Warm-up Question (1): 1

• If any of the wonderful magical

things/characters in Harry Potter could be real, I
would definitely pick...
A. Flying broomsticks (time for some real
Quidditch!)
B. Chocolate Frogs
C. Invisibility Cloak
D. Portkeys
E. Talking paintings

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-
news/7477954/Harry-Potter-invisibility-cloak-prototype-created-by-
scientists.html
 Thought of the day 3

• Why do we need tensors to describe stress and strain?

• Even if a load is applied in only one position, in one direction on a
body—the internal stress distribution will not be homogenous nor
unidirectional
• Instead, stress may vary from position to position and stress is defined
as force/area—both of which are vectors (magnitude & direction)
• Stress (and strain) must be 2nd–rank tensors (which can be combined or
used with a vector)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plastic_Protractor_Polarized_05375.jpg http://www.dhondt.de/
 Review Question (3): 6

• The plate shown is fixed connected along AB and held in the horizontal
guides at its top and bottom, AD and BC. If its right side CD is given a
uniform horizontal displacement of 2 mm, determine (a) the average
normal strain along the diagonal AC, and (b) the shear strain at E relative
to the x,y axes.
First: What’s the new length along
AC?
A. 214.1 mm
B. 213.6 mm
C. 212.1 mm
D. 210.7 mm
E. 210.1 mm
 Review Question (4): 7

• The plate shown is fixed connected along AB and held in the horizontal
guides at its top and bottom, AD and BC. If its right side CD is given a
uniform horizontal displacement of 2 mm, determine the average normal
strain along the diagonal AC.
A. +1.34%
B. +0.669%
C. 0
D. −0.664%
E. −1.33%
 Review Question (5): 8

• The plate shown is fixed connected along AB and held in the horizontal
guides at its top and bottom, AD and BC. If its right side CD is given a
uniform horizontal displacement of 2 mm, determine the the shear strain
at E relative to the x,y axes.
A. +1.34%
B. +0.669%
C. 0
D. −0.664%
E. −1.33%
 Review: 9

• The plate shown is fixed connected along AB and held in the horizontal
guides at its top and bottom, AD and BC. If its right side CD is given a
uniform horizontal displacement of 2 mm, determine the average shear
strain at E.
 Objectives 10

• Define the condition of plane stress and explain why it’s useful
• Derive the equations for transformation in 2D using principles
of equilibrium
• Perform coordinate transformation of plane stress
• Learn to construct Mohr’s circle to visualize coordinate
transformation
 Transformation of stress and strain 12

Plane stress

Transformation of coordinates

Principal stresses and planes

Mohr s circle

Multiple loads in 3D
principal stresses, max shear stress
Plane strain
simplification of deformation to a plane
Transformation of coordinates
Transforming displacements from one
reference frame to another
 Plane stress 13

• A general state of stress has ____ unique

components:
• 3 normal: σx σy σz
• 3 shear: τyz τxz τxy
• The components depend on the ________
___________________
• There may be a plane which contains the
only nonzero stress components
• E.g., all loads contained in a plane
• Choose the xy coordinate system to
contain the nonzero stresses
• 2 normal: σx σy
• 1 shear: τxy
• The components depend on the choice of
coordinate system: xy
 Transforming plane stress 14

• A state of plane stress has three components

• The components are ______ on the ____________________
• σx, σy, τxy all depend on _________________________.
• The components for one choice can be determined from the
components for another choice by applying ______________________.

=
known components unknown components
 Transforming plane stress 15

• To determine the forces on the x face, we section through the original:

 Transforming plane stress 16

• To determine the forces on the x face, we section through the original:

 Transforming plane stress: σx 17

• To determine the forces on the x face, we apply equilibrium

Orientation of
x and y with x’
 Transforming plane stress: τx y 18

• To determine the forces on the x face, we apply equilibrium

Orientation of
x and y with y’
 Transforming plane stress: σy 19

• To determine the forces on the y face, we section through the original:

 Transforming plane stress: summary 20

• We can simplify the expressions by using double-angle formulae

• sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
• cos 2θ = cos2θ − sin2θ

Note:
 Transforming plane stress: special cases 21

• We can consider a few special

cases:
1.θ = 180
• sin 2θ = 0, cos 2θ = 1
• σx = σx, σy’ = σy’, τx y = τxy
2.θ = 90
• sin 2θ = 0, cos 2θ = −1
• σx’ = σy, σy’ = σx, τx y =
−τxy

3.θ = 45
• sin 2θ = 1, cos 2θ = 0
 Question: 22

• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.

Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
First: Take x as to the right, y as vertical.
What is σx?
A. +80 MPa
B. −80 MPa
C. +50 MPa
D. −50 MPa
E. +25 MPa
 Question (6): 23

• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.

Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
Next: Take x as to the right, y as vertical.
What is σy?
A. +80 MPa
B. −80 MPa
C. +50 MPa
D. −50 MPa
E. +25 MPa
 Question (7): 24

• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.

Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
Next: Take x as to the right, y as vertical.
What is τxy?
A. +50 MPa
B. −50 MPa
C. +25 MPa
D. −25 MPa
 Question (8): 25

• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.

Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
Next: What is the normal stress on the
CD plane?
A. −25.8 MPa
B. −50.8 MPa
C. −68.8 MPa
D. −69.1 MPa
E. +94.1 MPa
 Question (9): 26

• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.

Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
Next: What is the shear stress on the
CD plane? (positive = in y direction)
A. −25.5 MPa
B. −50.8 MPa
C. −68.8 MPa
D. −69.1 MPa
E. +43.8 MPa
 Question (10): 27

• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.

Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
Finally: What is the normal stress on the
BC plane?
A. −4.15 MPa
B. −25.8 MPa
C. −68.8 MPa
D. −69.1 MPa
E. +28.8 MPa
 Example 28

• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.

Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
 Example 29

• The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.

Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented
30 clockwise from the position shown.
 Principal stresses 30

• The magnitude of normal and shear stress depends on __________ of

section with respect to the loads
• From a given plane stress, we can find the angle that produces an
_____________ in normal stress (max or min):

• Produces two solutions: θp1 and θp2, which are ____ apart (max and min)
• Finding the max and min normal stresses
by substituting θp1 or θp2 into transformation:
 Principal stresses 31

• Principal stresses are the _______________________normal stresses:

• The planes on which these act are the principal planes.

• The oriented section contains _______________
• In that plane, there are no off-diagonal components to the stress matrix
• The stress tensor is _________, which makes the principal stresses
the _____________ of the stress tensor, and the principal planes the
______________ of the stress tensor.
Eigenvectors & Eigenvalues 32

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors
 Maximum shear stress 33

• The magnitude of normal and shear stress depends on orientation of

section with respect to the loads
• From a given plane strain, we can find the angle that produces an
extremum in shear stress (max or min):

• Produces solutions θs1 and θs2, which are ___ apart, or ____ from θp1, θp2

Note:
 Question (11): 34

• The state of plane stress at a failure point on a shaft is shown by the

element below. Represent this stress state in terms of the principal
stresses.
First: What is the maximum normal stress?
A. +104.5 MPa
B. +116.4 MPa
C. +124.5 MPa
D. +136.4 MPa
 Question (12): 35

• The state of plane stress at a failure point on a shaft is shown by the

element below. Represent this stress state in terms of the principal
stresses.
Next: What is the minimum normal stress?
A. −14.5 MPa
B. −26.4 MPa
C. −34.5 MPa
D. −46.4 MPa
E. −124.5 MPa
 Question (13): 36

• The state of plane stress at a failure point on a shaft is shown by the

element below. Represent this stress state in terms of the principal
stresses.
Finally: What is the angle between the
horizontal axis and one principal plane?
A. −47.5
B. −23.7
C. 29.9
D. 59.7
 Example 37

• The state of plane stress at a failure point on a shaft is shown by the

element below. Represent this stress state in terms of the principal
stresses.
 Example 38

• The state of plane stress at a failure point on a shaft is shown by the

element below. Represent this stress state in terms of the principal
stresses.
How to make this work in Python 39

#to find theta_p1, we could apply the equation we wrote

down in class related to the original stress state or we could
calculate the arc tangent from the column vectors stored in v
#this second approach requires the application of the
”math.atan” functions, see documentation for more details,
but because y/x=tan(theta)=sin(theta)/cos(theta) we can use
the ”math.atan(v[1,0]/v[0,0])” which gives the inverse tangent
in radians, taking the y-component of eigenvector 1 (or 0 per
python indexing) divided by the x-component of eigne vector
1 (or 0 per python indexing).
 Example 44

• The state of plane stress at a failure point on a shaft is shown by the

element below. Represent this stress state in terms of maximum in-plane
shear stress and associated average normal stress
 Mohr s circle 45

• Mohr s circle is a convenient way to visually remember the two-

dimensional transformation equations.
• Approach:
1.Make 2D axes :
• right = positive normal stress
• down = positive shear stress
2.Plot (σx, τxy) and (σy, −τxy) (remember sign convention for τ!)
3.Draw a line between both points to be diameter of circle.
4.Draw circle centered at midpoint of line.
5.Rotate by points by 2θ, read off new (σx’, τx’y’) and (σy’, −τx’y’)
 Mohr’s circle resources 46

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bIh3xSZBqE
• https://mechanicalc.com/calculators/mohrs-circle/
 Mohr s circle 47

max normal
stress

min normal
stress ave normal
stress

max shear
stress
Example 48
 Question (14): 49

• Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the solid shaft is
subjected to the state of stress shown. Determine the principal stresses
acting at this point.
First: What is the stress state?
A. σx = −12 ksi, σy = 0 ksi, τxy = +6 ksi
B. σx = −12 ksi, σy = 0 ksi, τxy = −6 ksi
C. σx = +12 ksi, σy = 0 ksi, τxy = +6 ksi
D. σx = +12 ksi, σy = 0 ksi, τxy = −6 ksi
 Question (15): 50

• Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the solid shaft is
subjected to the state of stress shown. Determine the principal stresses
acting at this point.
Next: Where is the center for Mohr s circle?
A. (0 ksi, 0 ksi)
B. (−6 ksi, 0 ksi)
C. (−12 ksi, 0 ksi)
D. (−6 ksi, −6 ksi)
E. (−12 ksi, −6 ksi)
 Question (16): 51

• Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the solid shaft is
subjected to the state of stress shown. Determine the principal stresses
acting at this point.
Next: What is the radius for Mohr s circle?
A. 6.00 ksi
B. 8.49 ksi
C. 12.0 ksi
D. 19.0 ksi
 Question (17): 52

• Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the solid shaft is
subjected to the state of stress shown. Determine the principal stresses
acting at this point.
Finally: What are the principal stresses?
A. −1.76 ksi, −10.2 ksi
B. 0 ksi, −12.0 ksi
C. 2.49 ksi, −14.5 ksi
D. 11.9 ksi, −23.0 ksi
 Example 53

• Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the solid shaft is
subjected to the state of stress shown. Determine the principal stresses
acting at this point.
 Summary & Exit Ticket 55

• Defined the condition of plane stress and explain why it’s useful
• Derived the equations for transformation in 2D using principles of
equilibrium
• Defined plane stress
• Performed coordinate transformation of plane stress
• Constructed Mohr’s circle to visualize coordinate transformation

Thought of the day:

What is plane stress?