Session 3

Solid Mechanics
NEC2102
College of Engineering and Science
Professor Sam Fragomeni

Email: Sam.Fragomeni@vu.edu.au
Session 3
Moment of Inertia: Parallel Axis Dr Vincent Wang
Email: Vincent. Wang@vu.edu.au
Theorem, Radius of Gyration
STAFF
Professor Sam Dr Vincet Wang

Fragomeni
STRUCTURAL
CENTRE ANALYSIS
OF GRAVITY MOMENTS OF INERTIA RADIUS OF GYRATION
Introduction
Centre of Gravity and Centroid
Moments of Inertia
Radius of Gyration
Example Problems
CENTRE OF GRAVITY MOMENTS OF INERTIA RADIUS OF GYRATION
Centre of Gravity and Centre of Mass for a System
of Particles
Centre of Gravity
• Locates the resultant weight of a system of particles
• Consider system of n particles fixed within a region of space
• The weights of the particles can be replaced by a single
(equivalent) resultant weight having defined point G of application
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Centre of Gravity and Centre of Mass for a System
of Particles
Centre of Gravity
• Resultant weight = total weight of n particles
WR = ∑ W
• Sum of moments of weights of all the particles about x, y, z axes =
moment of resultant weight about axes
• Summing moments about the x axis,
x WR = ~
x1W1 + ~
x2W2 + ... + ~
xnWn
• Summing moments about y axis,
yWR = ~
y1W1 + ~
y2W2 + ... + ~
ynWn
• Rotating the coordinate system 90° about x or y axis with

particles fixed & summing moments about x axis,
z WR = ~
z1W1 + ~
z 2W2 + ... + ~
z nWn
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
centre of Gravity and centre of Mass for a System of
Particles
Centre of Gravity
x= ∫ ~x dW
;y = ∫ ~ydW
;z = ∫ ~z dW
• Generally,
∫ dW ∫ dW ∫ dW
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Particles
Centre of Mass
• Provided acceleration due to gravity g for every particle is
constant, then W = mg ∑ ~x m ∑ ~y m ∑ ~z m
x= ;y = ,z =
∑m ∑m ∑m
• By comparison, the location of the centre of gravity coincides with
that of centre of mass
• Particles have weight only when under the influence of
gravitational attraction, whereas centre of mass is independent of
gravity
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
INTERNAL
CENTRE OF FORCES
GRAVITY CENTRE
MOMENTSOFOF
GRAVITY
INERTIA MOMENTS OFGYRATION
RADIUS OF INERTIA
Particles
Centre of Mass
∫ ∫ ∫
~x dm ~ydm ~z dm
x= ;y = ;z =
• Generally,
∫ dm ∫ dm ∫ dm
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Particles
Centroid of a Volume
• Consider an object subdivided into volume elements dV, for
location of the centroid,
∫ ~x dV
∫ ~ydV
∫ ~z dV
x =V ;y =V ;z = V
∫ dV ∫ dV ∫ dV
V V V
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Particles
Centroid of an Area
• For centroid for surface area of an object, such as plate and shell,
subdivide the area into differential elements dA
∫ ~x dA
∫ ~ydA
∫ ~z dA
x=A ;y = A ;z = A
∫ dA ∫ dA ∫ dA
A A A
Example 1
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Solution 1
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Example 6.1
Example 6.1
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Composite Bodies
• Consists of a series of connected “simpler” shaped bodies, which
may be rectangular, triangular or semicircular
• A body can be sectioned or divided into its composite parts
• Accounting for finite number of weights
∑~
xW ∑~
yW ∑~
zW
x= y= z=
∑W ∑W ∑W
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Composite Bodies
The I - beam is commonly used in

building structures. When analysing
an I – beam for max stress
calculations, the location of the
centroid is very important.
How can we easily determine the

location of the centroid for a given
beam shape?
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Composite Bodies
Procedure for Analysis

Composite Parts
• Divide the body or object into a finite number of composite parts that have simpler
shapes
• Treat the hole in composite as an additional composite part having negative weight or
size
Moment Arms
• Establish the coordinate axes and determine the coordinates of the centre of gravity or
centroid of each part
Summations
• Determine the coordinates of the centre of gravity by applying the centre of gravity
equations
• If an object is symmetrical about an axis, the centroid of the objects lies on the axis
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Composite Bodies
Steps for analysis
1. Divide the body into number of segments. Holes are considered as pieces
with negative weight or size.
2. Make a table with the first column for segment number, the second column
for weight, mass, or size (depending on the problem), the next set of
columns for the moment arms, and, finally, several columns for recording
results of simple intermediate calculations.
3. Fix the coordinate axes, determine the coordinates of the centre of gravity of
centroid of each piece, and then fill-in the table.
4. Sum the columns to get x, y, and z. Use formulas like
x
∼
= ( Σ xi Ai ) / ( Σ Ai ) or x
∼
= ( Σ xi Wi ) / ( Σ Wi )
This approach will become clear by doing examples.
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Example 6.4
Locate the centroid of the plate area.
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Solution 6.4
Composite Parts
Plate divided into 3 segments.
Area of small rectangle considered “negative”.
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Solution 4
Moment Arm
Location of the centroid for each piece is determined and indicated in
the diagram.
Summations ∑~
xA − 4
x= = = −0.348mm
∑ A 11.5
∑~
y A 14
y= = = 1.22mm
∑ A 11.5
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Example 2
Given: Two blocks of different
materials are assembled as shown.
The weight densities of the materials
are
ρA = 86.8 kN / m3 and
ρB = 260.4 kN / m3.
Find: The centre of gravity of this
assembly.
Solution
1. In this problem, the blocks A and B can be considered
as two segments.
2. Weight = w = ρ (Volume in cm3)
wA = 86.8 (0.5) (6) (6) (2) / (10)3 = 3.125N
wB = 260.4 (6) (6) (2) / (10)3 = 18.75N
Solution 2
Segment w (N) ∼x (cm) ∼y (cm) ∼

z (cm) w x∼ w ∼y w z∼
(N.cm) (N.cm) (N.cm)
A 3.125 4 1 2 12.5 3.125 6.25
B 18.75 18.75 56.25 56.25
1 3 3
Σ 21.88 31.25 59.38 62.5
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Solution 2
x = (Σ ~x w) / ( Σw ) = 31.25/21.88 = 1.47 cm
y = (Σ ~y w) / ( Σw ) = 59.38/21.88 = 2.68 cm
z = (Σ ~z w) / ( Σw ) = 62.5 /21.88 = 2.82 cm
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Example 3
STRUCTURAL
CENTRE ANALYSIS
OF GRAVITY MOMENTS OF INERTIA RADIUS OF GYRATION
Introduction
Moment of Inertia
Definitions of Moments of Inertia

for Areas
Parallel-Axis Theorem for an Area
Radius of Gyration of an Area
Moments of Inertia for Composite

Areas
Example Problems
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Moment of inertia
Inertia = natural tendency of an
object to resist changes in its
state of motion.
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Moment of inertia
•Many structural members like

beams and columns have cross
sectional shapes like I, H, C, etc..
•Why do they usually not have solid
rectangular, square, or circular
cross sectional areas?
•What primary property of these

members influences design
decisions? How can we calculate
this property?
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Concept of Moment of Inertia
•Consider a plate submerged

in a liquid. The pressure of a
liquid at a distance z below
the surface is given by
p = γ z, where γ is the
specific weight of the liquid.
•The force on the area dA at that point is dF = p dA.

The moment about the x-axis due to this force is z (dF).
The total moment is ∫A z dF = ∫ A γ z2 dA = γ ∫A( z2 dA).
•This sort of integral term also appears in solid mechanics

when determining stresses and deflection. This integral
term is referred to as the moment of inertia of the area of
the plate about an axis.
Definition of Moments of Inertia for Areas
Moment of Inertia
• Consider area A lying in the x-y plane
• By definition, moments of inertia of the differential plane area dA
about the x and y axes
dI x = y 2dA dI y = x 2dA
• For entire area, moments of
inertia are given by
I x = ∫ y 2dA
A
I y = ∫ x 2dA
A
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Polar Moment of Inertia
• Formulate the second moment of dA about the pole O or z axis
• This is known as the polar axis dJ = r 2 dA
O
where r is perpendicular from the pole (z axis) to the element dA

• Polar moment of inertia for entire area,
J O = ∫ r 2 dA = I x + I y
A
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
10cm 3cm
10cm 3cm P
10cm
1cm x
R S
1cm (C)
(A) (B)
Consider three different possible cross sectional shapes and areas for
the beam RS. All have the same total area and, assuming they are made
of same material, they will have the same mass per unit length.
For the given vertical loading P on the beam, which shape
will develop less internal stress and deflection? Why?
The answer depends on the MoI of the beam about the x-
axis. It turns out that Section A has the highest MoI
because most of the area is farthest from the x axis.
Hence, it has the least stress and deflection.
Parallel Axis Theorem for an Area
• For moment of inertia of an area known about an axis passing
through its centroid, determine the moment of inertia of area
about a corresponding parallel axis using the parallel axis
theorem
• Consider moment of inertia of the shaded area
• A differential element dA is
located at an arbitrary distance y’
from the centroidal x’ axis
• The fixed distance between the parallel x and x’ axes is defined
as dy
• For moment of inertia of dA about x axis
dI x = ( y '+ d y ) dA
2
• For entire area

I x = ∫ ( y '+ d y ) dA
2
A
= ∫ y '2 dA + 2d y ∫ y ' dA + d y2 ∫ dA
A A A
• First integral represent the moment of inertia of the area about the
centroidal axis
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
• Second integral = 0 since x’ passes through the area’s centroid C

∫ y' dA = y ∫ dA = 0; y=0
• Third integral represents the total area A
• Similarly I x = I x + Ad y2
I y = I y + Ad x2
• For polar moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to the x-y

plane and passing through pole O (z axis)
J O = J C + Ad 2
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Radius of Gyration of an Area
• Radius of gyration of a planar area has units of length and is a
quantity used in the design of columns in structural mechanics
• For radii of gyration
Ix Iy JO
kx = ky = kz =
A A A
• Similar to finding moment of inertia of a differential area about an
axis
I x = k x2 A dI x = y 2dA
Example 6.9
Determine the moment of inertia for the rectangular area with respect
to (a) the centroidal x’ axis, (b) the axis xb passing through the base of
the rectangular, and (c) the pole or z’ axis perpendicular to the x’-y’
plane and passing through the centroid C.
Solution 6.9
Part (a)
Differential element chosen, distance y’ from x’ axis.
Since dA = b dy’,
h/2 h/2 1 3
I x = ∫ y ' dA = ∫ y ' (bdy ' ) = b ∫ y ' dy = bh
2 2 2
A −h / 2 −h / 2 12
Part (b)
By applying parallel axis theorem,
2
1 3 h 1 3
I xb = I x + Ad = bh + bh  = bh
2
12 2 3
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Solution 6.9
Part (c)
For polar moment of inertia about point C,
In a similar fashion to the x-axis moment of inertia:
1 3
I y ' = hb and therefore polar moment of I :
12
1
J C = I x + I y ' = bh(h 2 + b 2 )
12
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Moments of Inertia for Composite Areas
• Composite area consist of a series of connected simpler parts or

shapes
• Moment of inertia of the composite area = algebraic sum of the
moments of inertia of all its parts

Composite Parts
• Divide area into its composite parts and indicate the centroid of
each part to the reference axis
Parallel Axis Theorem
• Moment of inertia of each part is determined about its centroidal
axis
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Moments of Inertia for Composite Areas
• When centroidal axis does not coincide with the reference axis,
the parallel axis theorem is used
Summation
• Moment of inertia of the entire area about the reference axis is
determined by summing the results of its composite parts
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Example 6.11
Compute the moment of inertia of the composite area about the x axis.
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Solution 6.11
Composite Parts
Composite area obtained by subtracting the circle form the rectangle.
Centroid of each area is located in the figure below.
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Solution 6.11
Circle
I x = I x ' + Ad y2
= π (25) + π (25) (75) = 11.4 106 mm 4

1
4
4 2 2
( )
Rectangle
I x = I x ' + Ad y2
=
1
12
( )
(100)(150)3 + (100)(150)(75)2 = 112.5 106 mm 4
Summation
For moment of inertia for the composite area,
( ) ( )
I x = −11.4 106 + 112.5 106
( )
= 101 106 mm 4
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Example 3
Given: The beam’s cross-sectional area.

Find: The moment of inertia of the area
about the y-axis and the radius of
gyration ky.
Plan: Follow the steps for analysis.
[1] [2] [3]

Solution
1. The cross-sectional area can be divided into three rectangles (
[1], [2], [3] ) as shown.
2. The centroids of these three rectangles are in their centre.
The distances from these centres to the y-axis are 0 mm,
87.5 mm, and 87.5 mm, respectively.
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Solution 3
3. The MoI of a rectangle about its

centroidal axis is (1/12) b h3.
Iy[1] = (1/12) (25mm) (300mm)3
= 56.25 (106) mm4
[1] [2] [3]
Using the parallel-axis theorem,

IY[2] = IY[3] = IY’ + A (dX)2
= (1/12) (100) (25)3 + (25) (100) ( 87.5 )2
= 19.27 (106) mm 4
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Solution 3
4. Iy = Iy1 + Iy2 + Iy3
= 94.8 ( 106) mm 4
ky = √ ( Iy / A)
A = 300 (25) + 25 (100) + 25 (100) = 12,500 mm 2
ky = √ ( 94.79) (106) / (12500) = 87.1 mm
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Example 6.12
NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
Solution 3
THANK YOU
College of Engineering and Science
Victoria University
49 NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS

Session 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Session 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solid Mechanics

Professor Sam Fragomeni

Professor Sam Dr Vincet Wang

• Rotating the coordinate system 90° about x or y axis with

The I - beam is commonly used in

How can we easily determine the

Procedure for Analysis

Segment w (N) ∼x (cm) ∼y (cm) ∼

Σ 21.88 31.25 59.38 62.5

Definitions of Moments of Inertia

Parallel-Axis Theorem for an Area

Radius of Gyration of an Area

Moments of Inertia for Composite

•Many structural members like

•What primary property of these

•Consider a plate submerged

•The force on the area dA at that point is dF = p dA.

•This sort of integral term also appears in solid mechanics

where r is perpendicular from the pole (z axis) to the element dA

• For entire area

• Second integral = 0 since x’ passes through the area’s centroid C

• For polar moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to the x-y

• Composite area consist of a series of connected simpler parts or

Procedure for Analysis

= π (25) + π (25) (75) = 11.4 106 mm 4

Given: The beam’s cross-sectional area.

[1] [2] [3]

3. The MoI of a rectangle about its

[1] [2] [3]

Using the parallel-axis theorem,

4. Iy = Iy1 + Iy2 + Iy3

A = 300 (25) + 25 (100) + 25 (100) = 12,500 mm 2

ky = √ ( 94.79) (106) / (12500) = 87.1 mm

You might also like