Solid Mechanics

NEC2102
College of Engineering and Science

Professor Sam Fragomeni

Email: Sam.Fragomeni@vu.edu.au
Session 5 Dr Vincent Wang
Bending Email: Vincent. Wang@vu.edu.au

STAFF

Professor Sam Dr Vincet Wang

Fragomeni
 STRUCTURAL
STRESS ANALYSIS
STRAIN MECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Introduction
Bending
Revision
Bending Deformation
Unsymmetrical Bending
Composite Beams
Strain Energy
Poisson's Ratio
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Revision - Elements subjected to Bending and Shear

• You were previously exposed to derving bending moment and

shear force diagrams for the types of beams below.
• Refer to Sections 11.1 and 11.2 covered previously.

NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Revision Example 1

SFD 

BMD 

NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Revision Example 2

SFD 

BMD 

NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Revision Example 3

The shear diagram represents a plot of

Eqs. 1 and 3 

The moment diagram represents a plot of Eqs.

2 and 4 

NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Bending Deformation of a Straight Member

• Cross section of a straight beam remains plane when the beam

deforms due to bending.
• There will be tensile stress on one side and compressive stress on
the other side.

NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Bending Deformation of a Straight Member
• Longitudinal strain varies linearly from zero at the neutral axis.
• Hooke’s law applies when material is homogeneous.
σ = Eε
• Neutral axis passes through the centroid of the cross-sectional
area for linear-elastic material.
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
The Flexure Formula

• Resultant moment on the cross section is equal to the moment

produced by the linear normal stress distribution about the neutral
axis.

• By the right-hand rule, negative sign is compressive since it acts in

the negative x direction.
My
σ =−
I
σ = normal stress in the member
M = resultant internal moment
I = moment of inertia
y = perpendicular distance from the neutral axis
1
DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
0
The Flexure Formula

• A condition for flexure formula is a symmetric cross-sectional

area about an axis perpendicular to neutral axis (symmetric
bending)
• The flexure formula can also be applied either to a beam
having x-sectional area of any shape
• OR to a beam having a resultant moment that acts in any
direction (Unsymmetric Bending – see later)
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Flexural Formula Derivation

My
σ =−
I
Derivation
(M R )Z = ∑ M Z ;
y 
M = ∫ ydF = ∫ y (σdA) = ∫ y σ max dA
A A
c 
σ max
c ∫A
M= y 2 dA

Mc
σ max =
I
My
σ =−
I
DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Example 11.12
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Example 11.12 (cont)
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Example 11.12 (cont)
DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Example 11.13
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Example 11.13 (cont)
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Example 11.13 (cont)
DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Unsymmetrical Bending
• Moment arbitrarily applied

Mz y M yz
= + σ =− +
Iz Iy

• Alternatively, identify the orientation of the principal axes (of

which one is the neutral axis)
• Orientation of neutral axis: I
tan α = z tan θ
Iy

= +
DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Unsymmetrical Bending

Moment Arbitrarily Applied

• We can express the resultant normal stress at any point on the cross
section in general terms as

= +

σ = normal stress at the point

Mz y M yz y, z = coordinates of the point measured from x, y, z axes
σ =− + My, Mz = resultant internal moment components directed
Iz Iy along y and z axes
Iy, Iz = principal moments of inertia computed about the y
and z axes
DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Unsymmetrical Bending

Orientation of the Neutral Axis

• The angle α of the neutral axis can be determined by
applying σ = 0,

= +

Iz
tan α = tan θ
Iy
DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Example 1

A T-beam is subjected to the bending moment of 15 kNm. Determine the maximum

normal stress in the beam and the orientation of the neutral axis.

Solution:
Both moment components are positive,

M y = (15) cos 30° = 12.99 kNm

M z = (15)sin 30° = 7.50 kNm
For section properties, we have

z=
∑ z A = (0.05)(0.1)(0.04) + (0.115)(0.03)(0.2) = 0.0890 m
∑A (0.1)(0.04) + (0.03)(0.2)
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Example 1 (cont)

Using the parallel-axis theorem, I = I + Ad 2 the principal moments of inertia are

thus

Iz =
1
12 12
( )
(0.1)(0.04)3 + 1 (0.03)(0.2)3 = 20.53 10−6 m 4
1 2
I y =  (0.04 )(0.1) + (0.1)(0.04 )(0.089 − 0.05) 
3

12 
1 2
( )
+  (0.2 )(0.03) + (0.2 )(0.03)(0.115 − 0.089 )  = 13.92 10 −6 m 4
3

12 
The largest tensile stress at B and greatest compressive stress at C.
Mz y M yz
σ =− +
Iz Iy
7.5(− 0.1) 12.99(0.041)
σB = − + = 74.8 MPa
(
20.53 10 −6
) (
13.92 10 −6
)
7.5(0.02) 12.99(− 0.089 )
σC = − + = −90.3 MPa (Ans)
(
20.53 10 −6
) 13.92 10 (
−6
)
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Example 1 (cont)

y must represent the axis for minimum principal moment of inertia, and z must
represent the axis for maximum principal moment of inertia.

( )  tan 60°
 20.53 10 −6
tan α = 
 13. 92( ) 
10 −6

α = 68.6°
DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Example 2
The rectangular cross section shown in Fig. 11–33a is subjected to a bending moment of
12 kN.m. Determine the normal stress developed at each corner of the section, and
specify the orientation of the neutral axis.

Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved

 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Example 2 (cont)
Solutions
cont.)
• The moment is resolved into its y and z components, where

My = −
4
(12) = −9.60 kN ⋅ m
5
Mz =
3
(12) = 7.20 kN ⋅ m
5
• The moments of inertia about the y and z axes are

Iy =
1
12
(0.4)(0.2)3 = 0.2667 10−3 m 4( )
1
12
3
(
I z = (0.2 )(0.4 ) = 1.067 10 −3 m 4 )

Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved

 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Example 2 (cont)
Solutions
• For bending stress,
11.5M(cont.)
y M z
σ =− z
+ z
Iz Iy

σB = −
( ) +
( )
7.2 103 (0.2) − 9.6 103 (− 0.1)
= 2.25 MPa (Ans)
( )
1.067 10 −3 ( )
0.2667 10 −3
7.2(10 )(0.2) − 9.6(10 )(0.1)
3 3
σ =− + = −4.95 MPa (Ans)
1.067(10 ) −3
0.2667(10 ) −3
C

7.2(10 )(− 0.2 ) − 9.6(10 )(0.1)

3 3
σ =− + = −2.25 MPa (Ans)
1.067(10 ) 0.2667(10 )
−3 −3
D

7.2(10 )(− 0.2 ) − 9.6(10 )(− 0.1)

3 3
σ =− + = 4.95 MPa (Ans)
067(10 ) 0.2667(10 )
−3 −3
E
• The1.resultant normal-stress distribution has been sketched using these
values, Fig. 11–33b.

Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved

 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Example 2 (cont)
Solutions
• The location z of the neutral axis (NA), Fig. 11–33b,
LE 11.5
can be(cont.)
established by proportion.
2.25 4.95
= ⇒ z = 0.0625 m
z (0.2 − z )
• We can also establish the orientation
of the NA using Eq. 11–19, which is used
to specify the angle that the axis makes
with the z or maximum principal axis.

Iz
tan α = tan θ
Iy

tan α =
( )
1.067 10 −3
tan (− 53.1°) ⇒ α = −79.4° (Ans)
0.2667 10( )
−3

Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved

DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Composite Beams (not examined)

• In reality, Beams constructed of two or more different materials are

referred to as composite beams.
• The transformation factor is a ratio of the moduli of the different
materials that make up the beam.
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Example 1

A composite beam is made of wood and reinforced with a steel strap located on its
bottom side. It has the cross-sectional area as shown. If the beam is subjected to a
bending moment of 2 kNm, determine the normal stress at points B and C. Take Ew
= 12 GPa and Est = 200 GPa.

Solution:
We will transform the section into one made entirely of steel.

bst = nbw =
12
(150) = 9 mm
200
The transformed section is as shown.
The location of the centroid (neutral axis),

y=
∑ y A = (0.01)(0.02)(0.150) + (0.095)(0.009)(0.15) = 0.03638 m
∑A (0.02)(0.15) + (0.009)(0.15)
 DEFORMATION UNSYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE
Example 1 (cont)

The moment of inertia about the neutral axis is therefore

1 2
I NA =  (0.15)(0.02 ) + (0.15)(0.02 )(0.03638 − 0.01) 
3

12 
1 2
+  (0.009 )(0.15) + (0.009)(0.15)(0.095 − 00.03638) 
3

12 
( )
= 9.358 10 −6 m 4
Applying the flexure formula, the normal stress at B’ and
C is
2(0.17 − 0.03638)
σ B' = = 28.6 MPa
9.358 10 (
−6
)
2(00.03638)
σC = = 27.87 MPa (Ans)
(
9.358 10 −6 )
The normal stress in the wood at B is σ B = nσ B ' =
12
(28.56) = 1.71 MPa (Ans)
200
THANK YOU
NEC2102

College of Engineering and Science

Victoria University

31 NEC2102
SOLID MECHANICS