MMT -II

Stress Transformation &

Principal Stresses

1
Stress Element: In a loaded material, each point inside it is characterized by an
element called stress element, which shows normal & shear stresses acting on it.

2
 Scalars Vector Tensor

Defined by Defined by magnitude& Defined by magnitude,

magnitude direction direction & plane
E.g. Velocity, acceleration E.g. stress, strain, MOI
E.g. mass etc.
etc. etc.

[10] kg 3*3 matrix

Stress Tensor:
Stress tensor (mathematically) represents the state of stress at a point inside a deformed material.
It is used for stress analysis of loaded material, experiencing small deformations.
3
Nomenclature of Cuboid Shaped Element

4
Stress: It is the internal resistance 3D Stress Element Subjected to Direct
Stresses Only
of body against externally applied
forces.
Direct Stress/ Normal Stress:
Stress acting perpendicular to the
plane of body.
Mathematically,
Sign Convention:
• Tensile (+ive)
• Compressive (-ive)

5
Shear Stress: Shear forces act parallel to the cross sectional area.
Mathematically,

3D Stress Element Subjected to Both Direct & Shear Stresses

Direction of Direction of
Sign of
Element Shear Stress
Shear Stress
Face Vector

6
Stress Components of 3D Stress Element
3D stress element inside a body subjected to
external loading is characterized by 3 normal stress
& 6 shear stress components

Direct Stress

Shear Stress

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑥 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑦 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑧 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 7
 Shear stresses are symmetrical in nature.

(Gere 1-13)

Conclusion: So, effectively there are 6 stress components

(3 normal stress & 3 shear stress components), which act
on 3D stress element.

Properties of Shear Stresses Acting on Stress Element

1. Shear stresses on opposite (and parallel) faces of an element are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction.
2. Shear stresses on adjacent (and perpendicular) faces of an element are equal in magnitude
and have directions such that both stresses point toward, or both point away from, the line of
intersection of the faces. 8
 Various Stages of Stress Element

I E W
V

𝟑 𝑫 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝟐 𝑫 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏

In 2D stress element, shear stress acting on all of its four faces can be known if we find any shear stress
9
acting on any face of element.
 Plane Stress
Definition:
When one dimension of material is very small as
compared to other two, then smaller dimension is
neglected & resulting stress state becomes bi-
dimensional (2D). This state of stress is called Plane
stress.

=0

• Plane stress systems are often referred as 2D or bi-axial stress

systems
• Plane stress condition generally exists in all ordinary structures,
including buildings, machines, thin plates, vehicles, and aircrafts.
10
11
Stress acting on a Normal plane, which is Perpendicular to axis

Under loading
condition

𝑷
Stress induced on a normal plane 𝝈𝒏 =
𝑨
Stress acting on Oblique/Inclined plane

12
 Complex Stress or Compound Stress
Definition: Any plane in a strained material will experience compound stress state if both
normal & shear stresses simultaneously act on that plane.

• Generally, compound stress state occurs more commonly in engineering structures than
simple state of stress.
• In Compound stress state, it is necessary to find:
Normal () & shear stresses () acting on inclined or oblique plane
Magnitudes of (max. / min.) normal stresses () acting on normal stress planes
Inclination () of normal stress planes
Magnitudes of max. shear stresses () acting on shear stress planes
Inclination () of max. shear stress planes
13
 Wedge Shaped Stress Element

𝟐 𝑫 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑾𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

Wedge shaped stress element can be used to express the stresses acting on the inclined (x 1y1) element
in terms of the stresses on the xy element.
• Inclined face of wedge-shaped stress element is the same as the x1 face of the inclined element
• The other two side faces of the wedge are parallel to the x and y axes. 14
 Plane Stress Transformation Equations
Consider an element of unit thickness which is subjected to 2D plane stress
system (two mutually perpendicular direct stresses and a shear stress).

Forces acting on wedge shaped

stress element during Plane stress

From above 3D figure

Px = BC 1
2D Stress element subjected to
Stresses acting on wedge Py = CA 1
Plane stress
shaped stress element during Q1 = BC 1
Plane stress Q2 = CA 1
Normal & tangential stresses acting on an oblique plane of wedge shaped element = ??? 15
 Normal Stress () Acting Along

𝜃
x1 Direction

𝑠
𝑐𝑜 1
𝑄
= = 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜃 𝜃𝑄 1
𝜃 𝑠
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜
𝑃𝑥 𝑃𝑥
𝜃
𝜃

𝑃
⇨ resolving all the forces into their components 𝜃
𝑠2 𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝜃

𝑦
𝑜

𝑐𝑜 𝑃 𝑦𝑠
= [ Px cos + Py sin + Q1 sin + Q2 cos ] 𝑐
𝑄

𝑠 𝜃 𝑖𝑛
𝑄 2

Py
Putting values of Px, Py, Q1, Q2

𝜃
From previous slide
Px = BC 1
=+++
Py = CA 1
\ = and Q1 = BC 1
Putting in above equation Q2 = CA 161
=+++

𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜
= + + (2 )+ (2 ).

1
𝑄
𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛
=++ + 𝜃 𝜃𝑄 1
𝜃 𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜
𝑃𝑥 𝑃𝑥
Putting trigonometric identities in above equation 𝜃
𝜃

𝑃
𝜃
=++ 𝑠2 𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝜃

𝑦
𝑜

𝑐𝑜 𝑃 𝑦𝑠
𝑐

𝑠 𝜃 𝑖𝑛
𝑄 𝑄 2
By rearranging
Py
=++
∴ 2 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽.𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽

𝜃
=
=
𝝈𝒙𝟏= (
𝝈𝒙+ 𝝈 𝒚
𝟐
+ )(
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈 𝒚
𝟐 )
. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 +𝝉 𝒙𝒚 . 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 −− −−( 𝐄𝐪 .𝟏) 17
 Shear Stress () Acting Along

𝜃
y1 Direction

𝑠
𝑐𝑜 1
𝑄
= =
𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛
= 𝜃 𝜃𝑄 1
𝜃 𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜
= [ Px sin + Py cos + Q1 cos Q2 s ] 𝑃𝑥 𝑃𝑥
𝜃

𝑃
𝜃 𝜃
𝑠2 𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝜃

𝑦
𝑜

𝑐𝑜 𝑃 𝑦𝑠
Putting the values of Px, Py, Q1 and Q2 in above equation 𝑐

𝑠 𝜃 𝑖𝑛
𝑄 𝑄 2

= [ sin +.cos + .cos . ] Py

𝜃
From previous slide
= and Px = BC 1
Putting in above equation Py = CA 1
Q1 = BC 1
Q2 = CA 181
= [ . c.sin + .cos + . cos.cos . s.s ]

𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜
= (2 ) . .sin + (2 ) .cos + . cos . s

1
𝑄
𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜃 𝜃𝑄 1
𝜃 𝑠
Putting in above equation 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜
𝑃𝑥 𝑃𝑥
= ∴ +2 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽.𝒄𝒐𝒔
sin2 + (cos s)𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽∧𝝉 𝒙𝒚 = 𝝉 𝒚𝒙 𝜃

𝑃
𝜃 𝜃
𝑠2 𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝜃

𝑦
𝑜

𝑐𝑜 𝑃 𝑦𝑠
𝑐

𝑠 𝜃 𝑖𝑛
In above eq. take common & put trigonometric identity 𝑄 𝑄 2

Py

𝜃
∴ cos𝟐𝜽 − s 𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽
(
𝝉 𝒙 𝟏 𝒚 𝟏=
𝝈 𝒚 − 𝝈𝒙
𝟐 )𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 +𝝉 𝒙𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 − −− − ( 𝐄𝐪 . 𝟐)
19
 Normal Stress () & Shear Stress () During Transformation of Plane
• Both & varies continuously when stress element is rotated through angle θ.

Gere.

• Max. and min. values of both & occur at 90º intervals, which is required for good Mechanical
design.
• Example: Fatigue failure of aircraft/machine components is associated with the maximum stresses,
and hence their magnitudes and orientations should be determined as part of the design process.
20
Plane Stress Transformation Equations:
𝝈𝒏 = 𝝈 𝒙 𝟏 = ( 𝝈𝒙+ 𝝈 𝒚
𝟐 )(
+
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈 𝒚
𝟐 )
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 +𝝉 𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 ( 𝐄𝐪 .𝟏)
Summing equations of , we have

𝝉 𝒙 𝟏 𝒚 𝟏= ( 𝝈 𝒚 − 𝝈𝒙
𝟐 ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 +𝝉 𝒙𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 ( 𝐄𝐪 . 𝟐)

• Above equations are called stress transformation equations Conclusion: Sum of normal stresses
• They transform the stress components from one set of axes to acting on perpendicular faces of plane-
another. stress elements remains constant and
• Both transformation equations are dependent on values of independent of the angle .
• They are applicable to stresses in any kind of material, whether 𝟏
𝐲
linear or nonlinear, elastic or inelastic. 𝝈 𝒚𝟏 𝟏
𝝉𝐱 𝝈 x𝟏
Normal stress acting on adjacent y1 face of inclined element
Substituting in 1st transformation equation,

𝝈 𝒙 𝟏 , 𝒚 𝟏= ( 𝝈 𝒙+ 𝝈𝒚
𝟐 )(
±
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈 𝒚
𝟐 )
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 ± 𝝉 𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 𝝈x
𝟏

𝝉 𝐱 𝟏𝐲
𝟏
𝝈 𝒚
𝟏
21
Special Case of Plane Stress: 2. Pure Shear
Stress transformation equations are written as:

𝝈𝒙𝟏= (
𝝈𝒙+ 𝝈 𝒚
𝟐
+
𝟐 )(
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈 𝒚
)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽+𝝉 𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 Putting in above transformation equations, th
we have
𝝉 𝒙 𝟏 𝒚 𝟏= ( 𝝈 𝒚 − 𝝈𝒙
𝟐 )𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 +𝝉 𝒙𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽

1. Uniaxial Stress 3. Biaxial Stress

Putting in above
transformation eq., then
• O acts on element . we have
• Putting in above transformation equations, then we
have Biaxial stress occurs in
many kinds of structures,
including thin-walled
pressure vessels
22
23
 Prob # 7.2-1
Element in plane stress is subjected to stresses = 6500 psi, =
1700 psi, and xy = 2750 psi. Find stresses when element
oriented at an angle = 60°. Draw the fig of transformed
element.
Sol:
- (Eq. # 1)

𝜎 x 1 = 5281.57 Psi 𝜎 y1 = 2918.43 Psi

We can also use

(
𝝉 𝒙 𝟏 𝒚 𝟏=
𝟐 )
𝝈 𝒚 − 𝝈𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 +𝝉 𝒙𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 − ( Eq . # 2)

24
 Prob # 7.2-15
Q. Transform the element from to .
Given: Since, , , and .

Sol:
- (Eq. # 1)

25
𝝉 𝒙 𝟏 𝒚 𝟏= ( 𝝈 𝒚 − 𝝈𝒙
𝟐 )𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 +𝝉 𝒙𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 − ( Eq . # 2 )

Practice Problems From Gere

7.2 - 1 to 7.2 - 19

26
• Principal Planes ():
Planes having max. or min. normal stresses but zero shear stresses are called principle planes.
The angle () defines the orientation of principle plane.
Principal stresses act on principle planes.
• Principal Stresses ():
Max. and min. values of normal stresses that act on principle planes (& are are called
principle stresses.
Max. Principal Stress =
Min. Principal Stress =
• Major Principal Planes: Plane at which max. normal stress acts is called major principle
plane & corresponding value of max. normal stress is called maximum principle stress.
• Minor Principal Planes: Plane at which minimum normal stress acts is called minor principle
plane & corresponding value of min. normal stress is called minimum principle stress.
27
Orientation () of Principal Plane
1st transformation equation is given by relation: • Above eq. will give two values of , ranging
from 0-360º, both values will differ by 180º.
𝝈𝒙𝟏= (𝝈𝒙+ 𝝈 𝒚
𝟐 )(
+
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈 𝒚
𝟐 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽+𝝉 𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 • If is used instead of then values will differ
by 90º (one value will lie b/w 0- 90º and
Taking the derivative of above equation with other will lie b/w 90º - 180º.
respect to and setting it equal to zero, we obtain • For one value of , we will get the major
principal stress and for other it will be minor
principal stress.
• Both stresses will differ by 90º.
Rearranging the above equation • Mathematically,
𝝉 𝒙𝒚 • Conclusion: Principal stresses occur on
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 𝒑 =
( 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈 𝒚
𝟐 ) mutually perpendicular plane.

• Above eq. is used to find for Principal stresses.

• Value of is called Principal angle.
• defines the orientation/ inclination of Principal
plane –The plane at which principal stresses act. 28
Principal Stresses Putting values of and in first
The preceding formulas for
transformation eq., max.
From previous slide, we know that and can be combined into a
principal stress () will be is:
𝝉 𝒙𝒚 single formula for the principal
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 𝒑 = stresses:
( 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈 𝒚
𝟐 )
As we know, the sum of the
normal stresses on plane is  +ive sign gives the algebraically
constant, i.e. larger principal stress
 -ive sign gives the algebraically
smaller principal stress.

From above triangle, we have Putting the value of from above The shear stresses are zero on the
eq. and then solving, principal planes.

29
Orientation of Maximum Shear Stress Plane ()
2nd transformation equation is given by relation:
Taking the derivative of second transformation eq.
with respect to and setting it = 0, we have
Rearranging above equation
• shows the orientation/ inclination of plane at
which max. +ive & max. –ive shear stresses are
acting.
• Both stresses have same absolute value, but
different sign.
• Both stresses differ by 90º.
• Mathematically,
• Conclusion: Maximum shear stresses occur on
mutually perpendicular plane.

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 𝒔 =
−
𝟐 (
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈 𝒚
)
𝝉 𝒙𝒚

30
Maximum Shear Stresses
From previous slide, we know that
The max. –ive shear stress has the same magnitude but
−(𝝈 𝒙 − 𝝈 𝒚 ) /𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 𝒔 = opposite sign
𝝉 𝒙𝒚
Another Expression of Max. Shear Stress
We know that formula for Principal Stresses is

( ) √( ) +𝝉
𝟐
𝝈 𝒙 +𝝈 𝒚 𝝈 𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚 𝟐
𝝈𝟏 ,𝟐 = ± 𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐
Subtracting the expression for from that for , and then
comparing with previous eq., we have
From above triangle, we have
Relation b/w &
principal stresses
Putting above values in 2nd transformation Thus, the maximum shear stress is equal to one-half the
31
eq., we have difference of the principal stresses.
 Relation between Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear
Stress
As we know that : Maximum Principal Stress
𝝈 𝒙 +𝝈 𝒚
𝝈𝟏 = +𝝉
𝟐 𝒎𝒂𝒙

Also, Minimum Principal Stress

𝝈 𝒙 +𝝈 𝒚
𝝈𝟐 = −𝝉
𝟐 𝒎𝒂𝒙

Comparing both of above equations, we have

𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝟏 ,𝟐 = ±𝝉
𝟐 𝒎𝒂𝒙
32
 Value of Normal Stress, When Max. Shear Stress is
Acting on Element
1st transformation equation is given by relation:
• Same magnitude of normal stress
𝝈 𝒙 𝟏 , 𝒚 𝟏= ( 𝝈 𝒙+ 𝝈𝒚
𝟐 )(
±
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈 𝒚
𝟐 )
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 𝒔 ± 𝝉 𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 𝒔
will act on the planes of both max.
+ive & max. –ive shear stress.

In terms of max. shear stress, the values of & are: • In uniaxial & biaxial stresses, the
planes of max. shear stress occur at
45° to the x & y axes.
&
• In the case of pure shear, the max.
shear stresses occur on the x and y
Putting values of and in above 1 transformation eq. and then
st
planes.
simplifying, we attain
𝝈 𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚
𝝈 𝒂𝒗𝒈 . ¿ 𝝈 𝒙𝟏,𝒚 𝟏 =
𝟐
33
Relation B/w Shear Stress Plane () & Principle Stress Plane
()

Comparing above two Equations

Above equation shows that the

planes of maximum shear stress
occur at 45° to the principal
planes
34
 Steps To Find Maximum Principal Stresses
𝝉
1. Find angle by using formula 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 𝒑 =
𝒙𝒚

𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈 𝒚
( 𝟐 )
2. Now find by using relation
3. Now put values of & in 1st transformation eq. to find values of respectively.

- (Eq. # 1)

4. Compare both values of , the larger value will be taken as (max. principal stress) and the
remaining will be taken as (min. principal stress).
5. From both angles ( & ) the angle at which (max. principal stress) is attained = (max.
principal angle).
6. Draw transformed stress element showing all the stresses acting on it.
35
 Steps To Find Maximum Shear Stresses
𝝉 𝒙𝒚
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 𝒑 =
1. Find angle by using formula
( 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈 𝒚
𝟐 )
2. Now find by using relation
3. Now put values of & in 1st transformation eq. to find values of respectively.
- (Eq. # 1)

4. Compare both values of , the larger value will be taken as (max. principal stress) and the
remaining will be taken as (min. principal stress).
5. From both angles ( & ) the angle at which (max. principal stress) is attained = (max.
principal angle).

√( )
𝟐
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈 𝒚 𝟐
6. Find by using relation: 𝝉 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = + 𝝉 𝒙𝒚
𝟐 36
7. Find & by using relations:

8. Find by using relation: ( = normal stress)

9. Draw transformed stress element showing all the stresses acting on it.

37
 Prob# 7.3-5
Find values of max. shear stress of an element having &

Sol:
1) 2)

38
3) - (Eq. # 1)

′
, 𝐴𝑡 2𝜃 𝑝 =161.08° ,𝝈 x1´ = −21299 Psi

4) As So

5)

6)

39
7)

8)

9)

Practice Problems From Gere

7.3 - 1 to 7.3 - 20 40