Solid Mechanics

NEC2102
College of Engineering and Science
Professor Sam Fragomeni
Email: Sam.Fragomeni@vu.edu.au

Session 4 Dr Vincent Wang

Email: Vincent. Wang@vu.edu.au
Stress, Strain and Mechanical
Properties of Materials

STAFF

Professor Sam Dr Vincet Wang

Fragomeni
 STRUCTURAL
STRESS ANALYSIS
STRAIN MECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Introduction
Stress
Average Normal Stress
Average Shear Stress
Allowable Stress
Deformation

Strain
Example Problems

Mechanical Properties of
Materials
Tension and Compression
Stress Strain Diagram
Hooke’s Law
Strain Energy
Poisson's Ratio
 STRUCTURAL
STRESS ANALYSIS
STRAIN MECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Stress
• Distribution of internal loading is important in
mechanics of materials.
• We will consider the material to be continuous.
• This intensity of internal force at a point is called stress.

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STRESS ANALYSIS
STRAIN MECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Stress

Normal Stress σ
• Force per unit area acting normal to ΔA
∆Fz
σ z = lim
∆A→0 ∆A
Shear Stress τ
• Force per unit area acting tangent to ΔA

∆Fx
τ zx = lim
∆A→0 ∆A

∆F
τ zy = lim y
∆A→0 ∆A

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 STRUCTURAL
STRESS ANALYSIS
STRAIN MECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bar
• When a cross-sectional area bar is subjected to axial
force through the centroid, it is only subjected to normal
stress.
• Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.

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STRESS ANALYSIS
STRAIN MECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bar
Average Normal Stress Distribution
• When a bar is subjected to a
constant deformation,

∫ dF = ∫ σ dA
A
σ = average normal stress
P = resultant normal force
P = σA
A = cross sectional area of bar
P
σ=
A

Equilibrium
• 2 normal stress components
that are equal in magnitude
but opposite in direction.

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 STRUCTURAL
STRESS ANALYSIS
STRAIN MECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Example Problem

The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine the
maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading
shown.

Solution:
By inspection, different sections have different internal forces.

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 STRUCTURAL
STRESS ANALYSIS
STRAIN MECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Solution

Graphically, the normal force diagram is as shown.

By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,

PBC = 30 kN

Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is constant,

the largest average normal stress is

σ BC =
PBC
=
( )
30 103
= 85.7 MPa (Ans)
A (0.035)(0.01)

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STRESS ANALYSIS
STRAIN MECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Example Problem and Solution

The casting is made of steel that has a specific weight of

γ st = 80 kN/m 3 . Determine the average compressive stress
acting at points A and B.

Solution:
By drawing a free-body diagram of the top segment,
the internal axial force P at the section is
+ ↑ ∑ Fz = 0; P − Wst = 0
P − (80 )(0.8)π (0.2) = 0
2

P = 8.042 kN
The average compressive stress becomes

P 8.042
σ= = = 64 . 0 kN/m 2
(Ans)
A π (0.2 )2

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 STRUCTURAL
STRESS ANALYSIS
STRAIN MECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Average Shear Stress

• The average shear stress distributed over each

sectioned area that develops a shear force.
V
τ avg =
A
τ = average shear stress
P = internal resultant shear force
A = area at that section

• 2 different types of shear:

a) Single Shear b) Double Shear

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 STRUCTURAL
STRESS ANALYSIS
STRAIN MECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Example Problem

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 STRESS STRAIN MECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Example Problem Cont.

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Example Problem

The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 3000 N. Determine

the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of contact defined by AB
and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by
EDB.

Solution:
The compressive forces acting on the areas of contact are

+ → ∑ Fx = 0; FAB − 3000( 53 ) = 0 ⇒ FAB = 1800 N

+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0; FBC − 3000( 54 ) = 0 ⇒ FBC = 2400 N

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Solution
Solution:
The shear force acting on the sectioned horizontal plane EDB is

+ → ∑ Fx = 0; V = 1800 N

Average compressive stresses along the AB and BC planes are

1800
σ AB = = 1.80 N/mm 2 (Ans)
(25)(40)
2400
σ BC = = 1.20 N/mm 2 (Ans)
(50)(40)
Average shear stress acting on the BD plane is

1800
τ avg = = 0.60 N/mm 2 (Ans)
(75)(40)

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Allowable Stress

• Many unknown factors that influence the actual stress in

a member.
• A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable load.
• The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load
divided by the allowable load

F fail
F .S =
Fallow
σ fail
F .S =
σ allow
τ fail
F .S =
τ allow

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Deformation

• When a force is applied to a body, it will change the

body’s shape and size.
• These changes are deformation.

Note the before and after positions of 3 line

segments where the material is subjected
to tension.

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Strain

Normal Strain
• The elongation / contraction of a line segment per unit of
length is referred to as normal strain.
• Average normal strain is defined as
∆s '−∆s
ε avg =
∆s
• If the normal strain is known, then the approximate final
length is

∆s ' ≈ (1 + ε )∆s
+ε line elongate
-ε line contracts

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Strain

Units
• Normal strain is a dimensionless quantity since it is a
ratio of two lengths.

Shear Strain
• Change in angle between 2 line segments that were
perpendicular to one another refers to shear strain.

π
γ nt = − lim θ '
2 B → A along n
C → A along t

θ<90 +shear strain

θ>90 -shear strain

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 STRESS STRAIN MECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Example Problem and Solution

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Example Problem and Solution

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Example Problem and Solution

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Example Problem

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Solution

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Tension and Compression Test

• The strength of a material depends on its ability to

sustain a load.
• This property is to perform under the tension or
compression test.
• The following machine is designed to read the load
required to maintain specimen stretching.

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The Stress–Strain Diagram

Conventional Stress–Strain Diagram

• Nominal or engineering stress is obtained by dividing
the applied load P by the specimen’s original cross-
sectional area. P
σ=
A0

• Nominal or engineering strain is obtained by dividing

the change in the specimen’s gauge length by the
specimen’s original gauge length.

δ
ε=
L0
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The Stress–Strain Diagram

Conventional Stress–Strain Diagram

Stress-Strain Diagram
• Elastic Behaviour
 Stress is proportional to the strain.
 Material is said to be
linearly elastic.

• Yielding
 Increase in stress above
elastic limit will cause material
to deform permanently.

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The Stress–Strain Diagram

Conventional Stress–Strain Diagram

Stress-Strain Diagram
• Strain Hardening.
 After yielding a further load will
reaches a ultimate stress.

• Necking
 At ultimate stress, cross-sectional
area begins to decrease in a
localized region of the specimen.
• Specimen breaks at the
fracture stress.

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The Stress–Strain Diagram

True Stress–Strain Diagram

• The values of stress and strain computed from these
measurements are called true stress and true strain.
• Use this diagram since most engineering design is done
within the elastic range.

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 STRESS STRAIN MECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Stress–Strain Behavior of Ductile & Brittle Materials

Ductile Materials
• Material that can be subjected to large strains before it
ruptures is called a ductile material.

Brittle Materials
• Materials that exhibit little or no yielding before failure
are referred to as brittle materials.

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Hooke’s Law
• Hooke’s Law defines the linear relationship between
stress and strain within the elastic region.
σ = stress

σ = Eε E = modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus

ε = strain
• E can be used only if a material has linear–elastic
behaviour.

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Hooke’s Law

Strain Hardening
• When ductile material is loaded into the plastic region
and then unloaded, elastic strain is recovered.
• The plastic strain remains and material is subjected to a
permanent set.

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Strain Energy

• When material is deformed by external loading, it will

store energy internally throughout its volume.
• Energy is related to the strains called strain energy.

Modulus of Resilience
• When stress reaches the proportional limit, the strain-
energy density is the modulus of resilience, ur.

1 σ pl
2
1
ur = σ pl ε pl =
2 2 E

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Strain Energy

Modulus of Toughness
• Modulus of toughness, ut, represents the entire area
under the stress–strain diagram.
• It indicates the strain-energy density of the material just
before it fractures.

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Example Problem and Solution

The stress–strain diagram for an aluminum alloy that is used for making aircraft
parts is shown. When material is stressed to 600 MPa, find the permanent strain
that remains in the specimen when load is released. Also, compute the modulus of
resilience both before and after the load application.

Solution:
When the specimen is subjected to the load,
the strain is approximately 0.023 mm/mm.

The slope of line OA is the modulus of elasticity,

450
E= = 75.0 GPa
0.006

From triangle CBD,

E=
BD 600 106
=
( ) ( )
= 75.0 109 ⇒ CD = 0.008 mm/mm
CD CD
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Example Problem and Solution
Solution:
This strain represents the amount of recovered elastic strain.

The permanent strain is

ε OC = 0.023 − 0.008 = 0.0150 mm/mm (Ans)

Computing the modulus of resilience,

(ur )initial = 1 σ pl ε pl = 1 (450)(0.006) = 1.35 MJ/m 3 (Ans)

2 2
(ur ) final = 1 σ pl ε pl = 1 (600)(0.008) = 2.40 MJ/m 3 (Ans)
2 2
Note that the SI system of units is measured in joules, where 1 J = 1 N • m.

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Poisson’s Ratio

• Poisson’s ratio, v (nu), states that in the elastic range,

the ratio of these strains is a constant since the
deformations are proportional.
ε lat Poisson’s ratio is dimensionless.
v=−
ε long Typical values are 1/3 or 1/4.
• Negative sign since longitudinal elongation (positive
strain) causes lateral contraction (negative strain), and
vice versa.

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Example Problem and Solution

A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown. If an axial force of is applied to
the bar, determine the change in its length and the change in the dimensions of its
cross section after applying the load. The material behaves elastically.

Solution:
The normal stress in the bar is

P
σz = =
80 103 ( ) ( )
= 16.0 106 Pa
A (0.1)(0.05)
From the table for A-36 steel, Est = 200 GPa

εz =
σz
=
( )
16.0 106
= (
−6
)
Est 200 10 ( )
6
80 10 mm/mm

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Example Problem and Solution
Solution:
The axial elongation of the bar is therefore

δ z = ε z Lz = [80(10 −6 )(1.5)] = 120µm (Ans)

The contraction strains in both the x and y directions are

ε x = ε y = −vst ε z = −0.32[80(10 −6 )] = −25.6 µm/m

The changes in the dimensions of the cross section are

δ x = ε x Lx = −[25.6(10 −6 )(0.1)] = −2.56µm (Ans)

δ y = ε y Ly = −[25.6(10 −6 )(0. − 05)] = −1.28µm (Ans)

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Shear Stress-Strain Diagram
• Strength parameter G – Shear modulus of elasticity or the modulus of
rigidity
• G is related to the modulus of elasticity E and Poisson’s ratio v.

τ = Gγ

E
G=
2(1 + v )

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Example Problem
A specimen of titanium alloy is tested in torsion and the shear stress–
strain diagram is shown in Fig. 3–25a. Determine the shear modulus G,
the proportional limit, and the ultimate shear stress. Also, determine the
maximum distance d that the top of a block of this material, shown in Fig.
3–25b, could be displaced horizontally if the material behaves elastically
when acted upon by a shear force V. What is the magnitude of V
necessary to cause this displacement?

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Solution

• By inspection, the graph ceases to be linear at point A. Thus, the proportional limit is
τ pl = 360 MPa (Ans)
• This value represents the maximum shear stress, point B. Thus the ultimate stress is

τ u = 504 MPa (Ans)

• Since the angle is small, the top of
the will be displaced horizontally by

tan (0.008 rad ) ≈ 0.008 =

d
⇒ d = 0.4 mm
50 mm

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Solution

• The shear force V needed to cause the displacement is

V V
τ avg = ; 360 MPa = ⇒ V = 2700 kN (Ans)
A (75)(100)

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THANK YOU
NEC2102

College of Engineering and Science

Victoria University

43 NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS