Aero Structures-Basic Elasticity

By

Dr. Mahdi Damghani

2022-2023

1
Suggested Readings

Chapter 1
of
Aircraft Structural Analysis

2
 Post comments

• https://padlet.com/damghani_mahdi/aerostructures1

3
 Topics
• Familiarisation with the following concepts;
• Stress in deformable bodies
• Equations of equilibrium
• Plane stress condition
• Principal stresses
• Mohr’s circle of stress
• Von Mises stress and failure
criterion
• Strain in deformable bodies
• Equations of compatibility
• Plane strain condition
• Principal strains
• stress-strain relationship
• Mohr’s circle of strain
4
 Introduction

• As stress engineers, you are required to obtain stresses

inside a structure due to external loading
• Before learning structural analysis methods, it is
necessary to have a better understanding of stress and
strain in a 3D body

5
Stress
Arbitrary shaped 3D body In equilibrium

Continuous
deformable
material

Free body diagram

(cut through plane nn)

Resultant of external
forces at point O is δP

6
 Notation of stresses

• The resultant stress is

resolved into the following
components;
• Perpendicular to δA, i.e.  z .
It is also called “direct stress”
• Parallel to δA, i.e.  zx , zy .
They are also called “shear
stresses”

The first subscript denotes The second subscript denotes

the plane it is acting on the direction it is acting on

7
 Sign convention of stresses

• Direct stresses are

positive if they point out
of the surface, i.e.
tensile stresses
• Shear stresses are
positive if they act in the
positive direction of the
relevant axis in a plane
on which the direct
tensile stress is in the
positive direction of the
axis

8
Equations of equilibrium

Generally, except in cases of uniform stress, the direct

and shear stresses on opposite faces of an element
are not equal but differ by small amounts

9
 Equations of equilibrium

• Imposing equations
of equilibrium on
the body  M = 0
about the red line
gives;

• Following similar
manner we can get;

10
 Equations of equilibrium

• Imposing equations
of equilibrium on
the body  Fx = 0
 Fy = 0 ,  Fz = 0
gives;

Body forces in x, y
and z directions
11
 Plane stress
• Due to thin sections in most aircraft structures,
stresses in one of the dimensions could be regarded
as negligible or zero.
• Let’s assume z axis is the thin direction, i.e.
 z =  xz =  yz = 0
• Our problem simplifies to a 2D problem as below;
0
0
0

12
 Examples of plane stress problems

• A prismatic structure is
under plane stress if
one of its dimensions
(thickness) is much
smaller than the other
two and all the loads
are contained in the
middle plane of the
structure. The analysis
domain is the middle
section

13
 Boundary conditions

• Equilibrium must
also be satisfied at
all positions on the
boundary of the
body where the
components of the
surface force per
unit area are X ,Y , Z .

where l, m, and n become the direction cosines of the

angles that a normal to the surface of the body
makes with the x, y, and z axes, respectively

14
 Stresses on inclined planes

• Stresses on planes
blue, orange and
green might not be
the critical ones
• What if the yellow
plane is critical?
• How do we
calculate stresses
on the yellow plane
knowing stresses
on the others?

15
 Stresses on inclined planes
Stresses on Stresses on an
2D body inclined plane

16
 Principal stresses

• Direct and shear stresses values change on each plane as θ changes

• There are two planes, Principal planes, on which shear stresses are
zero and direct stresses are either maximum or minimum
• Direct stresses on Principal planes are called Principal stresses
• To obtain the max and min we equate derivative of stress to zero
leading to identification of that particular plane;

17
 Principal stresses

• There are two answers for this, i.e. 𝜃 and 𝜋Τ2 + 𝜃

𝜋
• tan 2𝜃 = tan2 2
+𝜃

• It means there are two mutually perpendicular planes.

Stress on one of them is max and on the other one is
min

18
Principal stresses

19
 Principal stresses

• From trigonometry we know that;

tan  1
sin  = cos =
tan  + 1
2 tan  + 1
2
𝜋
• Replacing α with 2𝜃 and 2 2
+ 𝜃 and considering
produces;

20
Principal stresses

 I   II

Major (max) Minor (min)

principal stress principal stress

• Students are required to find the plane with

maximum shear stresses as an extra activity.

21
 Mohr’s circle of stress

• The state of stress in a deformable body can be

illustrated by Mohr’s circle
• Previously we established that;

Re-w riting
Square it and add it to
the shear term below

22
 Reminder from maths

• Equation of circle;

• Compare the following

with the equation of a
circle;

23
Mohr’s circle
Angles on the
circle become
twice as much

Minor (min) Major (max)

principal stress principal stress

24
 Note (convention for Mohr’s circle)
• When the shearing stress exerted on a given face tends to
rotate the element clockwise, the point on Mohr’s circle
corresponding to that face is located above the 𝜎 axis
• When the shearing stress on a given face tends to rotate
the element counter-clockwise, the point corresponding to
that face is located below the 𝜎 axis

25
 Example

• If stress state on two mutually perpendicular planes,

i.e. A and B, at a point in the structure is given,
determine the following;
• Draw Mohr’s circle
• Obtain principal stresses
• Obtain maximum shear stress
• The angle of principal planes with
planes A and B

26
 Solution
( ave , max ) 

A = (−80,+25)

( c ,0) ( t ,0)
− 80 + 50 c 
c =  ave = = −15
2 R
B = (50,−25)
R= (50 + 15) 2
+ 252 = 69.6
 t = c + R = −15 + 69.6 = 54.6MPa
 c = c − R = −15 − 69.6 = −84.6MPa ( ave ,− max )
 max = R = 69.6MPa
Solution
25 25 ( ave , max ) 
sin 2 = = =
R 69.6
2 = 21.05 deg
A = (−80,+25)
 = 10.52 deg
(−84.6,0) (54.6,0)
c 2 
R
B = (50,−25)

( ave ,− max )

 von-Mises stress
• von Mises theory of elastic failure suggests that, in ductile
materials (metals such as aluminium, steel, etc), material fails if
the von Mises stress (𝜎𝑣 ) exceeds the yield stress (𝜎𝑦 ) of
material
• For general 3D stress state;

 v = 0.5 ( x −  y ) + ( y −  z ) + ( z −  x ) + 6( xy2 +  yz2 +  zx2 )
2 2 2

• For plane stress state;
 v =  x2 −  x y +  y2 + 3 xy2

• Any point on or outside the ellipse

represents failure of material

29
 Example

• Stress analysis of a spacecraft structural member

gives the state of stress as shown below. If the part is
made from an alloy with 𝜎𝑦 = 500 MPa, check yielding
according to von Mises criterion. -50MPa

-30MPa

100MPa

200MPa -30MPa

30
 Solution

 2 2 2

 v = 0.5 ( x −  y ) + ( y −  z ) + ( z −  x ) + 6( xy2 +  yz2 +  zx2 )

 x = 100MPa  xy = −30MPa
 y = −50MPa  yz = 0MPa
 z = 200MPa  zx = 0MPa

 v = 224.05MPa  500MPa

31
 Tutorial 1

• Direct stresses of 160N/mm2 (tension) and 120N/mm2

(compression) are applied at a particular point in an
elastic material on two mutually perpendicular planes.
The principal stress in the material is limited to
200N/mm2 (tension). Using Mohr’s circle calculate the
allowable value of shear stress at the point on the
given planes. Determine also the value of the other
principal stress and the maximum value of shear
stress at the point.
(see Example 1.3 of Ref [1] on page 18 for solution)

32
 Tutorial 2

• A structural member supports loads that produce, at a

particular point, a direct tensile stress of 80N/mm2
and a shear stress of 45N/mm2 on the same plane.
Calculate the values and directions of the principal
stresses at the point and also the maximum shear
stress, stating on which planes this will act.
(see P1.1 of Ref [1] on page 41 for the answer. You may also
refer to “Stress-Strain_Tutorial_Solution.pdf” uploaded on BB for
detailed solution)

33
 Tutorial 3
• Listed here are varying combinations of stresses
acting at a point and referred to axes x and y in an
elastic material. Using Mohr’s circle of stress,
determine the principal stresses at the point and their
directions for each combination.

(see P1.3 of Ref [1] on page 41 for the answer. You may also refer
to “Stress-Strain_Tutorial_Solution.pdf” uploaded on BB for detailed
solution)

34
 Strain

• stresses described in previous slides bring about

linear and angular strains within the structure
• Direct strains (𝜀) relate to change in length as the
result of direct stresses
• Shear strains (𝛾) relate to change in the angle due to
shear stresses

35
Strain

• Direct (normal) strain (+) • Shear strain (+)

y  y = E y
 yx

=− x
y
 xy

 yx

y  yx =  xy = G xy

36
 Coordinates of O in unstrained body; (𝑥, 𝑦,𝑧)
Strain Coordinates of A, B and C;
(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥, 𝑦,𝑧), (𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦,𝑧) & (𝑥, 𝑦,𝑧 + 𝛿𝑧 ),
respectively.

Three mutually perpendicular

line elements OA, OB & OC with
original length 𝛿𝑥,𝛿𝑦, 𝛿𝑧

37
Strain

38
 Compatibility equations

• So far we have defined components of strain in a

deformable body in terms of components of
displacement, i.e.

39
 Compatibility equations

• Continuity or Compatibility equations suggest that

displacements within the body are continuous and
single valued, i.e. no voids in the structure would
form.
• In other words displacement can be defined as;

40
 Compatibility equations

• The result of this is six extra equations relating strain

components to each other. This is because strains
cannot have independent arbitrary values.
• Strain compatibility equations in 3D space are;

41
Physical meaning of compatibility of
strains
• Look at three line elements in a deformable body;
• Material particles need to meet up like pieces of a
jigsaw puzzle, i.e. they stay together after
deformation
Not
compatible
compatible

After
deformation

42
 Example

• Can strains in a deformable elastic body be defined

as the following?

1
 x = xy 3
3
1
 y = yx3
3
 xy = x 2 y 2

43
Solution

1
 x = xy 3
3
1  2 y    y 
 y = yx3 =   = 2 xy
3 x 2 x  x 
 xy = x 2 y 2
 2 x    x 
=   = 2 xy
y 2 y  y 

Yes  2 xy    xy 
=   = 4 xy
xy x  y 
44
 Plane strain

• The state of strain in which it is assumed that particles of

the body suffer displacement in one plane only is known as
plane strain
• Let’s assume that plane is xy, then we end up having the
following equations, i.e. three strains and one compatibility;

0 0

45
 Examples of plane strain problems

• A prismatic structure
is under plane strain if
one of its dimensions
(length) is larger than
the other two and all
the loads are
uniformly distributed
along its length and
they act orthogonally
to the longitudinal
axis. The analysis
domain is a cross
section to this axis.

46
 Strain on inclined planes
An elem ent in 2D body subject Deform ed shape of the element
to com plex stress after application of stresses

See Ref [1] as how

these are derived

We know strains at planes, i.e. We w ant strains on the CF

𝜀𝑥, 𝜀𝑦 , 𝛾𝑥𝑦 plane, i.e. 𝜀𝑛, 𝛾

47
 Principal strains

• Comparison of stress terms with strain terms;

48
 Mohr’s circle of strain
• Similar to that of stress with the difference that shear
stress will be replaced by half of shear strain
• We will see this in the tutorial

49
 Stress-strain relationship
• Experiments show that (Hooke’s Law);
E is Young’s modulus
(modulus of elasticity)

• This means application of direct stress in x dir

produces only direct strain without any shear
deformation (change in angles)
• The direct stress also causes strain in other
directions, i.e.
Poisson’s ratio
0 ≤ 𝜗 ≤ 0.5 for isotropic material

50
 Stress-strain relationship

• For a body subject to direct 3D stresses 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 ,𝜎𝑧 and

using the principle of superposition we have the
following;

51
 Stress-strain relationship for plane
stress

• If we put 𝜎𝑧 = 0 then we have;

0
52
 Example
• The steel block shown is subjected to a uniform
pressure on all its faces. Knowing that the change in
length of edge AB is -1.2x10-3 inches, determine (a)
the change in length of the other two edges, (b) the
pressure p applied to the faces of the block. Assume
E=29x106 psi and 𝜗=0.29.

53
Solution
x =y =z = −p

−p
x = y = z = (1− 2 )
E
x − 1.2  10−3
x = = = −300  10−6
AB 4

54
 Example

• A rectangular element in a linearly elastic isotropic

material is subjected to tensile stresses of 83 and
65N/mm2 on mutually perpendicular planes.
Determine the strain in the direction of each stress
and in the direction perpendicular to both stresses.
Find also the principal strains, the maximum shear
stress, the maximum shear strain, and their directions
at the point. Take E=200,000N/mm2 and 𝜗=0.3.

55
Solution

56
 Solution
• There are no 0.5 ( ,0.5 max )
shear stresses
on given planes
hence they are R
principal planes
(2.005  10−4 ,0) (3.175  10−4 ,0)
0.5 max = R →  max = 2 R = c 
 3.175 − 2.005 
2   10 = 1.17  10
−4 −4

 2 

 max = G max = 1.17  10−4  76923 = 9 N / mm 2

57
 Solution

• What if I had used  ( , max )

Mohr’s circle for
stress?
R
(65,0) (83,0)
 max = R →
c 
 83 − 65 
  = 9 N / mm
2

 2 

58
 Example

• At a particular point in a structural member, a two-

dimensional stress system exists where σ x=60N/mm2,
σ y=−40N/mm2, and 𝜏xy=50N/mm2. If Young’s modulus
E=200,000N/mm2 and Poisson’s ratio 𝜗=0.3,
calculate the direct strain in the x and y directions and
the shear strain at the point. Also calculate the
principal strains at the point and their inclination to the
plane on which σ x acts (use Mohr’s circle)

59
Solution

60
 Solution
c = 0.5(360 − 290)10−6 = 35  10−6 0.5  10−6
0.5  650 (360,0.5  650)
tan (2 ) = =
360 − OC
 = 22.5 o

0.5  650
→ 2 = 45o
360 − 35 R
11 O 2 1
  10−6
0.5  650 325 c
sin (2 ) = →R= = 459.61
R 0.7
1 = c + R
11 = c − R (−290,−0.5  650)
1 = (35 + 459.61)  10−6 = 494.61  10−6
11 = (35 − 459.61)  10−6 = −424.61  10−6

61
 Student centred activity

• You are strongly advised to read section 1.16 of Ref.

[1] on “Experimental Measurement of Surface
Strains”.
• Please do so prior to the tutorial session.

 I = 0.5( a +  c ) + ( a −  b )2 + ( c −  b )2
1
2
 II = 0.5( a +  c ) − ( a −  b )2 + ( c −  b )2
1
2
2 b −  a −  c
tan 2 =
a − c

62
 Tutorial 4

 I = 0.5( a +  c ) + ( a −  b )2 + ( c −  b )2
1
2

 II = 0.5( a +  c ) − ( a −  b )2 + ( c −  b )2
1
2
2 −  a −  c
tan 2 = b
a − c

(see P1.10 of Ref [1] on page 43 for the answ er. You may also refer to “Stress-
Strain_Tutorial_Solution.pdf” uploaded on BB for detailed solution)

63
 Use of rosette
• To find principal stresses in experimental setting using
strain gauges in rosette pattern

64
 Tutorial 5

• In a material in a state of plane strain, it is known

that the horizontal side of a 10x10 mm square
elongates by 4 µm, while its vertical side remains
unchanged, and that the angle at the lower left
corner increases by 0.4x10-3 rad. Determine;

• The principal axes and

principal strains.
• The maximum shearing
strain and the corresponding
normal strain.

65
Solution of Tutorial 5

66
Solution of Tutorial 5

in figure below (right);

67
 Tutorial 6

• The simply supported rectangular beam shown in Figure is

subjected to two symmetrically placed transverse loads each of
magnitude Q. A rectangular strain gauge rosette located at a
point P on the centroidal axis on one vertical face of the beam
gave strain readings as follows: εa=−222×10−6, εb=−213×10−6,
and εc =+45×10−6. determine principal strains at point P.

(see P1.11 of Ref [1] on page

44 for the answ er. You may
also refer to “Stress-
Strain_Tutorial_Solution.pdf”
uploaded on BB for detailed
solution). Next slide show s
how the lecturer w ould solve
it.

68
 Solution of Tutorial 6
OC = 0.5(  a +  c ) − OG =
0.5  10−6
0.5(222 + 45) − 45 = 88.5  10−6
CN = ON − OC =  a − OC = a(−222,0.5 )
(222 − 88.5)  10 −6
= 133.5  10−6
R
aN = CQ =  b − OC =
(213 − 88.5)  10 −6
= 124.5  10−6
11 N 2 C O 1   10−6
Q G
R= aN + CN =
2 2

2
10−6  124.52 + 133.52 = 182.54  10−6
1 = C + R = (− 88.5 + 182.54)  10−6 = c(45,−0.5 )

94.04  10−6 b(−213,−0.5 ' )

11 = C − R = (− 88.5 − 182.54)  10−6 =
− 271  10−6 69