COURSE NAME : MECHANICS OS SOLIDS

COURSE CODE : II51CE106

FACULTY NAME: Mr. BALAJI. C, AP/CIVIL

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INTRODUCTION
 When external load acts on a beam Shear Force and Bending Moment are
generated across the beam.
 Due to the Shear Force and Bending Moment the beam undergoes certain
deformations.
 The material of the beam generates resistance/stress against this
deformation.
 The stresses developed against bending moment is known as bending
stress.
 Similarly the stresses developed against Shear Force is known as Shear
stress.
PURE BENDING / SIMPLE BENDING
 If a length of a beam is subjected to constant B.M and zero S.F, then the 2
stresses developed in section will be only due to Bending Moment.
 Hence the section that beam is said to be in Pure Bending
 Stresses developed across that length of the beam are known as bending
stresses.

 The Portion of the beam between A to B is in Pure Bending.

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ASSUMPTIONS IN THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING

 The material of the beam is homogeneous and isotropic.

 The value of Young’s modulus is same in tension and compression.
 The transverse section plane before bending, remain plane after bending.
 The beam is initially straight and all longitudinal filaments bend into
circular arcs with a common center of curvature.
 The radius of curvature is large compared to the dimensions of the cross
section
 Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract independently of the
layer above or below it.

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THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING
From Fig (a) . . .
 Consider N-N is the axis of the beam
 AB and CD are the normal sections to axis N-N, which are at
a distance of δx.
 Here AC is the top layer and BD is the bottom layer. Initially
all the layers are having same length.

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From Fig (b)…..
 After bending some of the layers shortens in length and some of the
layers extends in length.
 AC shortens to A’C’ and BD elongated to B’D’.
 Similarly there will be layer neither shortens nor elongated. This layer is
known as Neutral Layer or Neutral Surface. ( N-N to N’-N’)
 This neutral layer in cross section is known as Neutral Axis.

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From Fig (b)…..
 The layers above N-N get shortens in length these layers are subjected
to compressive stresses.
 The layers below N-N gets elongated in length these layers are
subjected to tensile stresses.
 Compressive stress will be max., at the top layer(A’C’) and tensile stress
will be max., at the bottom layer(B’D’).

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EXPRESSION FOR BENDING STRESS
 Fig(a) shows small length (δx) of a beam subjected to simple
bending, due to the action of bending the portion of the beam
deformed as shown in fig(b). Let A`B` and C`B` meet at O.
 R = Radius of Neutral layer N`N`
 θ = Angle subtended at O by A`B` and C`D`.

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CONDITIONS OF SIMPLE BENDING
 The above equation is applicable to a member which is subjected to a
constant bending moment and the member is absolutely free from shear
force.
 But in actual case the B.M is varies from section to section and also
shear force is not zero.
 But shear force is zero at a section where bending moment is
maximum.
 Hence the bending equation can be applied to those sections where B.M
is maximum and corresponding stresses can be calculated.
 Hence the bending equation is used to find stresses in design of beams
and structures.
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BENDING STRESSES IN SYMMETRICAL SECTIONS
 The N.A of symmetrical sections (such as circular, rectangular or
square) lies at a distance of d/2 from the outer most layer of the section,
where d is the diameter for circular section or depth for a rectangular or
a square section
 There is no stresses at N.A.
 But the stress at a point is directly proportional to its distance from the
neutral axis.
 Maximum stress occurs at outermost layers.
 For a simply supported beam there compressive stress above N.A and
tensile stress below N.A.

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BENDING STRESSES IN SYMMETRICAL SECTIONS

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Problem 1. A steel plate of width 120mm and of thickness 20mm is
bent into a circular arc of radius 10m. Determine the maximum stress
induced and the bending moment which will produce the maximum
stress. Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2.

SOL:
Given:
Width of plate b = 120 mm
Thickness of plate t = 20 mm

Moment of Inertia I = (bt3/12) = (120 x 203 / 12)

I = 8 x 104 mm4

Radius of Curvature R = 10m = 10 x 103 mm

Young’s Modulus E = 2 x 105 N/mm2.

Let σmax = Maximum stress induced, 25

M = Bending Moment
 σ 𝐸
Using Bending Equation =
𝑦 𝑅

𝐸
σ= y
𝑅

The above eqn., gives the stress at a distance y from N.A.

Stress will be maximum, when y is maximum. But y will be maximum

at the top layer or bottom layer.

ymax = (t/2) = (20/2) = 10 mm

Now the above eqn. can be rewritten as

𝐸
σmax = ymax
𝑅
2 ∗ 105
= ( ) ∗ 10
10 ∗103

= 200 N/mm2
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 𝑀 𝐸
Using Bending Equation =
𝐼 𝑅

𝐸
M= I
𝑅

2 ∗ 105
=( ) * 8 * 104
10 ∗103

= 16 x 105 N. mm = 1.6 kN.m

Problem 2:
Calculate the maximum stress induced in a cast iron pipe of external diameter
40mm, internal diameter of 20mm and of length 4m when the pipe is
supported at its ends and carries a point load of 80 N at its centre.

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SECTION MODULUS

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S.No Beam Maximum B.M.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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6.
Problem: A rectangular beam 200mm deep and 300 mm wide is simply
supported over a span of 8m. What uniformly distributed load per
metre the beam may vary, if the bending stress is not to exceed 120
N/mm2.

Sol:
Given:

Depth of beam (d) = 200 mm Fig. 1

Width of beam (b) = 300mm
Length of beam (L) = 8m
Max. bending stress σmax = 120 N/mm2.

Let w = UDL/m length over the beam.

Fig. 2 shows the section of the beam.

Max. B.M (or) Moment of resistance (M) = σmax .Z Fig. 2

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For Rectangular Section;
𝑏𝑑2 300 ∗2002
Section Modulus Z = 6 = 6

Z = 2000000 mm3

Max. B.M. for a simply supported beam carrying UDL as shown in fig. is at the
centre of the beam. It is given by

𝑤 𝐿2
M= 8

𝑤 ∗ 82
= 8

= 8w N.m = 8000w N.mm

Now using the above equation (M) = σmax .Z

8000w = 120 x 2000000

w = (120 x 2000000)/8000
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w = 30000 N/m
w = 30 kN/m
Problem: An I –section shown in fig. is simply supported over a span of
12m. If the maximum permissible bending stress is 80N/mm2, what
concentrated load can be carried at a distance of 4m from one support?
Sol:
Given:
Bending Stress, σmax = 80 N/mm2
Bending Equation.,
𝑴 𝝈 𝑬
= =
𝑰 𝒚 𝑹

Let W = Concentrated load carried at a

distance of 4m from support B in N

To find Max B.M (which will be at point C where concentrated load is 35

acting), first calculate the reactions RA and RB.
Taking Moment about A, we get
RB x 12 = W x 8
RB = 8W/12
RB = 2W/3
RA + RB = Total load = W
RA = W – (2W/3)
RA = (W/3)

B.M at point C = RA x 8 = (W/3) x 8

Max B.M = (8W/3) N. m

𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎
M = 𝑾 𝑵. 𝒎𝒎 36
𝟑
Now find the moment of inertia of the given
I –section about N.A.

100 ∗2253 100−7.5 ∗ 225 −2 ∗11.5 3

I= −
12 12

I = 94921875 – 63535227.55
I = 31386647.45 mm4

Now using the relation

𝑀 𝜎
=
𝐼 𝑦

𝑴 𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙
(or) =
𝑰 𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙

Where ymax = (225/2) = 112.5 mm

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Now substituting the known values we get

8000𝑊
( ) 80
3
=
31386647.45 112.5

80 3
W= x 31386647.45 x
112.5 8000

W = 8369.77 N

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Problem 1: A rectangular beam 300mm deep is simply supported over a
span of 4m. Determine the uniformly distributed load per metre which
the beam may carry, if the bending stress should not exceed 120N/mm2.
Take I = 8 x 106 mm4

Problem 2: A beam is simply supported and carries a UDL of 40 kN/m

run over the whole span. The section of the beam is rectangular having
depth as 500mm. If the maximum stress in the material of the beam is
120 N/mm2 and moment of inertia of the section is 7 x 108 mm4, find the
span of the beam.

Problem 3: A water main of 500mm internal diameter and 20mm thick

is running full. The water main is of cast iron and is supported at two
points 10m apart. Find the maximum stress in the metal. The cast iron
and water weigh 72000 N/m3 and 10000 N/m3 respectively. 42
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BENDING STRESSES IN UNSYMMETRICAL SECTIONS
 In case of symmetrical sections, the N.A passes through the
geometrical centre of the section.
 But in case of unsymmetrical sections such as L, T sections, the N.A.
does not pass through the geometrical centre of the section.
 Hence the value of y for the topmost layer or bottom layer of the
section from N.A will not be same.
 So for finding bending stress bigger value of y is used.
 Hence to find N.A. first centre of gravity of the section should be
calculated.

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Problem: A cast iron bracket subjected to bending has the cross-section
of I-form with unequal flanges. The dimensions of the section are shown
in fig. Find the position of the neutral axis and moment of inertia of the
section about the neutral axis. If the maximum bending moment on the
section is 40 MN.mm, determine the maximum bending stress. What is the
nature of the stress.

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Problem: A cast iron beam is of T – section as shown in fig. The beam is
simply supported on a span of 8m. The beam carries a UDL of 1.5 kN/m
length on the entire span. Determine the maximum tensile and maximum
compressive stresses.

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STRENGTH OF A SECTION
 The strength of a section means the moment of resistance offered by
the section and moment of resistance is given by,

𝑀 𝜎
=
𝐼 𝑦
𝜎
M= xI
𝑦

M=σxZ
Where M = Moment of resistance
σ = Bending stress, and
Z = Section Modulus

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 M=σxZ

 Hence for a given value of allowable stress, the moment of resistance

depends upon the section modulus.
 The section modulus therefore represents the strength of the section.
 Greater the value of section modulus, stronger will be the section.
 The bending stress at any point in any beam section is proportional to
its distance from the neutral axis. Hence the max. tensile and
compressive stresses in a beam section are proportional to the
distances of most distant tensile and compressive fibres from the
neutral axis.
 Hence for the purposes of economy and weight reduction the material
should be concentrated as much as possible at the greatest distance
from the N.A.
 In practice, by providing beams of I section, it is achieved

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Problem: A beam is of square section of the side ‘a’. If the permissible
bending stress is ‘σ’, find the moment of resistance when the beam
section is placed such that
(i) Two sides are horizontal
(ii) One diagonal is vertical. Find also the ratio of the moments of
resistance of the section in the two positions.

Sol:
Given: Fig(a) shows the square beam section when two sides are
horizontal, Fig(b) shows the square beam where one diagonal is vertical.

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Moment of resistance is given by
M=σxZ

Let M1 = Moment of resistance of the

Square beam when two sides are horizontal,
M2 = Moment of resistance of the
Square beam when one diagonal is vertical

Since bending stress is same for both the cases,

M1 = σ x Z1
M2 = σ x Z2
where Z1 = Section modulus when two sides are horizontal
Z2 = Section modulus when one diagonal is vertical
𝒂 ∗𝒂𝟑
𝑰𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟒 𝟐 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝒅𝟑
Z1 = = = ∗ = (I1 = )
𝒚 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒂/𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝒂 𝟔 𝟏𝟐

𝒂𝟑 60
M1 = σ x
𝟔
 𝟐 ∗𝒃𝒉𝟑
𝑰𝟐 𝟏𝟐
Z2 = =
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒂/√𝟐
(Moment of inertia of triangle about
its base is 𝒃𝒉𝟑/12)
𝒂
(where base b = 𝟐 𝒂 and h = )
𝟐

𝟐 𝒂 𝟑
𝟏𝟐
∗ 𝟐𝒂 𝒂𝟑
𝟐
= 𝒂 =
( ) 𝟔 ∗ √𝟐
𝟐

𝒂𝟑
M2 = σ x
𝟔 ∗ √𝟐

Ratio of moment of resistance of the section in two positions

𝒂𝟑
𝑴𝟏 (σ x 𝟔 )
= = = √𝟐 = 1.414
𝑴𝟐 𝟑
(σ x 𝒂 ) 61
𝟔∗ 𝟐
Problem: Three beams have the same length, same allowable bending
stress and same bending moment. The cross-section of the beams are a
square, rectangle with depth twice the width and a circle. Find the
ratios of weights of the circular and rectangular beams with respect to
square beams.

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