CHAPTER IV: PURE BENDING

•Pure Bending
•Preliminary Discussion of The Stresses In Pure Bending.
•Deformation In a Symmetric Member In Pure Bending.

•Stress and Deformation In The Elastic Range.

•Bending of Member Made of Several Materials.

•Stress Concentrations.

•Eccentric Axial Loading in A Plane of Symmetry.

•General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading.

1
 PURE BENDING
• When a member is subject to equal and opposite couples, M’ and M, acting in
the same longitudinal plane, the member is said to be in pure bending.
•Take a cross section C in prism AB.
The conditions of equilibrium of the
portion AC of the member require that Prismatic Member
the elementary forces exerted on AC by
the other portion be Equivalent to the
couple M.
•Internal forces in any member in pure
bending are equivalent to a couple.
+ Ve c

-Ve T
2
c
 PURE BENDING

•An example of Pure •An example of an •An example of a member

Bending Moment eccentric loading of a subjected to transverse
member : Bending loads: Bending Moment
Moment + Axial Force. and Shear.

3
 .Deformation In a Symmetric Member In Pure Bending
• After bending the member remains
symmetric with respect to plane of symmetry.
The line AB (originally a straight line) will
transform to a circle of center C and so the
line A’B’. Note that the section passes
through C remains plane before and after
bending. However, this discussion does not
rule out the possibility of deformation within
the plane of the section.
•Suppose that the member is divided into a large number of small cubic
elements with faces respectively parallel to the three coordinate planes.

4
 .Deformation In a Symmetric Member In Pure Bending
•Since all the faces represented in the two projections are at 90oC to each
other , we conclude that:

xy = zy = xy = zy = 0

•The deformations involved do not require any interaction between the
elements of a given transverse cross section, we shall assume:

y = z = yz =0
•We conclude that the only nonzero stress component exerted on any of
the small cubic elements considered here is the normal component x,
thus, at any point of slender member in pure bending, we have a state of
uniaxial stress.
•Recalling that for M 0, lines AB and A’B’ are observed, respectively, to
decrease and increase in length, we note that the strain {x} and the stress
{x} are negative in the upper portion of the member (compression) and
positive in the lower portion (tension). It follows from the above that there
must
5
exist a surface parallel to the upper and lower faces of the member,
where {x} and {x} are zero. This surface is called the Neutral Surface.
 .Deformation In a Symmetric Member In Pure Bending
•Denote:  as radius of arc DE,  as central angel
corresponding to DE and observe that the length of
DE is equal to L of the undeformed member. We
write: L =  
•Consider now the arc JK located at a distance y
above the neutral surface, we note that its length L’
is: L’ = (-y) . Since the original length of JK was
equal to L , the deformation of JK is:
 = L’-L = (-y) -   = -y 

But x = /L = -y/   = -y/ ……(I)

From (I), we note that the longitudinal normal strain {x}
•From
varies linearly, throughout the member, with the distance y
from the internal surface. Denoting C as largest distance
from the new neutral surface, the maximum absolute value
of strain is found to: m =C/ ………………..….(II)
6 (I) and (II), we write: x = {-y/ C} m .…..(III)
From
 .Stress and Deformation In The Elastic Range
In order to be able to calculate x , the neutral axis should be located. To do
so, we will assume that the normal stresses in the member remain below the
yield strength, y. This means that, for all practical purposes, the stresses in
the member will remain below the proportional limit and the elastic limit as
well. Thus, we could write:

x = E x But, x = {-y/ C} m, From which x = {-y/ C} m

Where m denotes the maximum absolute value of stress. This result shows
that, in the elastic range, the normal stress varies linearly with the distance
from the neutral surface.
•We showed before,   x dA  0, From which :
y    m 
  m dA   ydA    0   ydA  0
 C   C 
•This equation shows that the first moment of the cross section about its neutral
axis must be zero. In other words, for a member subjected to pure bending, and
as long as the stresses remain in the elastic range, the neutral axis pass through
the centroid
7 of the section.
 .Stress and Deformation In The Elastic Range

:We also showed that   y xdA  M Substitute for  x , we get :

 y  
m y 2dA  M
  y    m dA  M OR 
 C  C
•Recalling that in the case of pure bending the neutral axis passes through the
centroid of the cross section, we note that I is the moment of inertia OR second
moment of the cross section with respect to a centroidal axis perpendicular to
the plane of couple M. Therefore, we write the Elastic Flexure Formula as:
MC My
m  OR  x 
I I
•Note that I/C depends only
upon the geometry of cross
section. This ratio is called the
elastic section modulus and is
denoted by S. Therefore we
write:
M
m 
8 S
 .Stress and Deformation In The Elastic Range
•Since the maximum stress m is inversely proportional to the elastic
section modulus, S, it is clear that beams should be designed with as large a
value of S as practical.
Hot Rolled Steel Sections

1 3
I bh 1 1 Section Properties are listed in Your
S  12  bh 2  Ah
C h 6 6 Textbook Appendices
2
•The deformation of the member caused by the bending moment M is
measured by the curvature of the neutral surface. The curvature is defined as
reciprocal of the radius of curvature {}, thus:

1 m m 1  m MC 1 M
9
 But  m  Hence :   
 C E  EC I EC EI
 .Stress and Deformation In The Elastic Range

W840x299:
A=38100 mm2 d=855 mm b=400 mm,
tf=29.2 mm tw=18.2 mm;
Ix=4790 mm4 Iy=312 mm4
10
11
12
13
14
 EXAMPLE

For shown beam and x-section: (a) 50 kN 50 kN

calculate maximum compressive and 2m
tensile stresses; and (b) Draw shearing
stress distribution;

Solution:-

Locate centriod, and calculate I:

( 200x320)(160)  (80x 400)x360
y  227 mm y
( 200x320  80x400)
80mm

kN.m
1

m

I z   x 200x3203  200x320x( 227  160)2  

100 kN.

V=50 kN.m
12  z
320mm
1 2
 x 400x80  ( 400x80)x(360  227) 
3

12 
 1416.6x106 mm 4 OR 1416.6x106 m 4

200mm
100mm

100mm
 EXAMPLE
Shear and Moment Diagram
(A) Normal Stresses
100x103 x(0.4  0.227)
50 kN
(c )max    12.2 MPa
1416.6x106 S.D
100x103 x(0.227)
( t )max   16.0 MPa
1416.6x106
100 kN.m
B.M.D
(A) Shearing Stress Distribution

376.4 kP a
y

752.8 kPa
80 mm
At Po int a : Q  80x400x( 360  227)x109  4266x10 6 m 3

906.7 kPa
( 227)2
At Po int Centroid : Q  200x x10 9  5138x10  6 m 3
2
50x103 x4266x106
 
xy Flange

1416.6x10 6 x0.40
 376.4 kPa

50x103 x4266x10  6 Stress

 
xy web

1416.6x10 6 x0.20
 752.8 kPa

50x103 x5138x10 6
 
mm
xy Centroid

1416.6x10  6 x0.20
 906.7 kPa 227
 Example

Knowing that the couple shown acts in a vertical plane, determine the
stress at Points A and B, and Curvature (1/).
Solution:-
E=200 GPa
1 1 M=15 kN.m
Iz  b2 h23  b1h13
12
   12
  
I2 I2

1

12

80(120) 3  40(80) 3 
 9813.33  10 9 m 4

20mm
Mc A 15  103 N .m(0.04 m) A
A    9 4
 61.1MPa
Iz 9813.33  10 m N.A.

mm
McB 15  103 N .m(0.06 m)

80
B    9 4
 91.65MPa
Iz 9813.33  10 m

20mm
3
B
1  M  15  10 N .m
 0 . 0076426
1
 EI E (9813.33  10 9 )m 4 m 40mm
17 z 20
mm
20mm
 Example

Knowing that a beam of the cross section shown is bent about a horizontal
axis and that the bending moment is 5.5 kN.m, determine the magnitude of
the stress on the top flange.
-:Solution
I. Calculate Iz:

I Z   I  Ad 2 
7.7MPa y
  
 I1  0  2 I 2  A2 d 2
2
 C1

40mm
1 1 2 4.28MPa
 b1h13  2 b2 h23  A2 d 2 
12  12  C2
1 1
  

100mm
 50(100) 3  2 150(40) 3  6000(70) 2  z
12  12 
 (4166.66  60400) 103 mm 4

70mm
1
I Z  64.57 10 6 m 4

40mm
2
7.7MPa 50mm 50mm 50mm
3 m
My 5.5  10 N.m(0.09 )
 C1    6 4
 7.7MPa
I 64.57  10 m
 Example

For the shown beam and cross

section find normal maximum stress
on the beam.
-:Solution
y
40mm
36 kN.m

z
z 100mm

40mm
30 kN
S.D
50mm
50mm

50mm

I Z  64.57  10 6 m 4 36 kN.m
B.M.D
M zC 36,000x0.09
( x )max   6 4
 50 MPa
IZ 64.57  10 m
19
 Bending of Member Made of Several Materials
•The derivation(s) given before were based on the assumption of a
homogenous material with a given modulus of elasticity E. If the member,
subject to pure bending, is made of two or more materials with different
moduli of elasticity, our approach to the determination of the stresses in the
member must be modified.
•It should be noted that the neutral axis does not pass through the centroid
of the composite section. The expressions obtained for normal stress in each
materials will also be different. We write:

20
 Bending of Member Made of Several Materials

E1 y E2 y
 1  E1 x    2  E 2 x  
 
E1 y
Thus, dF1   1dA   dA .......(I)

E y
dF2   2 dA   2 dA.......(II)

E
Denote n  Modular Ratio  2 we have :
E1
E1 y
dF2   2 dA   (ndA).......(III)


•Comparing II and III, we note that the same forces dF2 would be exerted
on an element of area ndA of the first material. In other words, the
resistance to bending of the bar would remain the same if both portions
were mode of the first material, providing that the width of each elements
of the lower portion were multiplied by the factor {n}.
21
 Bending of Member Made of Several Materials
•Note that the widening (if n>1), or
narrowing (if n<1) must be done in
direction parallel to the neutral axis of
the section, since its essential that the
distance y of each element from the
neutral axis remain the same. The new
obtained cross section, in this case, is
called the transformed section, this a
homogenous cross section of modulus of
E1.
•The determination of neutral axis and
x on this section is as done in previous
section. We write:
My
m  
I
I is the moment of inertia of the
transformed section and y is the distance
from22 neutral surface.
 Bending of Member Made of Several Materials
To obtain 1 at a point located in the upper portion of the cross section of
the original composite bar, we shall simply computes the stress x at the
corresponding point of the transformed section. To obtain the stress 2:

•Calculate x at the lower portion and at any point.

•Calculate 2 as nx.
•The deformation of a composite member may also be determined by
using the transformed section. Thus. We write:
1 M

 E1 I T
•An important example of
structural member made
of two materials is
reinforced concrete beams.
Mx
c 
I
M (d  x)
s  n
I

23
 Bending of Member Made of Several Materials
•To determine the location of the N.A, we write that the first moment of the
transformed section with respect to the neutral axis must be zero. Thus.,
x
(bx )  nA s (d  x )  0 OR
2
1 2
bx  nA s x  nA sd  0
2
•Solving for x, we obtain both N.A location and the portion of concrete
which is effective. Stress are determined as we did earlier.
bf
For T-beams: hf
x
Assume x  hf , then we write:
N.A.
1
b f x 2  nA s x  nA sd  0 d
2
If x > hf, then we write:
hf 1
(b * h )(x  )  (x  h )2 xb  nA (d  x)  0 bw
f 24 f 2 2 f w s
 Stress Concentrations
•In general, if a moment M is applied through a rigid and smooth plates, on a member
with a pane of symmetry and uniform cross section, the flexure formula would be
accurate throughout the entire length of the member. However, under other conditions
of load application, the stress concentration will exist near the points where the loads
are applied. Higher stress will also occur if the cross section of the member undergoes a
sudden change. Two cases are considered here:

Flat bar with a sudden

•The distribution of change in width .Flat bar with grooves
stresses in the critical
cross section depends
only upon the geometry
of the member. Thus, the
maximum stress in the
critical cross section may
then be expresses as:

MC
m  k
I
Where k is the stress –
concentration
25
factor.
26
27
 Example
A concrete beam is reinforced by three steel rods placed as shown. The
modulus of elasticity is 20GPa for the concrete and 200GPa for the steel.
Using an allowable stress of 10 MPa for the concrete and 150 MPa for steel,
determine the largest bending moment which may be applied to beam.

-:Solution
x
1 2

450mm
bx  nA s x  nA s d  0
2 N.A.
0.225 2
x  0.0136x  0.0136(0.45)  0 d-x
2
nA=0.0136m 2 A=.00136 m2
0.1125 x 2  0.0136x  0.00612  0
 b  b 2  4ac
x
2a
225mm
 0.0136  0.0136 2  4(0.1125 )(o.00612)
x  0.180m
2(0.1125 ) A s  3(0.012) 2   0.00136
E s 200
n   10
28 Ec 20
 Example
Calculate IT:
1
I T  (0.225)(0.18) 3  0.0136( 0.45  0.18) 2
3
 0.0004374  0.00099144 m 4
 0.00142884 (14.29x10-4 ) m 4
Calculate stress in concrete:
M1c  M(0.180)
C     10  10 6

IT 14.29x10 4
 M1  79.4 kN.m
Calculate stress in Steel:
M 2 (d  c) M(0.450  0.180)
S  n   150  10 6

IT 14.29x104
 M 2  79.4 kN.m
29
30
31
 Eccentric Axial Loading in A Plane of Symmetry

•Consider the case of eccentric loading

shown and pass a section through point
C. At this section we have a moment
and an axial force.

•Detached DE from member AB and show

internal forces. The segment DE is subjected
to a constant moment M and an axial force P.
•Apply the principle of superposition, we
would have a constant stress distribution due
to P and a linear distribution due to M.

32
 Eccentric Axial Loading in A Plane of Symmetry

P P My
x   My x  
A x  A I
I

Notes:
•The neutral axis does not coincide with the centroidal axis of the
section, since x  0 for y =0.
•The results obtained above will be valid if:
-Stresses < proportional limits  to apply principle of
superposition.
•Deformations due to bending must not appreciably affect distance (d).
•cross section, where stresses are computed, must not be close to D or E.
33
34
35
 Example

-:Solution

36
 Example

37
 Unsymmetric Bending

•When the couple acts on vertical plane of

symmetry of the x-section, the neutral axis would
coincide with the axis of the couple {Symmetric
Bending}.
•There are a situations where bending couples do
not act in a plane of symmetry of the member,
either :
- Because they act in a different plane OR

Unsymmetric Bending Symmetric Bending

38
 Unsymmetric Bending

- Because the member does not posses

any plane of symmetry.
In such situation, we cannot assume that the member
will bend in the plane of couples, nor the neutral axis
of the section to coincide the axis of the couple.
Conditions under which the N.A of a x-section of
arbitrary shape coincides with the axis of the couple
M representing the forces acting on that section are
determine as follows.
Unsymmetric Bending

39
 Unsymmetric Bending
We have established before:
X  component :   x dA  0........................(A )
Moment about Y  axis :  Z x dA  0........(B )
Moment about Z  axis :   y xdA  M ....(C)
my
Substitute  x   in Equation (B), we get :
C
my
z dA  0 OR  yzdA  0 OR I yz  0
C
Iyz is the product of inertial of the cross section with respect to the y and z
axes. Iyz will be zero if these axes are the principal centroidal of the x-
section.
Conclusion: the N.A of the x-section will coincide with the axis of the couple
M representing the forces acting on the section if, and only if, the couple
vector M is directed along one of the principal centrodial axes of the x-
section.
40
 Unsymmetric Bending

Examples of
Symmetric Bending.

•The principle of superposition may

be used to determine stresses in the
most general case of unsymmetric
bending. Consider the member seen
in the following figure.
•Resolving the vector M into
component vectors Mz and My,
along the z and y axes, respectively,
we write: M z  MCos M y  MSin
41
 Unsymmetric Bending
•Since the Y and Z axes are the principal centroidal axes of the cross
section, we may use the formula  = MC/I to determine stresses resulting
from the application of either of the couples represented by Mz and My.
•The couple Mz acts in vertical plane and bends the member in that
plane. On the other hand, My acts in a horizontal plane and bends the
member in that plane. Thus, resulting stresses are given by:

Mzy
x    x is positive for y  0 and Negative for y  0
Iz
Myz
x   x is positive for z  0 and Negative for z  0
Iy

42
 Unsymmetric Bending

The principle of superposition may be used to determine stresses in the

most general case of unsymmetric bending. We write:

Mzy Myz Where Iz is the moment of inertia of the

x    section about the principle centroidal Z-axis
Iz Iy
and Iy is moment of inertial of the section
about the principle centriodal Y-axis.

•The above expression can be used to compute the

stresses in an unsymmetric section, such as the one
shown, once the principal centroidal Y and Z axes
have been determined.
•To locate the N.A., the above Flexural
Formula is equated to Zero, and Mz and My
are substituted for. We write:
 Iz 
y tan   z
I 
43
 y 
 Unsymmetric Bending

The equation is that of a straight line of slope m=(Iz/Iy)tan. Thus, the

angle  that the N.A. forms with the Z-axis is defined by the relation:
Iz
tan   tan 
Iy
Where  is the angle that the Coupe M forms with the same axis. Note
that:
   when I z  I y and    when I z  I y

Thus, the N.A. is always located

between the couple vector M and
the principal axis corresponding to
the minimum moment of inertia.

44
 General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
The general case of eccentric loading is
presented in shown beams. The axial
load P acts with bi-axial eccentricity;
equivalent to biaxial moments about Z
and Y axes and an axial force P. To
obtain the stress at a surface S, the
superposition principle is adopted.
This yields:
P Mzy Myz
x   
A Iz Iy

Setting the normal stress value to zero,

we obtain the equation of a straight line,
which represents the N.A. of the section.
We write:
Mzy Myz P
 
Iz Iy A
45
 Example

A 1.5 kN.m couple M is applied to abeam of the cross section

shown in a plane forming an angle  with vertical. Knowing that
the y and z axes are principal centroidal axes of the cross section,
calculate the stress at A, B, D and E for a value of  of 30o. Also,
.locate the N.A
y

A  B

12.5mm 25mm 12.5 mm

z  33 mm
z
I y  1.145  10  6 m 4

I z  0.7  10  6 m 4 .
E D
75
mm

46
 Example

-:Solution

Resolve M into two components and Locate N.A.:

Note that N.A.
M z  M cos   1.5  cos 300  1.30 kN.m Should be Near to
M y  M sin   1.5  sin 300  0.75 kN.m the component of
“M” that is smaller
The angle  that N.A froms with the z  axis :
Iz Iz 0.7
Tan   Tan   Tan   Tan 300  0.352
Iy Iy 1.145 y

A  B
   19.440
Mz
z

 My
.
N.A
47 E D
 Example

Mzy Myz 1.3 103 (0.025) 0.75 103 (0.033)

A     6

Iz Iy 0.7  10 1.145 106
 46.4MPa  21.6MPa  68MPa
 1.3 103 (0.025) 0.75  103 (0.075  0.033)
B  6

0.7  10 1.145  106
 46.4MPa  27.5MPa  18.9MPa
 E  46.4MPa  21.6MPa  24.8MPa
-68MPa y -18.9MPa
 D  46.4MPa  27.5MPa  73.9MPa
A B


.
N.A
E D
24.8MPa
48
73.9MPa