Aero Structures-Basic Elasticity

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Suggested Readings

Chapter 1
of
Aircraft Structures for Engg. Students/Aircraft Structural Analysis

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 Topics
• Familiarisation with the following concepts;
• Stress in deformable bodies
• Equations of equilibrium
• Plane stress condition
• Principal stresses
• Mohr’s circle of stress
• Von Mises stress and failure
criterion
• Strain in deformable bodies
• Equations of compatibility
• Plane strain condition
• Principal strains
• stress-strain relationship
• Mohr’s circle of strain
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 Introduction

• As stress engineers, you are required to obtain stresses inside

a structure due to external loading
• Before learning structural analysis methods, it is necessary to
have a better understanding of stress and strain in a 3D body

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Stress
Arbitrary shaped 3D body In equilibrium

Continuous
deformable
material

Free body diagram

(cut through plane nn)

Resultant of external
forces at point O is δP

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 Notation of stresses

• The resultant stress is

resolved into the following
components;
• Perpendicular to δA, i.e.  z .
It is also called “direct stress”
• Parallel to δA, i.e.  zx , zy .
They are also called “shear
stresses”

The first subscript denotes The second subscript denotes

the plane it is acting on the direction it is acting on

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 Sign convention of stresses

• Direct stresses are

positive if they point out
of the surface, i.e. tensile
stresses
• Shear stresses are
positive if they act in the
positive direction of the
relevant axis in a plane
on which the direct tensile
stress is in the positive
direction of the axis

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Equations of equilibrium

Generally, except in cases of uniform stress, the direct

and shear stresses on opposite faces of an element are
not equal but differ by small amounts

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 Equations of equilibrium

• Imposing equations
of equilibrium on
the body  M  0
about the red line
gives;

• Following similar
manner we can get;

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 Equations of equilibrium

• Imposing equations
of equilibrium on
the body  Fx  0
 Fy  0 ,  Fz  0
gives;

Body forces in x, y
and z directions
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 Plane stress
• Due to thin sections in most aircraft structures,
stresses in one of the dimensions could be regarded
as negligible or zero.
• Let’s assume z axis is the thin direction, i.e.
 z   xz   yz  0
• Our problem simplifies to a 2D problem as below;
0
0
0

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 Examples of plane stress problems

• A prismatic structure is
under plane stress if
one of its dimensions
(thickness) is much
smaller than the other
two and all the loads
are contained in the
middle plane of the
structure. The analysis
domain is the middle
section

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 Boundary conditions

• Equilibrium must
also be satisfied
at all positions on
the boundary of
the body where
the components of
the surface force
per unit area Xare
,Y , Z .

where l, m, and n become the direction cosines of the

angles that a normal to the surface of the body
makes with the x, y, and z axes, respectively

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 Stresses on inclined planes

• Stresses on planes
blue, orange and
green might not be
the critical ones
• What if the yellow
plane is critical?
• How do we
calculate stresses
on the yellow plane
knowing stresses
on the others?

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 Stresses on inclined planes
Stresses on Stresses on an
2D body inclined plane

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 Principal stresses

• Direct and shear stresses values change on each plane as θ changes

• There are two planes, Principal planes, on which shear stresses are
zero and direct stresses are either maximum or minimum
• Direct stresses on Principal planes are called Principal stresses
• To obtain the max and min we equate derivative of stress to zero
leading to identification of that particular plane;

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 Principal stresses

•  There are two answers for this, i.e. and

• It means there are two mutually perpendicular

planes. Stress on one of them is max and on the
other one is min

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Principal stresses

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 Principal stresses

•  From trigonometry we know that;

tan  cos  
1
sin   2
2
tan   1 tan   1
• Replacing α with and and considering
produces;

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Principal stresses

 I   II

Major (max) Minor (min)

principal stress principal stress

• Assignment to solve the missing

trigonometric calculations

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 Alternate
Method

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 Normal and shear stress components
• Using the established sign convention, the element in fig.
9.6a is sectioned along the inclined plane defined by +x’
and the segment shown in fig 9.6b is isolated.
From F.B.D shown in fig. 9.6c applying the equations
of force equilibrium we get the normal and shear
stress component relationship along x’ and y’ axes.
Simplifying these two equations using the following
trigonometric relationship we get normal and shear stress
equations in x’ and y’ planes [eq. 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3 below].

9.1

9.2

9.3
Example 1
• An axial force of 600N acts on the steel bar as shown
in fig. 9-3a. Determine the stress components acting
on a plane defined by section a-a.
Solution 1
Solution 2
Example 2

• The state of plane stress at a point on the

surface of the airplane fuselage is represented
on the element oriented as shown in fig.
represent the state of stress at the point on
another element that is oriented 30 degrees
clockwise from the position shown.
Solution
The element is sectioned by line a-a. Analyzing
the bottom segment:
The normal and shear stress components acting on
the inclined face along section a-a are:
Stresses on the perpendicular plane b-b
Summation of forces along x’ and y’ axes
The stress components are
 Mohr’s circle of stress

• The state of stress in a deformable body can be

illustrated by Mohr’s circle
• Previously we established that;

Re-writing
Square it and add it to
the shear term below

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 Reminder from maths

• Equation of circle;

• Compare the following

with the equation of a
circle;

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Mohr’s circle
Angles on the
circle become
twice as much

Minor (min) Major (max)

principal stress principal stress

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 Note (convention for Mohr’s circle)
• When
  the shearing stress exerted on a given face tends to
rotate the element clockwise, the point on Mohr’s circle
corresponding to that face is located above the axis
• When the shearing stress on a given face tends to rotate the
element counter-clockwise, the point corresponding to that
face is located below the axis

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 Example

• If stress state on two mutually perpendicular planes,

i.e. A and B, at a point in the structure is given,
determine the following;
• Draw Mohr’s circle
• Obtain principal stresses
• Obtain maximum shear stress
• The angle of principal planes with
planes A and B

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 Solution
( ave , max ) 

A  ( 80,25)

( c ,0) ( t ,0)
 80  50 c 
c   ave   15
2 R
B  (50,25)
R  50  15 2
 252  69.6
 t  c  R  15  69.6  54.6 MPa
 c  c  R  15  69.6  84.6 MPa ( ave , max )
 max  R  69.6 MPa
 Solution
25 25 ( ave , max ) 
sin 2   
R 69.6
2  21.05 deg
A  ( 80,25)
  10.52 deg
(84.6,0) (54.6,0)

c 2 
R
B  (50,25)

( ave , max )

 Tutorial 1

• Direct stresses of 160N/mm2 (tension) and 120N/mm2

(compression) are applied at a particular point in an
elastic material on two mutually perpendicular planes.
The principal stress in the material is limited to
200N/mm2 (tension). Using Mohr’s circle calculate the
allowable value of shear stress at the point on the
given planes. Determine also the value of the other
principal stress and the maximum value of shear
stress at the point.
(see Example 1.3 of Ref [1] on page 18 for solution)

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 Tutorial 2

• A structural member supports loads that produce, at

a particular point, a direct tensile stress of 80N/mm 2
and a shear stress of 45N/mm2 on the same plane.
Calculate the values and directions of the principal
stresses at the point and also the maximum shear
stress, stating on which planes this will act.
(see P1.1 of Ref [1] on page 41 for the answer. You may also
refer to “Stress-Strain_Tutorial_Solution.pdf” uploaded on BB for
detailed solution)

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 Tutorial 3
• Listed here are varying combinations of stresses
acting at a point and referred to axes x and y in an
elastic material. Using Mohr’s circle of stress,
determine the principal stresses at the point and their
directions for each combination.

(see P1.3 of Ref [1] on page 41 for the answer.

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