MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

WEEK-1

Midterm: %50
Final: %50
Mukavemetin mekanik bilimindeki yeri

ELEKTRİK FİZİK OPTİK

MEKANİK

RİJİT CİSİMLERİN MEKANİĞİ ŞEKİL DEĞİŞTİREBİLEN

(ŞEKİL DEĞİŞİMİ YOK) CİSİMLERİN MEKANİĞİ

KATI CİSİMLERİN AKIŞKANLAR

MEKANİĞİ MEKANİĞİ
DİNAMİK
STATİK

 MUKAVEMET
KINEMATICS KINEMATICS
 The purpose of mechanics of material

 To determine the optimum design parameters of a structure under given loading

conditions. Then your structure works safely at working conditions.

As an engineer, you should;

 understand how a body deform under aplied loads.
 determine the correct dimensions of your structure in order to have long term and safe
service life.
 Engineering Structures
Gears, shafts, and bearings are the main part of machines
 Engineering Structures
Pressure vessels
Engineering Structures

Wind Turbines Cranes

 Design Limitations

1-Safety: You need to make sure that the strength of the structure is much less
than the applied load.
2-Cost: As an engineer, you should avoid using excessive material in your
structure due sto cost issue.
3-Manufacturability: Your perfect design is not actually perfect if your
structure can not be manufactured by manufacturing methods.
 Loading Types

Based on application direction Based on application time

1-Axial loading 2-Dynamic loading
1-Static loading
2-Torsional loading  Impact loading
3-Bending loading  Repeated loading
Loading Types based on application direction

1.AXIAL LOADING
Loading Types based on application direction

2.TORSIONAL LOADING
Loading Types based on application direction

3.BENDING LOADING
 Loading Types based on application time
STATIC LOADING
 Force has constant size, position, and direction.
 Live loads are also considered as static loads becuase their magnitude slowly increase in
time
 Loading Types based on application time
DYNAMIC LOADING
 The size, position, and direction of the force may change over time.

Impact loading Repeated loading

 Loading Types based on application time
DYNAMIC LOADING
 The size, position, and direction of the force
may change over time.
Assumptions:
The materials are assumed to be:
 Elastic
 Isotropic
 Continuous
The loading type is assumed to be:
 Static
•UNIT I CONCEPT OF STRESS
 STRESS
 Whether a structure will fail or not depends not only upon the magnitude of the force but
also upon the cross sectional area.

 Loads in a structure are distributed over the cross sectional area of the structure and
create stress in that section.

𝑭 𝜎 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐹 𝜎 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 =
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠=𝜎= 𝑅
𝐴
STRESS UNITS
𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
2
𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 ( 𝑃𝑎)=𝑁 /𝑚
3 3 2
𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 ( 𝑘𝑃𝑎 )=10 𝑃𝑎=10 𝑁 / 𝑚
6 6 2
𝑚𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 ( 𝑀𝑃𝑎 )=10 𝑃𝑎=10 𝑁 / 𝑚
2 −6 2 6 2
𝑁 /𝑚𝑚 =𝑁 / 10 𝑚 =10 𝑁 / 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠h 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
2
𝑝𝑠𝑖=𝑙𝑏 / 𝑖𝑛
k
 STRESS TYPES
1. NORMAL STRESS (EKSENEL GERİLME)
2. SHEARING STRESS (KAYMA GERİLMESİ
3. BEARING STRESS (YATAKLAMA GERİLMESİ)

NORMAL STRESS
 Stress perpendicular to the plane of the section is called normal stress.

Plane of the section

 This formula implies that the load is
𝐹 distributed over the entire cross section
𝜎 𝑎𝑣𝑒=
𝐴 area. Therefore, this stress is equal to the
average value of the stress
NORMAL STRESS
 The concentrated loads actually create the maximum stress at the application point and
varies across the cross section.

 The stress is equal to average stress after some distance

from the application point. In practice, we will assume
that the distribution of normal stress in an axially loaded
members is uniform.
SHEARING STRESS
 The forces in the plane of section create shearing stress.
 Shearing stresses are commonly found in bolts, pins, and rivets.

Bolt subject to single shear

𝐹
𝜏 𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝐴
SHEARING STRESS
Bolt subject to double shear

𝐹
𝜏 𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
2𝐴
BEARING STRESS
 Bolts, pins, and rivets create stresses in the members they connect, along the bearing
surface, or surface of contact.

𝐹
𝜎 𝑏=
𝑡𝑑
E1 Find the stresses in each member and connections
E1
E1
Solution

Equlibrium equations
E1
Equlibrium in AB rod

Resultant force in BC rod Resultant force in AB rod

√
𝐹 𝐵𝐶= (𝐶¿¿𝑥)2+(𝐶¿¿ 𝑦)2= √ 302 +402=50𝑘𝑁¿ ¿
√
𝐹 𝐴𝐵= ( 𝐴¿¿ 𝑥) +( 𝐴¿¿ 𝑦) =√ 40 +0 =40𝑘𝑁 ¿¿
2 2 2 2

Tension
Compression
E1 Determinataion of Normal Stresses in members

Normal Stress in AB rod

50 mm 3
40 kN 40 kN 40 𝑥 10 𝑁
𝜎 𝐴𝐵= =26.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎(Compressive)
( 30 𝑚𝑚 ) (50 𝑚𝑚)

30 mm

Normal Stress in BC rod

50
kN

50 𝑥 103 𝑁
m 𝜎 𝐵𝐶 = 2
=159 𝑀𝑃𝑎(Tensile)
m 𝜋 (10 𝑚𝑚)
20
50
kN
E1 Determination of normal stresses in connections

30 mm AB END

50 mm
d

20 mm BC END
40 mm

d
E1 Determination of shearing stresses in connections

Pin C Pin A
E1 Determination of shearing stresses in connections

Pin B
𝑘𝑁
2 5
=
𝑃 𝐽

𝑘𝑁
5
=2
𝑃𝐺

0 𝑘𝑁
= 5
𝐹 𝐵𝐶
E1 Determination of bearing stresses in connections

At Pin A At Pin B
AB rod t=30 mm AB rod

50 mm
d

3
20 𝑥 10 𝑁
𝜎 𝑏= =40 𝑀𝑃𝑎
(20 𝑚𝑚)(25 𝑚𝑚)
E1 Determination of bearing stresses in connections

At Pin B At Pin C
20 mm
BC rod BC rod

40 mm
d

3
50 𝑥 10 𝑁
𝜎 𝑏= =100 𝑀𝑃𝑎
(20 𝑚𝑚)(25 𝑚𝑚)

3
50 𝑥 10 𝑁
𝜎 𝑏= =100 𝑀𝑃𝑎
(20 𝑚𝑚)(25 𝑚𝑚)
E2-sample problem 1.1
In the hanger shown, the upper portion of link ABC is 3/8 in. thick and the lower portions are each 1/4
in. thick. Epoxy resin is used to bond the upper and lower portions together at B. The pin at A is of 3/8 -
in. diameter while a 1/4-in.-diameter pin is used at C. Determine (a) the shearing stress in pin A, (b)
the shearing stress in pin C, (c) the largest normal stress in link ABC, (d) the average shearing
stress on the bonded surfaces at B, (e) the bearing stress in the link at C.

Solution
Determination of forces
E2-sample problem 1.1 Determination of shear stresses

Shear stress in pin A

Shear stress in pin C

 E2-sample problem 1.1 Determination of Normal Strsesses in link ABC

Normal Stress in AB member Normal Stress in BC members

750 𝑙𝑏 (750 / 2)𝑙𝑏

𝜎 𝐴𝐵= =1600 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝜎 𝐵𝐶 = =1200 𝑝𝑠𝑖
(0.375 𝑖𝑛)(1.25 𝑖𝑛) (0.25 𝑖𝑛)(1.25 𝑖𝑛)

Normal Stress in joint A Normal Stress in joint C

(750 /2) 𝑙𝑏
750 𝑙𝑏 𝜎 𝐵𝐶 , 𝐶 = =1500 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜎 𝐴𝐵 , 𝐴= =2286 𝑝𝑠𝑖 (0.25 𝑖𝑛)( 1.25 𝑖𝑛− 0.25)
( 0.375 𝑖𝑛)(1.25 𝑖𝑛 − 0.375𝑖𝑛)

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒌 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒏 𝒋𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑨.
E2-sample problem 1.1

Shearing Stress on the bonded surfaces

 E2-sample problem 1.1 Determination of Bearing Stresses in the connections

Bearing Stress at A Bearing Stress at C

𝐹
𝜎 𝑏, 𝐴=
𝑡𝑑

(750/ 2) 𝑙𝑏
𝜎 𝑏, 𝐶= =6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
750 𝑙𝑏 (0.25 𝑖𝑛)( 0.25 𝑖𝑛)
𝜎 𝑏 , 𝐴= =5333 𝑝𝑠𝑖
( 0.375 𝑖𝑛)(0.375 𝑖𝑛)