T1.1 Using Figure 3.

9 (7) (on page 57) find a) M* at face of support and b) V* at do from

the support where q = 180kN.
Solution to Q1 of Section 3.9 Problems
Repeat the example in Section 3.4.6 with the equivalent stress block assuming an intensity of 0.85 f c′

where f c′ = 65 MPa. Draw the M′ versus pt curves for the two values of equivalent stress block intensities

on the same diagram (similar to Figure 3.4(4)) and discuss the significance of using α2 in place of 0.85 in
the new Standard.

Solution

Equation 3.3(2)a: α2 = 0.85 – 0.0015 × 65 = 0.7525 but to be assumed as 0.85 as sked in

question but in due to AS3600-2018 we should use 0.7525

Equation 3.3(2)b: γ = 0.97 – 0.0025 x 65 = 0.8075

600
Equation 3.4(4): =kuB = 0.545
600 + f sy

0.85 × 65 × 0.8075 × 0.545

Equation 3.4(5): pB = = 0.0486 for α2 = 0.85
500
0.7525 × 65 × 0.8075 × 0.545
pB = = 0.0431 for α2 = 0.7525
500

(a) Ast = 1500 mm2

1500
=pt = 0.012 < pB = 0.0486 or 0.0431 ∴ the section is under-reinforced.
250 × 500

 1 1500 500  −6
Equation 3.4(10): Mu = 1500 × 500 × 500 × 1 − × ×  ×10
 2 × 0.85 250 × 500 65 
= 354.64 kNm for α2 = 0.85 or

 1 1500 500  −6
Mu = 1500 × 500 × 500 × 1 − × ×  ×10
 2 × 0.7525 250 × 500 65 

= 372.7 kNm for α2 = 0.7525

0.012 × 500
Equation 3.4(8): ku = = 0.134 for α2 = 0.85
0.85 × 0.8075 × 65
or

0.012 × 500
ku = = 0.152 for α2 = 0.7525
0.7525 × 0.8075 × 65

By assuming the steel reinforcement to be in one layer, we have d = do and kuo = ku = 0.134 or 0.152.
Then,
Equation 3.4(20)a with b: φ = 0.85 and finally,

Equation 3.4(19): M′ = φ Mu = 0.85 x 354.64 = 301.4 kNm for α2 = 0.85

or

M′ = φ Mu = 0.85 x 372.7= 316.8 kNm for α2 = 0.7525

(b) Ast = 9000 mm2

9000
pt = = 0.072 > pB = 0.0486 or 0.0431
250 × 500
∴ the section is over-reinforced.
600 × 0.072 × 500
= 390.95 for α 2 = 0.85
0.85 × 65
Equation 3.4(16): µ =
600 × 0.072 × 500
= 441.60 for α 2 = 0.7525
0.7525 × 65

390.952 + 4 × 390.95 × 0.8075 × 500 − 390.95

Equation 3.4(17): a = 247.3 for α2 = 0.85 or
2

441.602 + 4 × 441.60 × 0.8075 × 500 − 441.60

a = 255.7 for α2 = 0.7525
2
Equation 3.4(18):

 247.3  −6
M u = 0.85 × 65 × 247.3 × 250 ×  500 −  ×10 = 1285.6 for α2= 0.85 or
 2 

 255.7  −6
M
= u 0.7525 × 65 × 255.7 × 250 ×  500 −  ×10= 1163.6 for α2 =0.7525
 2 

247.3
But a = γkud from which ku = = 0.613 for α2 = 0.85
0.8075 × 500
255.7
or ku = = 0.633 for α2 = 0.7525
0.8075 × 500
By assuming one layer of steel, we have d = do and kuo = ku = 0.613 or 0.633. Then

Equation 3.4(20)a with b: φ = 0.65 and finally,

Equation 3.4(19): M′ = φ Mu = 0.65 x 1285.6 = 853.6 kNm for α2 = 0.85

or M′ = φ Mu = 0.65 x 1163.6 = 756.3 kNm for α2 = 0.7525

Note that this example is for illustrative purposes. In practice, one layer is not enough to accommodate
9000 mm2 of bars in the given section.
(c) A "balanced" design (i.e. pB = 0.0486 or 0.0431)

Ast = 0.0486 x 250 x 500 = 6075 mm2 for α2 = 0.85 or

Ast = 0.0431 x 250 x 500 = 5387.5 mm2 for α2 = 0.76525

 1 6075 500 
Equation 3.4(10): Mu = 6075 × 500 × 500 ×  1 − × ×  ×10
−6

 2 × 0.85 250 × 500 65 

= 1184.8 kNm for α2 = 0.85 or

 1 5387.5 500 
M = 5387.5 × 500 × 500 × 1 − × ×  ×10 = 1050.2 kNm
−6

 2 × 0.7525 250 × 500 65 

for α2 = 0.7525

By assuming one layer of steel, we have d = do and kuo = ku = kuB = 0.545. Then

Equation 3.4(20)a with b: φ = 0.65 and finall

Equation 3.4(19): M′ = φ Mu = 0.65 x 1184.8 = 770.1 kNm for α2 = 0.85 or

M′ = φ Mu = 0.65 x 1050.2 = 682.6 kNm for α2 = 0.7525

65
(d) Equation 3.4(6): pall =0.4 × 0.85 × 0.8075 × =0.0357 for α2 = 0.85 or
500
65
0.4 × 0.7525 × 0.8075 ×
pall = 0.0316
= for α2 = 0.7525
500

A=
st 0.0357 × 250 × 500
= 4462.5 mm2 for α2 = 0.85 or

A=
st 0.0316 × 250 × 500
= 3950 mm2 for α2 = 0.7525

 1 4462.5 500  −6
Equation 3.4(10): M=
u 4462.5 × 500 × 500 × 1 − × ×  ×10
 2 × 0.85 250 × 500 65 

= 935.4 kNm for α2 = 0.85

 1 3950 500  −6
Or M u = 3950 × 500 × 500 × 1 − × ×  ×10 = 828.0 kNm for α2 = 0.7525
 2 × 0.7525 250 × 500 65 

By assuming one layer of steel, we have d = do and kuo = ku = 0.4. Then

Equation 3.4(20)a: φ= 1.24 − 13 × 0.4 12= 0.81 and finally,

Equation 3.4(19): M′ = φ M u =0.81× 935.4 =757.7 kNm for α2 = 0.85 or

M′ = φ M u =0.81× 828.0 =670.7 kNm for α2 = 0.7525

(e) Ast = 4500 mm2

4500
pt =
250 × 500 = 0.036 < pB = 0.0486 or 0.0431 ∴ the section is under-reinforced

 1 4500 500  −6
Equation 3.4(10): Mu = 4500 × 500 × 500 × 1 − × ×  ×10 = 941.7 kNm for
 2 × 0.85 250 × 500 65 
α2 =0.85 or
  1 4500 500  −6
Mu= 4500 × 500 × 500 × 1 − × ×  ×10 = 918.0 kNm for α2 = 0.7525
 2 × 0.7525 250 × 500 65 

0.036 × 500
Equation 3.4(8): ku = = 0.404 for α2 = 0.85 or
0.85 × 0.8075 × 65
0.036 × 500
ku = = 0.456 for α2 = 0.7525
0.7525 × 0.8075 × 65

By assuming the steel reinforcement to be in one layer, we have d = do and kuo = ku = 0.404 or 0.456.
Then. Equation 3.4(20)a: φ= 1.24 − 13 × 0.404 12= 0.802 for α2 = 0.85 or

φ= 1.24 − 13 × 0.456 12= 0.746 for α2 = 0.7525

and finally,

Equation 3.4(19): M′ = φ Mu = 0.802 x 941.7 = 755.2 kNm for α2 = 0.85

Or M′ = φ Mu = 0.746 x 918.0 = 684.8 kNm for α2 = 0.7525

The M′ versus pt plots for the two values of equivalent stress block intensities are given
in the following figure.

800
700 (d) (e)
(b)
600
500 (c)
M' 400
= 0.85
For α2 = 0.85
300
(a) = 0.805
200 For α2 = 0.7525
100
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
pt

It may be seen that in the region where pt > pB the use of additional Ast is no longer as
effective for both stress intensity values. The reason is obvious since failure is initiated by the rupture
of concrete in compression and not by yielding of the steel in tension. However, while for lower values
of pt, both stress intensities yield similar reliable moment capacities, the moment capacities increase at
a higher rate for stress intensity of 0.85 as the pt values increase. Thus, the significance of using α2 in
place of 0.85 in the new Standard is that it yields relatively conservative moment capacities for heavily
reinforced sections.
Tut2.1 (Q4 Section 3.9) A simply supported beam with a span of 8 m is to carry, in addition to
its own weight, a superimposed dead load of 18 kN/m and a live load of 30 kN/m, both over the
entire span. The beam has a rectangular section which is to be singly-reinforced. Given pt = 1.1%,
design and detail the steel reinforcement for the section where the moment is maximum.

Take R = d/b ≈ 1.5, ρw =24 kN/m3, f c′ = 20 MPa and use N36 bars only. Exposure Classification A1

applies; use R10 bars only for closed ties; maximum aggregate size = 10 mm.

Solution Maximum moment at the centre of the simply-supported span of the beam

wl 2 18 × 82
due to superimposed dead load, M
= g = = 144 kNm
8 8

wl 2 30 × 82
due to live load, M
= q = = 240 kNm
8 8
Now for the calculation of the self-weight of the beam, as a first trial let’s assume b = 500 mm

Then, as R = d/b = 1.5, d = 1.5×500 = 750 mm

To find the total depth D of the beam, with clear cover of 36 mm [maximum of bar diameter (db = 36
mm), maximum aggregate size (a = 10 mm) and requirement for Exposure Classification A1 (= 20
mm) from Table 1.4(2)] say for constructability 40 mm and tie size of 10 mm, and assuming
reinforcing steel in one layer only,

D = d + 36/2 + 10 + 40 = 750 + 36/2 + 10 + 40 = 818 mm

Thus, self-weight = 24×0.5×0.818 = 9.816 kN/m

Maximum moment at the centre of the simply-supported span of the beam due to its self-weight,
wl 2 9.816 × 82
M=
sw = = 78.53 kNm
8 8
Hence, the maximum applied moment at the centre of the simply-supported span of the beam,
*
M
= 1.2( M g + M sw ) + 1.5M
= q 1.2(144 + 78.53) + 1.5 × 240
= 627.04 kNm

Equation 3.3(2)a: α2 = 0.85 – 0.0015 × 20 = 0.82

Equation 3.3(2)b: γ = 0.97 – 0.0025 × 20 = 0.92

pt fsy 0.011× 500

Equation 3.5(1)a: ξo = = = 0.1677
2α2 f c′ 2 × 0.82 × 20

Assuming φ = 0.85,
 RM * 1.5 × 627.04 ×106
Equation 3.5(4): d = 3 = 3 = 622.9 mm << 750 mm
φ pt fsy ( 1- ξo ) 0.85 × 0.011× 500 × (1 − 0.1677 )

Let’s try d = 630 mm as the second trial.

Then, D = 630 + 36/2 + 10 + 40 = 698 mm and b = 420 mm

Self-weight of the beam = 24×0.42×0.698 = 7.036 kN/m

wl 2 7.036 × 82 *
M=
sw = = 56.29 kNm and M
= 1.2(144 + 56.29) + 1.5 × 240
= 600.35 kNm
8 8
Again assuming φ = 0.85,

1.5 × 600.35 ×106

Equation 3.5(4): d= 3 = 614.0 mm
0.85 × 0.011× 500 × (1 − 0.1677 )

Thus, assumed d = 630 mm > 614.0 mm which is acceptable.

Now to confirm the assumption of φ = 0.85,

pt fsy 0.011× 500

Equation 3.4(8): ku = = = 0.365
α 2γ f c′ 0.82 × 0.92 × 20

And, for a single layer of reinforcement, we have d = do and kuo = ku = 0.365. Then,

Equation 3.4(20)a: φ = 0.845 ≈ 0.85the assumption is confirmed

Finally, let’s select the design section as: D = 700 mm and b = 425 mm

Now for the detailing of the beam reinforcement, d = 700 – 40 – 10 – 36/2 = 632 mm

and Ast = ptbd = 0.011×425×632 = 2954.6 mm2 i.e. 3 N36 bars (= 3060 mm2) which is acceptable.

Item (a) in Table 1.4(4) specifies a minimum spacing smin of [25, db, 1.5a]max. Thus smin = [25, 36, 15]max
= 36 mm.

The available spacing = (425 − 2 × 50 − 3 × 36) / 2 = 108.5 mm > smin = 36 mm; therefore, this is

acceptable as shown in the following figure.

10
3 N36

50
40
108.5 108.5
50 36 36 36 50
Tut2.2 (Q6 Section 3.9) A beam section having b × D = 400 mm × 800 mm is required to develop an
effective ultimate moment (φMu) of 1800 kNm. Design the reinforcement using compression steel if
necessary. Assume f c′ = 32 MPa and fsy = 500 MPa. Sketch the cross-section showing the
reinforcement details. Use N36 bars only with R10 ties. Exposure Classification A2 applies.

Solution

Clear cover should be the maximum of

bar diameter = 36 mm and

requirement for Exposure Classification A2 from Table 1.4(2) = 25 mm

Thus, clear cover = 36 mm say 40 mm for constructability.

Assuming two layers of tensile reinforcements (Ast), Item (a) in Table 1.4(4) specifies a minimum
vertical spacing smin of [25, db]max. Thus smin = [25, 36]max = 36 mm.
Hence, for two layers of reinforcements (as shown in the figure below),

d = 800 – 40 – 10 – 36 – 36/2 = 696 mm

400

dc = 64

Clear cover plus

tie diameter
36
36
40 + 10 = 50

50 50
All dimensions are in mm

Similarly, assuming one layer for compressive reinforcements (Asc) as shown in the same figure,

dc = 36 + 10 + 36/2 = 64 mm

Then Equation 3.3(2)a: α2 = 0.85 − 0.0015 × 32 =

0.802 and

Equation 3.3(2)b: γ = 0.97 − 0.0025 × 32 =

0.89
 32
Thus Equation 3.7(2): As1 = 0.4 × 0.802 × 0.89 × × 400 × 696 = 5087.1 mm2
500

 1 5087.1 500 
Equation 3.4(10): Mu1 = 5087.1× 500 × 696 × 1 − × ×  ×10
−6

 2 × 0.802 400 × 696 32 

that is Mu1 = 1455.2 kNm

and Equation 3.7(3): M=

2
*
M * − φ M u1

In this case, ku = 0.4

With do = 800 – 50 – 36/2 = 732, kuo =

k ud = 0.4 × 696 = 0.380.
d0 732

With kuo = 0.380, Equation 3.4(20)a with b gives φ = 0.83, with which

M 2* = 1800 − 0.83 ×1455.2 = 592.2 kNm And

592.2 ×106
Equation 3.7(5): As2 = =2257.9 mm2
0.83 × 500 × (696 − 64)

Thus Ast = As1 + As2 = 5087.1 + 2257.9 = 7345.0 mm 2

Table 2.3(1) shows that with 8 N36 bars, Ast = 8160 mm2 which is acceptable.

600 × 0.802 × 32 × 0.89 × 64 × 400

Equation 3.7(7): As1,limit= = 7016.7 mm2
(600 − 500) × 500

Since As1 < As1,limit, Asc does not yield, with ku = 0.4

 d   64 
ε=
sc
0.003 × 1 − c  = 0.003 × 1 −  = 0.00231
 0.4d   0.4 × 696 

Thus, the compression steel stress

fsc =εsc × Es ≤ fsy or

fsc = 0.00231× 200000 = 462 MPa < fsy = 500 MPa

As2 f sy 2257.9 × 500

fsc = 462 MPa requires Asc = = = 2443.6 mm2
f sc 462

With 3 N36 bars, Asc = 3060 mm2, which is acceptable.

Check:

Actual As2 provided = 8160 – 5087.1 = 3072.9 mm2

6
Then, M u2
= As2 fsy (d − d c=
) 3072.9 × 500 × (696 − 64) ×10−= 971.0 kNm

and Mu1 = 1455.2 kNm

Hence, φMu = φMu1 + φMu2 = 0.83×1455.2+ 0.83×971.0 = 2013.8 kNm > 1800 kNm which is
acceptable.

Detailing:

Item (a) in Table 1.4(4) specifies a minimum horizontal spacing smin of [25, db]max. Thus, smin = [25,
36]max = 36 mm.

If all 8-N36 bars for tensile reinforcement are to be placed in one layer, the available spacing =
(400 − 8 × 36 − 2 × 50) / 7 = 1.71 mm << smin = 36 mm; therefore, this is not acceptable.
Thus, the tensile reinforcements are to be placed in two layers and, the compression reinforcement
in one layer, as assumed and as shown in the following figure.

400

36
10
18
3 N36

800

10 mm diameter tie
8 N36
36
36
10
40
52 52 52
50 36 36 36 36 50
All dimensions are in mm
Tut3.1 (Q5 Section 4.7) Design and detail the reinforcement for the T-section shown in Figure
4.7(5) for M* = 3700 kNm. Use N32 bars only; centre to centre spacing of bar layers is set at

75 mm. Assume f c′ = 20 MPa and an A1 exposure classification. A final check must be made

on your design for adequacy.

1650

100

1100 to centre-line of
bottom layer of bars

450

Figure 4.7(5)

Solution

For f c′ = 20 MPa, α2 = 0.82 and γ = 0.92

Centre to centre spacing of bar layers is set at 75 mm, therefore, do = 1100 + 100 = 1200 mm and d =
1100 + 100 – 75/2 = 1162.5 mm

To use an alternative method to Section 4.2.3 for criterion checking, assume a rectangular section of
b × d= 1650 × 1162.5 and that a = t . Then, the effective moment

 t
M ' = φ M u = φ α 2 f c′bt  d − = 3010.43φ < M * = 3700 kNm, irrespective of the value of φ
 2

therefore, the neutral axis at the ultimate state lies in the web. Or, a > t .

For the flange-beam

 100 
Equation 4.2(11): M u 2 = 0.82 × 20 × 100 (1650 − 450 ) 1162.5 − −6
 ×10 = 2189.4 kNm and
 2 
 2189.4 ×106
Equation 4.2(12):=As 2 = 3936 mm 2
 100 
500 1162.5 − 
 2 

k ud
Since a = γkud = t = 100 mm, we have ku = 0.094. With d = 1162.5 mm and do = 1200 mm, kuo =
d0
0.094 ×1162.5
= = 0.091. Thus φ = 0.85 as per Equations 3.4(20)a and b.
1200

For the web-beam

Equation 4.2(22): M 1* = 3700 − 0.85 × 2189.4 = 1839.0 kNm

and

0.82 × 20
Equation 3.5(7): =ξ = 0.0328
500

with which

2 × 0.0328 ×1839.0 ×106

2
Equation 3.5(6): 0.0328 − 0.0328 −
pt1 = 0.00812
=
0.85 × 450 ×1162.52 × 500

Thus the web reinforcement

A
=s1 = 4248 mm 2
0.00812 × 450 ×1162.5

As per Equation 4.2(24)

20
pall =0.4 × 0.82 × 0.92 × =0.0121 > pt1 , this is acceptable.
500

The right-hand side of Equation 4.2(18) gives

20 600
0.82 × 0.92 × × 450 ×1162.5 × = 8610.4 mm 2 > As1
500 600 + 500

therefore, As1 yields at the ultimate state.

Finally, Ast = 4248 + 3936 = 8184 mm 2 . With 11 N32 bars Ast = 8844 mm2, which is acceptable.

Clear cover should be the maximum of

bar diameter = 32 mm and

requirement for Exposure Classification A1 from Table 1.4(2) = 20 mm

Thus, clear cover = 32 mm say 35 mm all around for constructability.

Item (a) in Table 1.4(4) specifies a minimum horizontal spacing smin of [25, db]max. Thus, smin = [25,
32]max = 32 mm.

If 11-N32 bars for tensile reinforcement are to be placed in two layers – 5 on top layer and 6 in bottom
layer, the available spacing for larger number of bars (6 bars) in a layer = (450 − 6 × 32 − 2 × 35) / 5 =

37.6 mm > smin = 32 mm, which is acceptable.

Thus, the tensile reinforcements are to be placed in two layers with 5 bars on top and 6 bars on
bottom layer and as shown in the following figure.

1650

100

1100 to centre-line of
bottom layer of bars

75

450

(All dimensions are in mm)

Check adequacy

8844 × 500
Equation 4.2(9): = 163.4 =
mm > t 100 mm
0.82 × 20 ×1650
Thus the NA at failure is located within the web.

5 × 75
Now d = 1100 +100 – = 1165.9 mm
11

For the flange-beam,

Equation 4.2(11):
 100 
M u 2 = 0.82 × 20 ×100 (1650 − 450 ) 1165.9 − −6
 ×10 = 2196.1 kNm
 2 
and,
 0.82 × 20 ×100 × (1650 − 450 )
=
Equation 4.2(12): As 2 = 3936 mm 2
500

Therefore As1 = 8844 − 3936 = 4908 mm 2

To check the condition of As1 at failure,

20 600
Equation 4.2(18): 0.82 × 0.92 × × 450 ×1165.9 × = 8636 mm 2 > As1
500 600 + 500

therefore, As1 will yield at failure

For the web-beam,

Equation 4.2(14):

 1 4908 × 500  −6
M u=
1 4908 × 500 ×1165.9 × 1 − ×  ×10 = 2453.1 kNm
 2 × 0.82 450 × 1165.9 × 20 
and,

4908 × 500
Equation 3.4(7): ku = = 0.31
0.82 × 0.92 × 20 × 450 ×1165.9

ku d 0.31×1165.9
With d = 1165.9 and do = 1200, and kuo = = = 0.301.
d0 1200

Thus, Equation 3.4(20)a with b: φ = 0.85

and =′ 0.85 ( 2453.1 + 2196.1

M = ) 3951.8 kNm > M* = 3700 kNm which is acceptable.

Since kuo < 0.36, no compression reinforcement is required.

Illustrative example (page 263)

Problem

A column section subjected to bending in the x–y plane is detailed in Figure 10.3(4). Construct the
interaction diagram.

′ f = 500 =
MPa, α 2 0.8125, γ 0.9075 and Asc = Ast = 2 N32 bars @ 804
Take f c = 25 MPa, sy =

mm2 = 1608 mm2.

50 100

0.003
50 e'
e
Asc
200 ku d
d
500 z

200
Ast
εs

L
C

150 150

Figure 10.3(4) Details of the example column section subjected to bending in the x–y plane
Note: all dimensions are in mm.

Solution
The following are given: b = 300 mm; d = 450 mm; dc = 50 mm.

Since Asc = Ast = 1608 mm2, we have pt = pc = 0.01191.

′
For f c = 25 MPa, α 2 = 0.8125 as per Equation 3.3(2)a.

Under different combinations of Nu and Mu, the column could fail in one of three modes.

For compression failure, Equation 10.3(6) for the squash load capacity yields:

N
= u 0.8125 × 0.9075ku × 25 × 300 × 450 + 1608 × (500 − 0.8125 × 25) − 1608 f s

where fs is given in Equation 3.4(13), or

=f s 600(1 − ku ) / ku

We then have
 =N u [2.489ku + 0.771 − 0.965(1 − ku ) / ku ] ×103 (kN) Equation 10.3(17)
The moment equation (Equation 10.3(9)) becomes

=eN u [0.8125 × 0.9075ku × 25 × 300 × 4502 × (1− 0.9075ku /2)

+ 1608 × (500 − 0.8125 × 25)× (450 − 50)] × 10−6 Equation 10.3(18)
= [11.20ku (1 − 0.454ku ) + 3.085] ×102 (kNm)

For tension failure, Equation 10.3(18) remains valid, but for Nu Equation 10.3(17) gives

=N u [2.489ku − 0.033] ×103 (kN) Equation 10.3(19)

Note that either the tension or compression failure strength equations may be used for the
balanced failure analysis.

With Equations 10.3(17), 10.3(18) and 10.3(19) in hand, the interaction curve can be
obtained by appropriately varying the value of ku. However, for compression failure ku > kuB; for
tension failure ku < kuB; according to Equation 10.3(12) kuB = 0.5454.

• Nuo (i.e. e ′ = 0)

Equation 10.2(1): N uo = 4727.2 kN

• Muo (i.e. Nu = 0)

Equation 3.6(15)a or b: M uo = 328.3 kNm

• Balanced failure (i.e. kuB = 0.5454).

Equation 10.3(17): N uB = 1324.2 kN

Equation 10.3(18): eNuB = 768.1 kNm

But from Figure 10.3(4),

M uB = eB′ N uB = N uB (e − 0.2)= eN uB − 0.2 N uB = 768.1 − 0.2 × 1324.2

= 503.3 kNm

• Compression failure (i.e. ku > kuB).

The variable ku may be given some appropriate values and Nu and Mu can be computed
using Equations 10.3(17) and 10.3(18), as for the balanced failure case given above.

For ku = 1

Equation 10.3(17): N u = 3260.0 kN

Equation 10.3(18): eN u = 920.0 kNm
Mu = eN u − 0.2N u = 268.0 kNm

For ku = 0.9
 Equation 10.3(17): N u = 2903.9 kN
Equation 10.3(18): eN u = 904.6 kNm
M u = 323.8 kNm

For ku = 0.8

Equation 10.3(17): N u = 2521.0 kN

Equation 10.3(18): eN u = 879.1 kNm
M u = 374.9 kNm

For ku = 0.7

Equation 10.3(17): N u = 2099.7 kN

Equation 10.3(18): eN u = 843.3 kNm
And M u = 423.4 kNm

• Tension failure (i.e. ku < kuB and fs = fsy)

For tension failure, Equations 10.3(19) and 10.3(18), respectively, should be used for
computing Nu and eNu. Note that in Equations 10.3(6) and 10.3(9), yielding of Asc is
assumed. For this to be valid, ku must be greater than a certain lower limit.

Considering ku = 0.4 as the limiting value,

Equation 10.3(19): N u = 962.6 kN

Equation 10.3(18): eN u = 675.1 kNm
M u = 482.6 kNm

For ku = 0.5 (< kuB = 0.5454),

Equation 10.3(19): N u = 1211.5 kN

Equation 10.3(18): eN u = 741.4 kNm
M u = 499.1 kNm

• Decompression mode

For the threshold beyond which no tensile stress exists in the section, Equation 10.3(16)
gives

 500 
=f s 600  = − 1 66.67 MPa.
 450 

Then from Equation 10.3(15),

N u.dc [0.8125 × 0.9075× 25× 300× 500 +1608 (500 − 0.8125 × 25) +1608× 66.67]×10−3
=
= 3643.6 kN

Further,
 Equation 10.3(8): ju d = (450 − 0.9075 × 500 / 2) = 223.1 mm
Equation 10.3(9): eN u.dc
= [0.8125 × 0.9075 × 25 × 300 × 500 × 223.1 + 1608(500 −
0.8125 × 25) × (450 − 50)] × 10−6 =
925.4 kNm

and

M u.dc = eN u.dc − 0.2 N u.dc = 925.4 − 0.2 × 3643.6 = 196.7 kNm

Finally, with all the above coordinates of Nu and Mu, the interaction diagram can be drawn. This is
shown in Figure 10.3(5).

Nu (kN)
Squash load, Nuo
5000
(0, 4727.2)
Decompression (Mu.dc, Nu.dc)

(196.7, 3643.6)
(268.0, 3260.0)

3000 ( 323.8, 2903.9)

Compression
(374.9, 2521.0)
failure '
(423.4, 2099.7) eB = 0.380 m

(503.3, 1324.2) Tension

e'B (499.1, 1211.5)
1000 failure
(482.6, 962.6)
1

0 Mu (kNm)
0 200 (328.3, 0) 400 600

Figure 10.3(5) Interaction diagram for the example column section

Illustrative example (page 268) NEXT PAGE

Illustrative example (page 268)

Problem

For the column shown in Figure 10.3(4), calculate the approximate values of Nu and Mu for the case
with e′ = 0.0822 m (i.e. for ku = 1).

Solution

From the example in Section 10.3.3, we have

N uB = 1324.2 kN
M uB = 503.3 kNm
eB′ = 0.380 m,

and

N uo = 4727.2 kN. Thus

4727.2
Equation 10.3(22): N u
= = 3038.2 kN
 4727.2  0.0822
1+  − 1
 1324.2  0.380

4727.2 − 3038.2
Equation 10.3(21):
= Mu = × 503.3 249.8 kNm
4727.2 − 1324.2
Note that the approximate formulas have underestimated the values of Nu and Mu by 6.80%
and 6.79%, respectively.
Solution to Q8 of Section 10.13 Problems
Figure 10.13(6) shows the cross section and the loading details of a square column reinforced with four
N32 bars. The raw data for plotting the interaction diagrams for bending about the x- and z-

axes are shown in Table 10.13(1). Assume f c′ = 25 MPa and that the column is short (stubby).

Can the column withstand the biaxial loading? Support your answer with all necessary
computations.

Table 10.13(1) Data for plotting interaction diagrams for bending about the x and z axes for Problem 6

Nu (kN) Mux and Muz (kNm)

Concentric load 6524.5 0.0

ku =1 4670.0 360.0

ku =0.7 3039.4 533.9

ku = kuB = 0.545 2404.4 579.0

ku = 0.5 1998.0 562.9

ku = 0.333 1319.3 501.3

Pure bending 0.0 263.7

x
250 250
50

50
250
N* = 2700 kN
50
z z
50

250

Figure 10.13(6)

Note: all dimensions are in mm

Solution

Given: b = D = 500 mm, d = 450 mm, dc = 50 mm and Ast = Asc = 1608 mm2 which leads to pt = pc =
0.00715

First of all, from the given data the interaction diagrams need to be plotted. The strength-reduced
interaction diagrams are also to be superimposed on the same graph.

Now, in order to plot the strength-reduced interaction diagrams, the capacity reduction factors (φ)
ought to be computed. For compression and balanced failure (i.e., Nu ≥ NuB), the capacity reduction
factor φ = 0.65 (assuming Q/G ≥ 0.25) and for tension failure, φ values are calculated for the two values
of ku (for Nu < NuB), as shown below.

For ku = 0.333

kuo = ku = 0.333 and Equation 3.4(20)a with b gives φb = 0.85 from which Equation 10.5(4) yields

 1319.3 
φ =0.65 + (0.85 − 0.65) 1 −  =0.740
 2404.4 

For ku = 0.5

kuo = ku = 0.5 and Equation 3.4(20)a with b gives φb = 0.698 from which Equation 10.5(4) yields

 1998.0 
φ=0.65 + (0.698 − 0.65) 1 − =0.658
 2404.4 

Finally, for pure bending, the value for φ is calculated as follows:

For f c′ = 25 MPa, α2 = 0.8125 and γ = 0.9075 and Equation 3.6(14) gives

600 × 0.00715
ν = 0.233
0.8125 × 0.9075 × 25
0.00715 × 500 − 600 × 0.00715
Equation 3.6(13): η= = −0.0194 and thereby
2 × 0.8125 × 0.9075 × 25

50
Equation 3.6(12): ku =−0.0194 + (−0.0194) 2 + 0.233 × =0.143
450

Thus, as kuo = ku = 0.143, Equation 3.4(20)a with b gives φ = 0.85.

Hence, the values to be used for plotting the interaction diagrams can be summarised as shown in the
table next page.

Using these values, the interaction diagrams are plotted as shown in the figure also next page.
From this figure, we find that for N* = 2700 kN,

φMux = φMuz = 253 kNm.

Condition Nu (kN) φNu (kN) Mux and Muz φMux and φMuz
(kNm) (kNm)

Concentric load 6524.5 4240.9 0.0 0

ku =1 4670.0 3035.5 360.0 234.0

ku =0.7 3039.4 1975.6 533.9 347.0

ku = kuB = 0.545 2404.4 1532.9 579.0 376.4

ku = 0.5 1998.0 1314.7 562.9 370.4

ku = 0.333 1319.3 976.3 501.3 371.0

Pure bending 0 0 263.7 224.2

7000

6000
φMux = φMuz = 253 kNm
5000
N* = 2700 kN
Nu or φNu in kN

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Mux and Muz or φMux and φMuz in kNm

Also, from the loading condition in Figure 10.13(4),

M*x = M*z = (2700×10–3)×50 = 135 kNm

But the minimum design moments as per Equation 10.9(1) or 10.9(2) are:

M*x = M*z = 2700×(0.05×0.500) = 67.5 kNm < 135 kNm, which is acceptable.

Thus, use M*x = M*z = 135 kNm

2700
Now, Equation 10.9(4): α n =
0.7 + 1.7 1.782 , but 1 ≤ αn ≤ 2, hence αn = 1.782
=
0.65 × 6524.5
1.782 1.782
 135   135 
Finally, Equation 10.9(3):   +  0.653 < 1 , which is acceptable.
=
 253   253 

Hence, the column can withstand the biaxial loading.

Solution to Q4 of Section 10.13 Problems
z

62

250 Asc = 3 N24

x
e = 263

250 Ast = 4 N24

62

150 150

300

Figure 10.13(3)

Note: all dimensions are in mm

Details of an asymmetrically reinforced rectangular column section are given in Figure 10.13(3). The
column is subjected to unaxial bending aout the x – axis. For the given eccentrcity, compute φNu,

Note that Ast = 4 N24 and Asc = 3 N24. Take f c′ = 32 MPa. You may use the approximate approach.

Solution

The following are given:

b = 300 mm; d = (500 – 62) = 438 mm; dc = 62 mm.

Asc = 1356 mm2 and Ast = 1808 mm2

For f c′ = 32 MPa, α2 = 0.802 as per Equation 3.3(2)a and γ = 0.89 as per Equation 3.3(2)b.

For compression failure, Equation 10.3(6) for the squash load capacity yields:

Nu = 0.802 x 0.89 ku x 32 x 300 x 438 + 1356 x (500 - 0.802 x 32) - 1808 fs

where fs is given in Equation 3.4(13), or

 fs = 600 (1 - ku)/ ku

We then have,

Nu = [2.968 ku + 0.643 – 1.085 (1 - ku)/ ku] x 103 (kN) (i)

The moment equation (Equation 10.3(9)) becomes,

eNu = 0.802 x 0.89ku x 32 x 300 x 4382x (1- 0.89ku / 2) + 1356 x (500 - 0.802 x 32) (438 - 62)

= [13.15 ku (1 - 0.445 ku) + 2.42] x 102 (kNm)

(ii)

600 600
For balanced failure, ku = kuB = = = 0.545
600 + f sy 600 + 500

Thus, from Equations (i) and (ii), we get

NuB = [2.968×0.545 + 0.643 – 1.085 (1 – 0.545)/0.545] x 103 = 1354.7 kN

eNuB = [13.15×0.545 (1 - 0.445×0.545) + 2.42] x 102 = 784.9 kNm

Hence, MuB = e 'B N uB = N uB ( e − (0.250 − 0.062) ) = N uB ( e − 0.188 ) = eN uB − 0.188 N uB

= 784.9 – (0.188 × 1354.7) = 530.2 kNm

eB′ N uB 530.2
Thus, =eB′ = = 0.391 m = 391 mm
N uB 1354.7

But from Figure 10.13(3), e′ = e – (250 – 62) = 263 – 188 = 75 mm

As e′B > e′, the column will fail in compression and we can compute φNu for the column using
approximate approach as follows:

Equation 10.2(1)a: α1 = 0.85 and thereby

Equation 10.2(1): Nuo= 0.85 × 32 × [(300 × 500) − (1350 + 1800)] + [(1350 + 1800) × 500]

= 5569.32 kN

5569.32
Equation 10.3(22): Nu = = 3487.9 kN
 5569.32   75 
1+  − 1 ×  
 1354.7   391 

Finally, as for compression failure (assuming Q/G ≥ 0.25), φ = 0.65,

φNu = 0.65×3487.9 = 2267.1 kN

Solution to Q11 of Section 10.13 Problems

1. A short column section is detailed in Figure 10.13(7). Considering uniaxial bending only,

a. show that the column would sustain a compression failure (i.e. e′ < e′B)

b. compute the ultimate load Nu.

Note that Ast = Asc = 4 N28. Take f c′ = 32 MPa. You may use the approximate approach.

60 240 120 120 60

Nu
150

L
C

150

Asc = 4 N28
Ast = 4 N28

300 300

L
C

Figure 10.13(7)

Note: all dimensions are in mm

Solution

(a) Equation 3.3(2)a: α 2 = 0.85 − 0.0015 × 32= 0.802

Equation 3.3(2)b: γ = 0.97 − 0.0025 × 32= 0.89

Equation 10.3(12): kuB = 0.545

Equation 10.3(6):
N=
uB [0.802 × 0.89 × 0.545 × 32 × 300 × 540 + 2464 × (500 − 0.802 × 32) − 2464 × 500] ×10−3
= 1953.4 kN

Equation 10.3(9):

 2  0.89 × 0.545  
eB N uB 0.802 × 32 × 0.89 × 0.545 × 300 × 540 × 1 − 2
  ×10−6
   
 +2464 × (500 − 0.802 × 32) × (540 − 60) 

= 1385.9 kNm

From Figure 10.13(7), MuB = NuBeB′ = NuB [eB – (300 – 60)×10–3]

= 1385.9 – 1953.4×0.24 = 917.1 kNm

from which, eB′ = 917.1/1953.4 = 0.469 m

Since, eB′ > e′ (= 0.120 m), compression failure would occur as per Equation 10.3(14)a.

(b) Now, ultimate load Nu can be computed using the approximate approach as follows.

Equation 10.2(1)a: α1 = 1.0 − 0.003 × 32 = 0.904 but 0.72 ≤ α1 ≤ 0.85

Hence, α1 = 0.85

Equation 10.2(1): N=
uo [0.85 × 32 × (300 × 600 − 2 × 2464) + 2 × 2464 × 500] ×10−3
= 7226.0 kN

7226.0
=
Equation 10.3(22): Nu = 4274.2 kN
 7226.0  120
1+  − 1
 1953.4  469
Thus, the ultimate load Nu = 4274.2 kN
Tut5.1 (Q2 Section 5.9) For each of the reinforced concrete sections detailed in Figure 5.9(2),

compute the value of kd. Take f c′ =25 MPa and 32 MPa for the sections in Figures 5.9(2)a and b

respectively.

125 75 125

100
600

50

480
250
350
2 N20 4 N36

70
120

(a) (b)

Figure 5.9(2)
Note: all dimensions are in mm

Solution

For Section in Figure 5.9(2)a:

Assuming neutral axis (NA) to be in the flange,

k= ( pn) 2 + 2 pn − pn

628
in which p = Ast = = 0.00349 and as Table 2.2(1): Ec = 26700 for f c' = 25 MPa,
bd 600 × 300
E 200000
= s
n= = 7.49
Ec 26700

Hence, k = (0.00349 × 7.49) 2 + 2 × 0.00349 × 7.49 − 0.00349 × 7.49 = 0.204

Thus, kd = 0.204×300 = 61.2 mm > t = 50 mm, i.e., NA is in the web.

With NA in the web, taking moments of the compressive and tensile areas about the NA and equating
them, we get

600 × 50 × (300k – 50/2) + 120 × (300k – 50) × ((300k –50) / 2) = 7.49 × 628 × (300 – 300k)

or, 9000000k – 750000 + 120 (45000k2 – 7500k – 7500k + 1250) = 1411116 – 1411116k

or, 9000000k – 750000 + 5400000k2 –1800000k + 150000 = 1411116 – 1411116k

or, 5400000k2 + 8611116k – 2011116 = 0

Hence, k = 0.2067 and kd = 62.0 mm.

For Section in Figure 5.9(2)b:

Assuming NA to be within the top wedge,

k=

in which p = = 0.09379 and as Table 2.2(1): Ec = 30100 for = 32 MPa,

Hence, k = (0.09379 × 6.65) 2 + 2 × 0.09379 × 6.65 − 0.09379 × 6.65 = 0.65552

Thus, kd = 0.65552 × 580 = 380.2 mm > t = 100 mm, i.e., NA is beyond the top wedge in the
web.

With NA in the web, taking moments of the compressive and tensile areas about the NA and
equating them, we get
 75 × 100 × (kd – 100/2) + 325 × (kd – 100) × ((kd –100) / 2) = 6.65 x 4080 x (580 – kd)

( kd )
2

or, 7500kd – 37500 + 325 × ( –50kd –50kd + 5000) = 15736560 – 27132kd

2
or, 7500kd – 375000 + 162.5 (kd)2 – 32500kd + 1625000 = 15736560 – 27132kd

or, 162.5 (kd)2 + 2132kd – 14486560 = 0

−2132 ± (2132) 2 − 4 ×162.5 × (−14486560) −2132 ± 97060.85

Hence, kd = =
2 ×162.5 325
= 292.1 mm

Tut5.2 (Q3 Section 5.9)

A simply-supported rectangular beam, 340 mm wide and 630 mm deep (with d = 568 mm), is part of
a floor system which supports a storage area. The steel ratios pt = 0.008 and pc = 0.0025; Es = 200000

MPa and f c′ = 32 MPa. For g = 8 kN/m (including self-weight) and q = 8 kN/m, what is the maximum

effective span Lef beyond which the beam is not considered by AS 3600-2009 as complying with the
serviceability requirement for total deflection.

Solution

For the serviceability requirement for total deflection, using the minimum effective depth method,

Lef
d ≥
k1 ( Δ / Lef ) bef Ec
3
k2 Fd.ef

From Table 5.2(4), limiting value for simply-supported beam, ∆/Lef = 1/250 = 0.004

( )
1
3
f c′ ( 32 ) 3
1

As β = 1, 0.001 2
= 0.001 = 0.0032 which is < pt = 0.008
β 3 1

Hence, Equation 5.3(6):

 0.1 bd 3 
I ef = ( 5 − 0.04 × 32 ) × 0.008 + 0.002  bd 3 = 0.03176 bd 3 ≤   = 0.1 bd 3
 (1) 2 3 
 
Thus, Ief = 0.03176 bd3 from which Equation 5.5(2): k1 = 0.03176

5
For the simply-supported span, k2 =
384

From Table 2.2(1), for f c′ = 32 MPa, Ec = 30100 MPa

0.0025
Equation 5.4(3): kcs = 2 − 1.2 × 1.625
=
0.008
From Table 1.3(1), for storage area, ψs = 0.7 and ψl = 0.4

Therefore, since g = q = 8 kN/m. Equation 5.5(7):

Fdef = (1.0 + 1.625) × 8 + ( 0.7 + 1.625 × 0.4 ) × 8 = 31.8 kN/m

Lef
Finally, Equation 5.5(1): 568 ≥
0.03176 × 0.004 × 340 × 30100
3  5 
  × 31.8
 384 
or, Lef ≤ 8317.4 mm

Hence, the maximum effective span for the compliance of serviceability requirement for total
deflection of AS 3600-2009, Lef =8.32 m

HW5.1 (Q3 Section 5.9)

A simply-supported beam of 12 m effective span having a cross section as shown Figure 5.9(2)b is

subjected, in addition to self weight, a dead load of 3 kN/m and a live load of 3 kN/m. Take f c′ = 32

MPa and consider the beam to be part of a domestic floor.

a. What is the short-term maximum deflection?

b. Does the beam satisfy the Australian Standard’s minimum effective depth requirement
for total deflection?

Solution

a. Position of the neutral axis for the transformed section for the cross section given in
Figure 5.9(2)b has been determined in Problem 2 (Tut5.2) as, kd = 292.1 mm

Thus, for the fully cracked section as shown in the following figure,
 b1d13 b2 d 23 b3 d33
I cr =
+ + + nAst (d − kd ) 2
3 3 3
125 ×192.1 75 × 292.13 125 ×192.13
3
= + + + (6.65 × 4080) × (580 − 292.1) 2
3 3 3
9 4
= 3.462687 ×10 mm
125 75 125

100
kd = 292.1

192.1
287.9
nAst = 27132 mm2

Now, for the determination of the gross moment of inertia (Ig) for the uncracked section, first the
neutral axis (NA) of the section can be obtained from the following figure as

[(550 × 325) × (550 / 2)] + [(75 ×100) × (550 + 100 / 2)]

NA = 288.087 mm
[(550 × 325) + (75 ×100)]
125 75 125
100
261.913

NA
550

288.087

325

125 × (261.913)3 75 × (361.913)3 125 × (261.913)3 325 × (288.087)3

Then, Ig = + + +
3 3 3 3
= 5.2725269×109 mm4
Ignoring the shrinkage-induced tensile stress, Equation 5.3(5):

5.2725269 ×109
=M cr × (0.6 × 32) = 62.11856 kNm
288.087
4080
=
Now, percent by volume of reinforcement, v = ×100 2.19%
(550 × 325) + (75 ×100)

Equation 2.4(1): ρw = 24.0 + 0.6×2.19 = 25.314 kN/m3

Thus, self-weight = [(0.550×0.325) + (0.075×0.100)]×25.314 = 4.715 kN/m

For short-term deflection, the load combination, G + ψ=

sQ [(4.715 + 3) + 0.7 ×
= 3] 9.815 kN/m

9.815 ×122
Hence, =Ms = 176.67 kNm
8
Equation 5.3(2):

3.462687 ×109
I ef = 2
= 3.616143×109 mm4
 3.462687 ×10   62.11856  9
1 − 1 − 9  
 5.2725269 ×10   176.67 

A 4080
Now,=
pt = st = 0.0216 > 0.005, for which Ief.max = Ig > Ief = 3.616143×109 mm4, which is
bd 325 × 580
acceptable.

Hence, Ief = 3.616143×109 mm4

Finally, from Equation 5.2(1) in conjunction with Table 5.2(1) and with Ec = 30100 from Table 2.2(1),
the maximum short-term deflection at mid-span,

wL4 5 9.815 ×120004

∆=
αw =
× =
24.35 m
Ec I ef 384 30100 × 3.616143 ×109

b. In order to check whether the beam satisfies the Australian Standard’s minimum
effective depth requirement for total deflection, we need to use the Standard’s
minimum effective depth formula i.e. Equation 5.5(1).

1
From Table 5.2(4), limiting value of ∆ =
Lef = 0.004
250

( )
1
3
f c′ ( 32 ) 3
1
4080
As β = 1, 0.001 2
= 0.001 = 0.0032 which is < pt = Ast = = 0.0216
β 3 1 bd 325x580
Hence, Equation 5.3(6):
 0.1 bef d 3 
I ef = ( 5 − 0.04 × 32 ) × 0.0216 + 0.002  bef d 3 = 0.0824 bef d 3 ≤   = 0.1 bef d 3
 (1) 2 3 
 
Thus, Ief = 0.0824 befd3 from which Equation 5.5(2): k1 = 0.0824

5
For the simply-supported span, k2 =
384
Also, Ec = 30100 MPa and kcs = 2

From Table 1.3(1), as the beam is part of a domestic floor, ψs = 0.7 and ψl = 0.4

Therefore, since g = (3 + 4.715) = 7.715 kN/m and q = 3 kN/m, Equation 5.5(7):

Fdef = (1.0 + 2) × 7.715 + ( 0.7 + 2 × 0.4 ) × 3 = 27.645 kN/m

12000
Finally, Equation 5.5(1): d ≥ or, d ≥ 577.81 mm
0.0824 × 0.004 × 325 × 30100
3  5 
  × 27.645
 384 
Thus, d = 580 mm > drequired = 577.81 mm

Hence, the beam satisfies the Australian Standard’s minimum effective depth requirement for total
deflection.

Tut5.3 (Example 6.3.8, page 135) A T-beam with a simply supported span of 6 m is subjected
to a concentrated live load P = 700 kN, as shown in Figure 6.3(4)a; the cross-sectional details are given
in Figure 6.3(4)b. Design the beam for shear, assuming fc′ = 20 MPa.
700 kN
1200

100
3m 3m
800 828
8 N28
V V*
70 42

do
300

Figure 6.3(4) Details of the example T-beam: (a) loading configuration and shear
force diagram and (b) cross-sectional details
Note: cross-sectional dimensions are in mm unless specified otherwise.
Solution:
Design shear
From Table 2.3(1) we obtain Ast = 4928 mm2 and the gross sectional area Ag = 1200 ×
100 + 770 × 300 = 351000 mm2, based on which the steel percentage by volume
4928
v
= × 100
= 1.4%
351000

Then Equation 2.4(1): ρw = 24 + 0.6 × 1.4 = 24.84 kN/m3 and the self-weight
g = (0.1× 1.2 + 0.77 × 0.3) × 24.84 = 8.72 kN/m

The maximum shear can be determined via Equation 1.3(2) as

V 1.2Vg + 1.5Vq
=
= 1.2 × 8.72 × 3 + (1.5 × 700) / 2
= 31.4 + 525
= 556.4 kN

The de sign shear may be taken to be the shear at a distance do (= 828 mm) from the
support. Or from Figure 6.3(4)a
3 − do 3 − 0.828
V * =525 + × 31.4 =525 + × 31.4 =547.7 kN
3 3

Section adequacy

Check the maximum section capacity in shear using Equation 6.3(1) and we have
  cot θ v  
Vu.max = 0.55  f c'bw d v  
 1 + cot θ v  
2


For the given section,

dv = [0.72D, 0.9d]max = [(0.72 × 870), (0.9 × 800)]max = [626.4, 720] = 720 mm
and using the simplified method, θ v = 36˚

  cot 360  
Finally, Vu.max
= 0.55  20 × 300 × 720 ×    × 10 = 1129.9 kN from which
−3

  1 + cot 2 360  

φVu.max = 0.75 × 1129.9 = 847.4 kN > V*=547.7 kN

Thus D = 870 mm is acceptable.

Concrete shear capacity

Next, compute Vuc
f c′
= 20 4.47 MPa < 8 MPa, which is acceptable.
=

Asv Asv.min
Using simplified method, for ≥ , k v = 0.15
s s
Then Equation 6.3(4): Vuc = kv bw d v f c' = 0.15 × 300 × 720 × 4.47 ×10−3 = 144.8 kN
And=
φVuc 0.75
= Vuc 108.6 kN < V * =547.7 kN

Thus, shear reinforcement is required.

Shear reinforcement
If, say, vertical ties made of N12 bars are used, we have
2 113 =
Asv =× 226 mm 2

(547.7 − 108.6)
Equation
= 6.3(17): Vus = 585.5 kN
0.75

That is,
Asv f sy.f d v cot θ v 226 × 500 × 720 × cot 36°
=s = = 191.3 mm (say190 mm),
Vus 585.5 × 103

which also satisfies Equation 6.3 ( 22 ) .

Reinforcement arrangement
The layout is as shown in Figure 6.3(5).
700 kN

N12 8 N28

15@190 mm = 2850 mm 150 mm

Figure 6.3(5) The layout of shear reinforcement for the example in Section 6.3.8

For the full length of the beam, we require a total of (16 + 16) = 32 ties, with the
spacing between the two ties on either side of the load at mid-span increased to 300
mm for obvious reasons. As the shear force is due mainly to the 700 kN of concentrated
load and the distribution is almost uniform, it is acceptable that the chosen tie spacing
(s) is used throughout. In cases where the shear distribution varies greatly, s may vary
accordingly along the span to suit, but the detailing requirements specified in Clause
8.3.2.2 of the Standard (AS 3600-2018) must be met (see Section 6.3.7).