0
Assume AE is constant, solve equations simultaneously,
LCB LAC
FA = P
( ) L FB = P
( )
L
72
Equilibrium
• Draw a free-body diagram of member to identify
all forces acting on it
• If unknown reactions on free-body diagram
greater than no. of equations, then problem is
statically indeterminate
• Write the equations of equilibrium for the member
73
Compatibility
• Draw a diagram to investigate elongation or
contraction of loaded member
• Express compatibility conditions in terms of
displacements caused by forces
• Use load-displacement relations (δ=PL/AE) to
relate unknown displacements to reactions
• Solve the equations. If result is negative, this
means the force acts in opposite direction of
that indicated on free-body diagram
74
EXAMPLE
Steel rod shown has diameter of 5 mm. Attached to
fixed wall at A, and before it is loaded, there is a gap
between the wall at B’ and the rod of 1 mm.
Determine reactions at A and B’ if rod is subjected to
axial force of P = 20 kN.
Neglect size of collar at C. Take Est = 200 GPa
75
EXAMPLE
Equilibrium
Assume force P large enough to cause rod’s end B to
contact wall at B’. Equilibrium requires
+ F = 0;
− FA − FB + 20(103) N = 0
δB/A = 0.001 m
Compatibility
Compatibility equation:
76
EXAMPLE
Compatibility
Use load-displacement equations (Eqn 4-2), apply to AC and CB
FA LAC FB LCB
δB/A = 0.001 m = AE − AE
FA (0.4 m) − FB (0.8 m) = 3927.0 N·m
Solving simultaneously,
FA = 16.6 kN FB = 3.39 kN
77
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS
• From free-body diagram, we can determine the

reaction at A
= +
78
EXAMPLE
A-36 steel rod shown has diameter of 5 mm. It’s
attached to fixed wall at A, and before it is
loaded, there’s a gap between wall at B’ and rod
of 1 mm.
Determine reactions at A and B’.
79
EXAMPLE
Compatibility
Consider support at B’ as redundant.
Use principle of superposition,
(+) 0.001 m = δP −δB Equation 1
80
EXAMPLE
Compatibility
Deflections δP and δB are determined
PLAC
δP = AE = … = 0.002037 m
FB LAB
δB = AE = … = 0.3056(10-6)FB
Substituting into Equation 1, we get
0.001 m = 0.002037 m − 0.3056(10-6)FB

FB = 3.40(103) N = 3.40 kN
81
EXAMPLE
Equilibrium
From free-body diagram
+ Fx = 0; − FA + 20 kN − 3.40 kN = 0
FA = 16.6 kN
82
ALLOWABLE STRESS
• When designing a structural member or mechanical
element, the stress in it must be restricted to safe
level
• Choose an allowable load that is less than the load
the member can fully support
• One method used is the factor of safety (F.S.)
Ffail
F.S. = F
allow
83
ALLOWABLE STRESS
• If load applied is linearly related to stress
developed within member, then F.S. can also
be expressed as:
σfail τfail
F.S. = σallow F.S. = τ
allow
In all the equations, F.S. is chosen to be greater than

1, to avoid potential for failure
Specific values will depend on types of material used
and its intended purpose
84
Terima Kasih
Dr. Ir. Haftirman MEng

KULIAH 3 Tegangan Aksial

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

KULIAH 3 Tegangan Aksial

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mekanika Kekuatan

Procedure for analysis

• kPa = 103 N/m2 (kilo-pascal)

σ = average normal stress at any

Maximum average normal stress

Procedure for Analysis

• Compute average normal stress σ = P/A

Average compressive stress

τavg = average shear stress at section, assumed to

V = internal resultant shear force at section

δ = displacement of one pt relative to another pt

To determine area of section subjected to a shear

[+35 kN](0.75 m)(106)

[−45 kN](0.5 m)(106)

Here, B moves away from C, since segment elongates

This equation can be expressed in terms of applied loads using a load-

Assume AE is constant, solve equations simultaneously,

FA (0.4 m) − FB (0.8 m) = 3927.0 N·m

• From free-body diagram, we can determine the

Substituting into Equation 1, we get

0.001 m = 0.002037 m − 0.3056(10-6)FB

In all the equations, F.S. is chosen to be greater than

You might also like